CHOLERA RISK, INFECTION,
and
S E RV
I CE - B A
S E D L
EARNING
Mary Ann Mueller Graduate Student Walden University
May 4, 2012
Prevention
Electron micrograph of Vibrio cholerae
Source: Boyd and Wirtz, authors of General Microbiology
CHOLERARISK, INFECTION and PREVENTION
HISTORY
Source: healthystate.org
Todays slides are focused on Cholera and will cover the following:
CHOLERARISK, INFECTION and PREVENTION
Risk
Factors
Statist
ics Disease
InfectionResearch
Symptoms Prevention
Helpful Tips
1. What are some FYI Statistics?
2. What are Waterborne Disease and Cholera?
3. What are the Symptoms for Cholera?
4. What can I do to Prevent Infection?
5. What are the Risk Factors?
6. When should I seek Medical Help?
CHOLERARISK, INFECTION and PREVENTION
Quote:
“Even when people have been treated, the risk of re-infection remains high…Cholera can be treated quickly and people can get better quickly but the challenge is ensuring they don’t get re-infected and clean drinking water needs to be available.”
Paul Garwood, WHO
CHOLERARISK, INFECTION and PREVENTION
CHOLERA
For Your Information (FYI) STATISTICS?
Epidemics of Cholera
Source: http://www.who.int/gho/epidemic_diseases/cholera/en/index.html
CHOLERA
Source: The Cholera Model; based on research by Rita Colwell and others.http://blokesch-lab.epfl.ch/page-10508-en.html
RESERCH
CHOLERA
What is CHOLERA?
What is WATERBORNE Disease?
Cholera is an acute, diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae (CDC, 2011)
It is considered any disease that can spread through contaminated water (LMASDHD, 2012; RD, 2012)
CHOLERA
DISEASE
O1 & O139Cause Outbreaks
Two Serogroups of V. cholerae
VIBRIO CHOLERAE STRAINS
Source: http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/non-01-0139-infections.html
CHOLERA
DISEASE: Continued
LATEST NEWS BREAK!!!
Recently, new variant strains have been detected in several parts of
Asia and Africa. (WHO, 2012)
ANYONE
can get “CHOLERA” through
Contaminated Food and Drink Containing Cholera Bacterium.
What are the SYMPTOMS?
CHOLERA
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011)
CHOLERA
SYMPTOMS: Continued
(WHO, 2012)
CHOLERA is an Extremely Virulent Disease. It affects both children and adults and can kill within hours.
CHOLERA
How can Cholera be PREVENTED?
(WHO, 2012)
Prevention, Preparedness, Response, and Surveillance System
Are keys for mitigating cholera outbreaks, controlling cholera in endemic areas and reducing deaths.
MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH:
Drinking Water
Food
Hand Washing
Bathing & Sports
CHOLERA
PREVENTION: Continued 2
Source: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/index.html
CHOLERA
• Poor Sanitary Conditions. • Reduced or Nonexistent Stomach Acid.. • Household Exposure. • Raw or Undercooked Shellfish.
(Mayo Clinic, 2011)
What are the RISK FACTORS?
Cholera remains a global threat to public health and
a key indicator of lack of social development.
CHOLERA
RISK FACTORS Continued
(WHO, 2012)Epidemics have never arisen from dead
bodies
CHOLERA
When should I seek MEDICAL HELP?
IMMEDIATELY
Dehydration can be rapid so fluid replacement is essential.
1. Cholera is an Acute Diarrhoeal Disease!
2. Cholera can be Orally Treated Successfully!
3. Cholera Prevention, Preparedness and Response … Works!
4. Safe Water and Sanitation are Critical!
5. Remember … Conventional Control Measures!
CHOLERA
KEY FACTS
(WHO: Media Centre, 2012)
CHOLERA
Available VACCINES
Source: http://www.who.int/immunization/Cholera_PP_Accomp_letter__Mar_10_2010.pdf
ORAL CHOLERA VACCINES:
(CDC, 2012)
1.Dukoral (manufactured by SBL Vaccines) 2.ShanChol (manufactured by Shantha Biotec in India)
No Country Requires Proof of Cholera Vaccination!
Individual Travelers are Responsible for cholera Infected Food Imports
Quarantine Measures and Embargoes of People and Goods are Unnecessary
HELPFUL INFORMATION
TRAVEL and TRADE
(WHO, 2012)
WHO Global Task Force on CHOLERA Control
WORKS TO
1. Provide technical advice, support for cholera control and prevention at country levels!
2. Train health professionals at national, regional, international levels in prevention, preparedness and response of diarrhoeal disease outbreaks!
3. Disseminate information. guidelines on cholera, and other epidemic-prone enteric diseases to health professionals and the general public!
World Health Organization, 2012
HELPFUL INFORMATION Continued
WHO Response!
HELPFUL WEBSITES
CDC—Cholera: Resources and Publications http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/publications.html
Department of Environmental Quality—Drinking Water http://www.michigan.gov/deq/0,1607,7-135-3313_3675---,00.html
Michigan State University Extension—Searchable Database and Other Resources
http://www.msue.msu.edu/portal/
World Health Organization---Cholera: Media Centrehttp://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/index.html
REFERENCES
Busari, S. (2008). WHO: 60,000 at risk of cholera in Zimbabwe. [CNN/Garwood]. Retrieved from http://articles.cnn.com/2008-12-09/world/zimbabwe.epidemic.cholera_1_cholera-outbreak-zimbabwe-president-robert-mugabe?_s=PM:WORLD
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Cholera. Epidemiology and risk factors. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/epi.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Cholera. Non-O1 and Non-O139 Vibrio cholerae Infections. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/non-01-0139-infections.html
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. (2012). Cholera: General information. [CHOP]. Retrieved from http://www.chop.edu/service/parents-possessing-accessing-communicating-knowledge-about-vaccines/vaccine-preventable-diseases/cholera.html
École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL; 2011). Research. BLOKESCH Lab - Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology UPBLO. Retrieved from http://blokesch-lab.epfl.ch/page-10508-en.html
LMAS District Health Department. (2012). Waterborne and Vector-borne diseases. What you should know. Retrieved from http://lmasdhd.org/uploads/PDF/Water_VectorFS08.pdf
Mayo Clinic. (2011). Cholera. Risk factors. Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/cholera/ds00579/dsection=risk-factors
Moeller, D. W. (2005). Environmental health (3rd ed.). Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press.
Right Diagnosis. (2012). Cholera. Waterborne diseases. Retrieved from
http://www.rightdiagnosis.com/w/waterborne_diseases/intro.htm
REFERENCES: Continued 2
Sack, D.A., Sack, R.B., Nair, G.B., Siddique, A.K. (2004). Cholera. The Lancet Journals. 363(9404)223–33. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15328-7
World Health Organization. (2010). Cholera vaccines. The WHO position paper on cholera vaccines. [Brief Summary]. Retrieved from www.who.int/entity/immunization/Cholera_PP_Accomp_letter__Mar_10_2010.pdf
World Health Organization. (2012). Cholera. Global Health Observatory (GHO). Retrieved from
http://www.who.int/gho/epidemic_diseases/cholera/en/index.html
World Health Organization. (2012). Cholera. Media centre . Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/index.html
REFERENCES REFERENCES: Continued 3
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