The South’s Decision
• Secession
– Compact vs. Perpetual Union
– S.C secedes
– Feb 1861- (C.S.A) Confederate States of America
The Leaders of the The Leaders of the ConfederacyConfederacy
The Leaders of the The Leaders of the ConfederacyConfederacy
Pres. Jefferson DavisPres. Jefferson DavisPres. Jefferson DavisPres. Jefferson Davis VP Alexander VP Alexander StevensStevens
VP Alexander VP Alexander StevensStevens
A Northern View of Jeff A Northern View of Jeff DavisDavis
A Northern View of Jeff A Northern View of Jeff DavisDavis
The North’s Decision
• Crittenden Compromise (Constit. amendment– Enforce Fugitive Slave Law– Union would accept free or slave states– MO Compromise line to the Pacific
• Lincoln/Republicans reject– Undermine the democratic principle of majority rule
(remember platform include Free Soilers)
Ft. Sumter
• South starts the war– Lincoln wants to send
provisions to the fort– South attacks and takes fort– Lincoln:
• Calls for troops• Places MY under “martial law”• Suspends habeas corpus
– Upper South secedes
Civil War Defined
• Attrition- a wearing down or weakening of resistance by continuous pressure
• Elements of Total War-complete use of resources/ppl– B/c didn’t preserve Southern
infrastructure– But, North not a war economy
The Union
Advantages• Population (22 Mill)
– Immigrants (800,000)– Black soldiers (180,000)
• 85% Industry; 65% Farms• Tactical Plan and Aims• U.S navy• ¾ of nation’s income
– Revenue: taxes, bonds
Disadvantages• Not fully supported• Civil unrest (draft)• Military leadership
– Exception= Grant
The Confederacy
Advantages• Home field advantage• Cotton (bargain power)• Govt arsenal supply• Talented officers• Railroads where needed• High Morale
Disadvantages• Supplies• Smaller pop. (5.5 mill)• Food b/c cash crops• Inflation• Leadership
– State’s rights undermine organization
• Slavery
Rating the North & the Rating the North & the SouthSouth
Rating the North & the Rating the North & the SouthSouth
Resources: North & the Resources: North & the SouthSouth
Resources: North & the Resources: North & the SouthSouth
Men Present for Duty Men Present for Duty in the Civil Warin the Civil War
Men Present for Duty Men Present for Duty in the Civil Warin the Civil War
ImmigrantImmigrantss
as a as a %%of a of a
State’sState’sPopulationPopulation
inin18601860
ImmigrantImmigrantss
as a as a %%of a of a
State’sState’sPopulationPopulation
inin18601860
Lincoln’s GeneralsLincoln’s GeneralsLincoln’s GeneralsLincoln’s Generals
Irwin McDowellIrwin McDowellIrwin McDowellIrwin McDowell
Winfield ScottWinfield ScottWinfield ScottWinfield Scott
George McClellan,George McClellan,Again!Again!
George McClellan,George McClellan,Again!Again!
George McClellanMcClellanGeorge McClellanMcClellan
Ambrose BurnsideAmbrose Burnside
Joseph HookerJoseph HookerJoseph HookerJoseph Hooker
George MeadeGeorge MeadeGeorge MeadeGeorge MeadeUlysses S. GrantUlysses S. GrantUlysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant
Battle of Bull Run July, 1861
• Drew spectators from North
• Southern victory– Confed. Stonewall
Jackson– Ended illusion of short
war
The Diplomatic Struggle 1861-3
• Trent Affair (1861)– Union ship stopped a British ship (Trent) and
removed two Confederate diplomats (Mason and Slidell)
– GB threaten war over POWs– Lincoln released the prisoners
The Diplomatic Struggle 1861-3Part II
• The Alabama – Confederate raider– Purchased from GB
• GB promised to give $15.5 mill for damages
– Captured 60 vessels and was sunk in 1864– Results : North had to divert naval strength
from the blockade
• Laird’s Ram (1863)– GB about to buy ships with iron rams – U.S threatens war; GB cancels sale
The Diplomatic Struggle 1861-3Part III
RECOGNITION," or "NO." RECOGNITION," or "NO."
J. BULL to NAPOLEON III. "Can you recognize that thing J. BULL to NAPOLEON III. "Can you recognize that thing they call the C. S. A. ?" they call the C. S. A. ?" NAP. "Well, I think I could, if 'twere not for that Big Fellow NAP. "Well, I think I could, if 'twere not for that Big Fellow who stands in front." who stands in front." • England
– South wanted them to end the blockade. Rely on fact that GB wants cotton
• GB decides on hands off policy– Egypt and India increase their output– B/c of famine need wheat from North
• France– Won’t recognize South unless GB does
The War (1862)
• Peninsula Campaign– McClellan (U) attacks VA– After 5 months, retreats. Bad move– Lincoln replaces McClellan with Pope
• 2nd Battle of Bull Run– Lee defeats Pope (U)
The Battle of the Ironclads March 1862
• The Monitor vs. the Merrimac
• Establishes Union naval dominance
• Changes naval warfare!
Battle of AntietamBattle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the “Bloodiest Single Day of the
War”War”
Battle of AntietamBattle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the “Bloodiest Single Day of the
War”War”
23,000 23,000 casualtiescasualties
23,000 23,000 casualtiescasualties
September 17, September 17, 18621862September 17, September 17, 18621862
1862
• Conscription Law (South)– Men between the ages of 18-45 liable for
draft– Owners w/ 20 slaves or more can be exempt
• Western Campaign– Union victories at Shiloh (Grant) and New
Orleans (Farragut)
1862 cont.
• Homestead Act– 160 acres of land in the West (Great Plains)– settle and improve over period of five years
• Morrill Land Grant– Large amts of fed. land given to states if est.
agricultural and mechanical colleges
Emancipation Proclamation (Jan. 1863)
– Frees slaves in Confederacy– Preserve the Union– Made the fight a moral issue
• South lost Europe
• Confiscation Act (1861)– All enslaved ppl used to support Confederate
military freed “contraband”
The Southern View of The Southern View of EmancipationEmancipation
The Southern View of The Southern View of EmancipationEmancipation
African-American RecruitingAfrican-American RecruitingAfrican-American RecruitingAfrican-American Recruiting
• Confiscation Act II (1861)– African Americans used in military for North
• African American solders– Assigned menial tasks– Many died working long hours in unsanitary
conditions– Paid a 1/3rd less than whites (change mid-
1864)– Blacks POWs returned to slavery or executed
The Famous 54The Famous 54thth MassachusettsMassachusetts
The Famous 54The Famous 54thth MassachusettsMassachusetts
Enrollment Act (North)1863
• All men between 20-45 liable for draft– Allowed the rich to hire
subs or exempt for $300
– Led to NY riots, ~120 dead
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mdwLxOK7xLc
Gangs of New York clip of the riots and dislike of Lincoln respectively
NY Riot
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eTapR73pfrY
1863 – The Tide Turns
• Grant takes Vicksburg, secures Mississippi River
• Gettysburg (July)– Union repels Lee’s invasion
into Pennsylvania– Most crucial and bloodiest
battle of the war– Gettysburg Address
Copperheads in Politics
• ”Peace Democrats”– Supported war, but don’t like
how Lincoln handles– Fear war induced growth of
feds and North power– Oppose racial equality
• Lincoln re-elected 1864
1864
• Sherman’s March to the Sea– Takes Atlanta then Savannah by December– Destroyed everything in sight
• Broke the South
• Grant drives Lee from Richmond
• Surrender at Appomattox April 9, 1865
• Assassination of Lincoln (April 14, 1865)
Ford’s Theater Ford’s Theater (April 14, (April 14, 1865)1865)
Ford’s Theater Ford’s Theater (April 14, (April 14, 1865)1865)
AssassinationAssassinationAssassinationAssassination
John Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes BoothJohn Wilkes Booth
Now He Belongs to the Now He Belongs to the Ages!Ages!
Now He Belongs to the Now He Belongs to the Ages!Ages!
Results
• 13th Amendment passed 1865– African Americans free, not equal
• Devastated Southern economy
• Catalyst to industrialization
• Women– nursing an viable career choice now
• Clara Barton (Red Cross)
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