CHRONOPHARMACOLOGY
Dr.Jeevan JacobJR, Pharmacology
Introduction History Definitions Circadian rhythm Applications of Chronopharmacology Future Directions
Overview
The physiological parameters shows a rhythmic change, mostly synchronized with the periodic changes in the environment. biological rhythm.
The ‘Milieu intérieur ’ do not behave constantly in time, but varies with changing external cues like day-night cycle.
Cues- environmental signals/ synchronizers /Entraining Factors/Zeitgebers
Introduction
Circadian: Lasting for about 24 hours. -Sleep wake cycles
Infradian: Cycles longer than 24 hours. -Menstrual cycle
Ultradian: Cycles shorter than a day. -Neuronal firing time
Seasonal: Seasonal affective disorders.
Biological rhythms
Ultraradian
Circadia
nInfra
radianCircaSepta
n
CircaDi
Septan
CircaVi
gintan
CircaTri
gintanCirca
Annual
Biorhythms
T<24 h T h T = 7 d
T>24 h T = 1 y
T = 30 d
T = 21 d
T = 14 d
Jean-Jaques d’Ortous de Mairan : described circadian rhythms of plants in the 18th century.
History
Franz Halberg coined the term ‘Circadian’ in 20th century.
(circa – about or approximately; dies-day, or about 24 hour).
Considered as one of the founders of Modern Chronobiology.
Chronobiology The branch of science focusing on
biological rhythms and their mechanisms. Chronos (time),
Bios (life),
Logos (study).
Definitions
Chronopharmacology Science dealing with optimization of drug effects & minimization of adverse effects by timing medications in relation to biological rhythm. It is concerned with the effects of drugs upon the timing of biological events and rhythms.
Chronokinetics
Subdivision of chronopharmacology which deals with the study of the temporal changes in the pharmacokinetics of the drugs with respective time.
Study of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drug according to the time of the day or year.
Definitions
ChronoPharmacodynamics Chronesthesy The rhythmic changes in susceptibility or
sensitivity of a target system to a drug.Biological rhythms at the cellular and subcellular level can give rise to significant dosing-time differences in the pharmacodynamics of medications that are unrelated to their pharmacokinetics
PR prolongation was significantly greater when verapamil is given in morning than evening.
Chronergy Rhythmic changes of both the desired
[effectiveness] and undesired [toxicity, tolerance] effects on the organism as a whole.
Definitions
Chronotherapeutics
Discipline of medical treatment which allows for the consideration of a patient’s biological rhythm, changes in the severity of a disease state during the day, and the synchronizing of dosing and delivery of a particular drug to allow for the optimal efficacy in the patient.
Refers to concept of matching timing of treatment with intrinsic timing of illness.
Advantages Prevents over dosage Appropriate usage of drug Reduce side effects
ChronoPharmaceutics- Branch which designs and develops a drug delivery system in accordance with biological rhythm to optimize the treatment of disease.
Clock genes Supra chiasmatic nucleus
Sleep and activityHormone levelsAppetiteOther bodily functions with 24 hr cycles
Circadian rhythm
Supra chiasmatic nucleus
Zeitgeber
Input pathway -retinohypothalamic tract
Central oscillator [SCN]
Output pathway -manifesting as circadian physiology and behavior
Circadian clock
Per1, Per2, Per3,cry1, cry2,frq,clock,tau
Rhythmically expressed in SCN.
Clock genes
`
E Box
PER 1
PER 3
PER 2
CRY 1
CRY 2RORα
CK1
BMAL 1
LH846 and longdaysin are CK1 inhibitors while indirubin is a GSK3b inhibitor. SR9009 is a REV-ERB agonist and KL001 is an activator of CRY.
Physiological / biochemical parameters showing diurnal variation
Diseases with diurnal pattern of exacerbation
Applications of Chronopharmacology
Increased bronchoconstriction at night.
↑Parasympathetic tone↓ Adrenaline↓ Cortisol at midnight
↑Sensitivity to irritants and allergens at night
-exacerbations of allergic rhinitis & asthma
Respiratory system
Acute attack of asthma- more common between midnight and 6 am.
Theophylline and Beta 2 agonist is timed at evening
1. CONTIN- Complex formed between cellulose polymer and non polar solid aliphatic alcohol which act as matrix
Asthma
BP peaks between 6am and 9am, and 6pm and 7 pm.
BP dips at night, decreases slightly afternoon.
Diastolic BP varies more than systolic.
Cardiovascular system
Night time dip
Morning rise
Myocardial infarctionSudden cardiac deathAngina pectorisTransient ischemic attacks / Stroke
High incidence between 6am and 12 noon. ↑ Vascular tone ↑ Platelet aggregation ↓ Intrinsic thrombolytic activity.
Cardiovascular Disorders
Aspirin – maximum antiplatelet effect in the morning.
Thrombolytics and Heparin – ↓ benefit during early morning hours.
Atenolol – more effective during day time.
Labetalol – more effective in early morning hours.
Cardiovascular drugs
Enalapril Peak effect in the afternoon after morning
dose, Early morning after evening dose.
Cardiovascular drugs
Highest secretion of cortisol early morning. Lowest at midnight. GH peaks during sleep. Testosterone peaks early morning. TSH peaks at mid night. Corticosteroids given as single morning
dose cause less pituitary adrenal suppression
Endocrine system
Insulin – regular pulses every 5 – 15 min. Non diabetics: ↓ glucose tolerance in the
later part of the day.- ↓ utilization-↓ insulin sensitivity
T2 DM: progressive glucose tolerance from morning to evening.- higher dose of insulin in the morning.
Diabetes
Acid secretion peaks between 10 pm and 2 am.
Ulcer pain is worst at this time.
Ulcer healing is directly related to acid secretion inhibition at night.
Evening dosage of H2 receptor antagonists
Gastrointestinal tract
Melatonin – secreted at night by pineal gland.
Function – synchronizes sleep wake cycle with circadian rhythm.
Melatonin agonist[Ramelteon] – hypnotic for sleep onset insomnia.
Reduces Jet lag symptoms. Bedtime administration of hypnotics- more effective.
CNS
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Symptoms more severe - 8am & 11am.
Long acting NSAIDS at bed time
Musculoskeletal system
Osteoarthritis
Pain more intense between 2 pm and 8 pm.
Morning dose for afternoon worsening, evening dose for night time worsening.
Cholesterol synthesis more at night.
Evening dose of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors is more effective than morning dose.
Hypercholesterolemia
Cancer cells are considered to have lost internal time keeping mechanism.
Tumor cells and normal cells differ in their chronobiological cycles.The basis for the chronopharmacotherapy of
cancers.
Cancer
The DNA synthesis in the normal human bone marrow cells has a peak around noon while the peak of DNA synthesis in lymphoma cells is near midnight.
So, an s-phase active cytotoxic therapy at late nights should be more advantageous
Lymphoma
A comparison study* included 118 children received maintenance chemotherapy of mercaptopurine and methotrexate around the period from 1976 to 1984
It was found that the risk of relapse was 2.56 times higher in children who received chemotherapy in the morning than in those receiving in the evening.
*Circadian time dependent response of childhood lymphoblastic leukemia to chemotherapy: A long-term follow-up study of survival. Chronobiology International, 10(3): 201-4.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Continuous infusion over 24 hrs
Oxaliplatin during day time, Folinic acid & Flurouracil at night.(chronotherapy group )
Statistically significant differences in complete and partial remission rates between the constant-infusion group (29%) and chronotherapy group (51%) were found
Colorectal cancer
Doxorubicin – last stage of sleep / before normal waking time.
Cisplatin: Maximum toxicity and kidney damage in the morning.
Psoriasis: cell proliferation rate peaks between 9pm & 3am.
-Inflammatory activity highest at night, least in the morning.
Atopic dermatitis: sensitivity to histamine highest at night.
Skin Disorders
Lignocaine: Skin penetration at 11am twice that at 8am.
Topical corticosteroids: activity in the afternoon higher than that in the morning.
Skin Medications
Chrono Drug Delivery Systems (Chrono-DDS)
OROS, CODAS, CEFORM, TIMERx, POLYMERS, MICROCHIPS
Design and development of ChrDDS:
Chronopharmaceutical technologies:
1. CONTIN technology 2. Physico-chemical modification of the API 3. OROS technology 4. CODAS technology 5. CEFORM technology 6. DIFFUCAPS technology 7. Chronomodulating infusion pumps 8. TIMERx technology 9. Other CR erodible polymers 10. Controlled-release microchip
MARKETED DRUGSFDA
approval date
API Propriatory name;dosage
form
Chronopharmaceutical tchnology
Indication
Sept. 01, 1982
Theophylline Uniphyl CONTIN ASTHMA
Oct. 15, 1986
Famotidine PepcidR; tablets
Physico-chemical
modification of API
Ulcer
Dec. 23, 1991
Simvastatin ZocorR; Tablets
Physico-chemical
modification of API
Hypercholesterolemia
Feb. 26, 1996
Verapamil HCl Covera-HSRTablet
OROS Hypertension
Nov. 25, 1998
Verapamil HCl VerelanRPM; Capsule
CODAS Hypertension
Feb. 06, 2003
Diltiazem HClverapamil HCl
CardizemR LA;Tablet
CEFORM Hypertension
Mar. 12, 2003
Propranolol HClverapamil HCl
InnoPranR XLCapsule
DIFFUCAPS Hypertension
One of the major challenges in Chronopharmacology is the Identification of Circadian Oscillations at the protein level.
Future directions
Effectiveness and toxicity of a drug are not constant over 24 hr period.
Understanding the biological rhythms can optimize and individualize drug therapy to a great extent.
Thus it can help to decrease the drug related toxicity and enhance effectiveness
Conclusion
THANK YOU
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