China:
Sung Dynasty and the Mongols
Sung DynastyThe Sung Dynasty was around from 960 until 1279. It was regarded as the end of the medieval order and the beginning of modern development.
There are two time periods the Northern Sung and the Southern Sung.
Sung DynastyNorthern Sung Dynasty
Artsmia.org
Sung DynastyChao K’ung-Yin founded the Sung. He was also know as T’ai Tsu.
This portrait of T'ai-tsu shows him in imperial regalia.
Chinese portrait painting emphasizes transmitting the spirit of the sitter, and Chinese physiognomy (the study of facial features) includes a type known as "imperial visage.“
Sung dynasty documents reveal that T'ai-tsu was so imposing that no one dared look him in the face.
All portraits of T'ai-tsu were painted by Wang Ai, a native of the capital. Whether this work was done by Wang or not is an issue that remains to be studied in further detail.
Npm.gov.tw
Sung DynastyKaifeng—near the Yellow River, it was a commercial and manufacturing center close to 1 million inhabitants.
Wang An-Shih—responsible for financial policy by 1068, 80% of the governments budget went to the military. So, how was this corrected?
--Personal property assessed for taxation--Corvee labor was a given a wage
--government loans to peasants control of prices
Sung DynastyWang An-shih suggesting political reforms to emperor Shen-tsung
Taiwantoday.tw
Sung DynastySung Dynasty Art from Minneapolis Institute of Arts
Video Break
http://www.artsmia.org/art-of-asia/history/dynasty-sung.cfm
Sung DynastyGrand Canal
Hagen-bobzin.de
Sung DynastyGrand CanalChinatoday.com
Sung DynastyInvasion and Decline
Jurchen—capture the Sung capital at Kaifeng and invade northern China
1126—end of the northern sung
Sung DynastySouthern Sung Dynasty
Artsmia.org
Sung DynastySouthern Sung
HangchouCloser to the Yangtze river. The Yangtze delta was the southeast’s commercial center.
It was more wealthy and populous. It had many more merchants, artisans, shopkeepers, restaurants and teahouses.
Southern Sung was more successful because of tax revenues from manufactured goods and trade.
Sung DynastySouthern Sung Art
Depts.washington.edu
Sung DynastySouthern Sung Art
Probably the most successful of the Southern Song court landscapists was Xia Gui (active c. 1180-1224). Pure and Remote Views of Mountains and Streams, shown below, is unusually tall for a handscroll, almost twenty inches in height.
http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/painting/tptgssla.htm
Sung DynastySouthern Sung Technology
Naval ships—catapults with hurling explosive grenades. The use of a cannon, cast-metal barrels with a gunpowder propelled projectile.
The use of encyclopedias and algebra.
Sung DynastyCollapse of the Sung
“He who sups with the devil needs a long spoon”
Sung Mongol
Jurchen
(Ogodei Khan)alliance
1232
Sung DynastyCollapse of the Sung
Mongols Sung
Fighting between the two lasted 40 years
The Mongols defeated the north and they poured into Hangchou by 1276.
turnagainst
Mongol empireGeography—Northern China
Teachengineering.org
Mongol empireGeography
Northern China
Steppe Region–Flat plains area few trees—Cold and harsh winds
—Little in terms of agriculture
Mongol empireWhy were the Mongols so successful?
Transportation—horse, Mongols controlled the major breeding grounds. They were
tough, wiry and had more stamina
Mongol empireWhy were the Mongols so successful?
Technology—stirrup, it gave a firmer ride on the horse and they were able to turn around.
Mongol empireWhy were the Mongols so successful?
Technique—False retreat and ambush.Hunting allowed them to practice their skills
Mongol EmpireYuan Dynasty
History.culture-china.com
Personal.psu.edu
History.culture-china.com
Hightech-edge.com
Ghengis Khan
Ogedai Khan
Batu Khan
Hulagu KhanKublai Khan
Mongol empireChinghis (Ghengis) Khan (1155-1227)—
Temujin
--United the Mongols tribes through oaths and alliances
--Created unity among tribes based upon common allegiance
--built a strong army and in turn alliances with neighboring tribes in Central Asia.
Converts to Islam
Yuan DynastyArtsmia.org
Yuan DynastyGovernment—Used the Chinese bureaucratic system of government. Employed non-Chinese, foreigners. Marco Polo (1275-1292) served as worker.
Achievements—Rebuilt the Grand Canal and roads issued paper money and started a postal system
Tolerance and trade—Pax Mongolia policy of good will and tolerance toward different cultures
Decline—1350s Mongols loose control of the Yangtze river Valley. 1368 Mongols are forced back into the steppe.
Yuan DynastyBhoffert.faculty.noctrl.edu
Yuan Dynasty
Metmuseum.org
Yuan Dynasty ArtAlthough it was in use in China before the advent of the Mongols, the paiza, an
inscribed metal plaque that functioned as a passport or a patent of office, became
a symbol of Mongol administration used to regulate and secure communication in
the vast empire. Most paizi were circular or rectangular and were worn either
fastened on an item of clothing or suspended from the neck to make them visible
to customs officers. These metal plaques are not only important historical
documents but are also of great interest for the study of Asian metalwork during
the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, a time of massive movements of people
and rapid exchange of ideas and technology.
Two kinds of Mongol plaques were issued–to officials as patents of office, and as
passports for persons on state missions and for important guests. (Marco Polo on
his return journey to Venice would have carried one.) The paiza illustrated here is
a passport, made of iron with inlay of thick silver bands forming characters in the
Phagspa script, devised for the Mongol language in 1269 by the Tibetan monk
'Phagspa (1235—1280), a close advisor to Kublai Khan (r. 1260–95). The
inscription reads in translation (by Morris Rossabi):
By the strength of Eternal Heaven,
an edict of the Emperor [Khan].
He who has no respect shall be guilty.
Above it is a lobed handle, with an animal mask in silver inlay. The mask is
probably the kirttimukha (lion mask) taken from Tibetan art but ultimately of Indian
origin; the lobed shape reflects Islamic influence. Silver inlay on iron (as opposed
to bronze) is extremely rare in China before the Mongol period.
This plaque is one of about a dozen Mongol paizi known. Two others of the same
type are in Lanzhou, China, and in Russia. (The latter example was found during
the nineteenth century in Tomskaya.)http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1993.256
Yuan Dynasty ArtCosmological Mandala with Mount Meru,
Yuan dynasty (1271–1368)
China
Silk tapestry (kesi) 33 x 33 in. (83.8 x 83.8 cm)
This mandala is in the form of the Tibetan
cosmological diagram. In the center is Mount
Meru, the axis of the cosmos, surrounded by
oceans and mountains of the four quarters.
The work is typical of the Mongol Yuan
period in China: technically superb, while
stylistically and iconographically eclectic—
Indian, Tibetan, and Chinese elements are
all present.http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1989.140
Mongol EmpireThe Mongols—Crash Course World History #17
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szxPar0BcMo
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