Chapter Seven Chapter Seven Introduction to Introduction to PolicingPolicing (Dempsey/Forst) (Dempsey/Forst)
Patrol Operations: Patrol Operations:
The Traditional ApproachThe Traditional Approach
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 2
The Traditional Patrol Method:The Traditional Patrol Method:
1. Random a routine patrol (AKA preventative patrol)
2. Rapid response to citizens 911 calls
3. Retroactive investigation of past crimes by detectives (CID)
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 3
Evaluating the Evaluating the Effectiveness of PatrolEffectiveness of Patrol
Does a high crime rate mean the police are ineffective?
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 4
The Kansas City Study: 1972The Kansas City Study: 1972
Random police patrol was increased, remained the same, or eliminated in various areas throughout the city
First major study of patrol tacticsResults indicated patrol type did not have
impact on crimeFound 50 percent of police officer time was
uncommitted and could be used more effectively
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 5
Studies of Rapid Response:Studies of Rapid Response:
Quick response time does have some impact on crime solving
Three basic components: 1. Time between crime and call to police
2. Dispatch time
3. Response time
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 6
Retroactive InvestigationRetroactive Investigation
Traditionally almost all felonies and some misdemeanors were investigated by CID
93 percent of all CID effort was not productiveOne study indicated half of all CID to be
replaced without influencing a crime clearance rates
In single most important factor is information victim supplies to responding patrol
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 7
1
Research about patrol tells us
Question
A) Half of police time was not being used well
B) Response time has no impact of crime solving
C) Most CID effort did not result in arrests
D) Patrol crime scene processing was most important in solving crime
E) A & C
F) B & D
Activities of patrol Activities of patrol officerofficer
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 9
Samuel Walker 1829Samuel Walker 1829
1. Deterrence of crime
2. Maintaining feeling of public security
3. 24-hour availability of service
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 10
American Bar AssociationAmerican Bar Association
1. Deter crime maintaining visible presence
2. Maintaining public order3. Quick response to violations
or emergencies
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 11
American Bar AssociationAmerican Bar Association
4. Identify and apprehend criminals
5. Aid individuals6. Facilitate movement of traffic
and people7. Create a sense of security in
the community
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 12
0 W. Wilson0 W. Wilson
Thought police should give impression of omnipresence
Emphasize to the rational distribution of patrol officers according to workload formula
His writings were" Bible of policing"Many things wrong and based on faulty
assumptions
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 13
Gay, Schell and Schack Gay, Schell and Schack defined patrol activity in the defined patrol activity in the
four categories:four categories:
1. Calls for service 25 percent
2. Preventative patrol 40 percent
3. Officer initiated activities (tickets) 15 percent
4. Administrative task 20 percent
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 14
Patrol Activity Studies:Patrol Activity Studies:
Show that vast majority of police calls are not criminal in nature
Very few were violent crime
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 15
Patrol:Patrol:Two major deployments for patrol are
motorized patrol and foot patrolIn the 1960s and 1970s foot patrols
considered wasteful, at the time there were no portable radios
By the 1980s virtually all police were vehicle patrol
Vehicle patrol has been criticized “a man in the car is isolated from the community"
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 16
Returned to Foot PatrolReturned to Foot Patrol
Foot patrol research indicates:1. When foot patrols added levels of fear decreased2. When patrol is withdrawn fear significantly
increases 3. System satisfaction of police increases with the
patrol4. Police had more interaction with neighborhood
residents5. Foot patrol police have greater job satisfaction,
less fear, and higher morale
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 17
CIDCID
Job to solve or clear reported crimesOrganized two ways centralized or
decentralized– centralized all detectives operate a central
office and specialized particular types of crime– decentralized detectives work out precinct and
handle a variety of crime
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 18
2
Foot Patrol:
Question
A) Decreased public fear
B) Has no impact on fear
C) Increases officer danger
D) Reduced morale in officers
E) Had a huge impact on crime
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 19
Detectives mystique Detectives mystique
The idea that detective work as glamorous exciting and dangerous
In reality a majority of time is filling our reports and interviewing victims
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 20
Traffic operationsTraffic operations
1. Elimination of accidents2. Identification of traffic problems and
hazards 3. Regulation of parking4. Investigation of traffic accidents5. Public education (includes tickets) 6. Arrest offenders
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 21
Special police operationsSpecial police operations
Swat - first was Philadelphia 1960sToday about 90 percent of police
agencies have a paramilitary unit
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 22
Emergency service unitsEmergency service units
Increasingly popularOften merges with fire departmentServices include search and rescue,
HazMat, bomb squad, and other first responder services
Chapter Eight Chapter Eight Introduction to Introduction to PolicingPolicing (Dempsey/Forst) (Dempsey/Forst)
Patrol Operations: Patrol Operations:
A New ApproachA New Approach
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 24
Alternatives to Traditional Alternatives to Traditional PatrolPatrol
Directed patrol-officers are given specific duties when not responding to calls– Assignments based on crime analysis, specific
problems, or complaints– Proven very effective
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 25
Alternatives to Traditional Alternatives to Traditional PatrolPatrol
Split force patrol-one portion of patrol force handles dispatch goals the other are on directed patrol– Also proven very effective especially in
improved productivity
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 26
Alternatives to Traditional Alternatives to Traditional PatrolPatrol
Differential response to calls for service-not all calls for service to 911 are responded to by police– Rated for importance or severity– Less serious calls are handled alternative
methods Unit sent later Report taken at precinct Report taken by nonsworn officer Appointment made for reportedly taken
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 27
Alternatives to Traditional Alternatives to Traditional PatrolPatrol
Differential response to calls for service– While research indicates effectiveness improves
community dissatisfaction is a possibility– Allocation of natural resources should depend
on effectiveness not public relations
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 28
Alternatives to Traditional Alternatives to Traditional PatrolPatrol
Managing Criminal Investigations(MCI)– Expands role of patrol officers to include
investigative responsibilities Handles follow-up Locating interviewing victims and witnesses Detecting evidence Prepares initial investigative report
– Designing a new method to manage investigations using a screening method
Solvability factors
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 29
Alternatives to Traditional Alternatives to Traditional PatrolPatrol
Managing Criminal Investigations(MCI)– Grading based according to solve ability
Is there a witness Is suspect known Can suspect the identified Is victim cooperative
– MCI allows investigators to put more time and effort into very important cases
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 30
Alternatives to Traditional Alternatives to Traditional PatrolPatrol
a small number of criminals are responsible for most of predatory street from the U.S.
Repeat offender programs (ROPS)First police identify criminals that maintain
surveillance and attend to catch the criminal in the act
Second they use case enhancement to ensure proper handling of the offender by the criminal justice system.
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 31
Alternatives to Traditional Alternatives to Traditional PatrolPatrol
Case Enhancement – a liaison is established with the district attorney’s office to alert the importance of the case coming from a career criminal. This assures zealous efforts by the prosecutor and maximum sentencing by the judge.
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 32
3
Driving around being intentionally non-intential is called:
Question
A) Directed patrol
B) Split Force
C) Differential
D) Random/preventative
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 33
New, Proactive TechniquesNew, Proactive Techniques
Uniformed tactical operations-officers are relieved from traditional patrol responsibilities to concentrate on proactive crime control. Units often saturated area experiencing crime problems, make numerous pedestrian and vehicle stops, and make numerous field interrogations.
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 34
New, Proactive TechniquesNew, Proactive Techniques
Field interrogations (FI) – a contact with a citizen initiated by a patrol officer who stops, questions, and sometimes searches because the officer has a reasonable suspicion that subject may have committed, or maybe committing, or about to commit a crime.
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 35
New, Proactive TechniquesNew, Proactive Techniques
Aggressive patrol tactics-uniform tactical operations use this tactic where they stop numerous people and vehicles attempt to discover evidence of crime.– Often causes community unrest and charges of citizen’s
rights violations– Used highly effectively in the 1990s in New York City
in addition with zero tolerance policies. Even minor offenders were frisked and checked. While crime rates plummeted tensions between the minority community and the New York police skyrocketed.
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 36
New, Proactive TechniquesNew, Proactive Techniques
Saturation patrol - another uniform tactical operations utilizing a larger number of uniform officers than normal to a particular area to deal with particular crime– Also highly effective
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 37
New, Proactive TechniquesNew, Proactive Techniques
Decoy operations:– Blending-officers dressed in civilian clothes to
blend into an area or in and unmarked car– Decoy-officers stress and play the role of
potential victims or as a fellow criminal Most effective in larceny investigations
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 38
New, Proactive TechniquesNew, Proactive Techniques
Stakeout operations:– A group of heavily armed officers waiting for
anticipated crime to occur usually a robberySting operations:
– Major technique used in recent years using various undercover methods to apprehend criminals usually involved in burglaries and thefts
– Example-pawn shop run by undercover officers that buys stolen property
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 39
New, Proactive TechniquesNew, Proactive Techniques
Code enforcement-a method whereby police, fire, building, and zoning departments work together to address crime areas usually crack houses
Efforts against drunk drivers-usually utilize checkpoints or roadblocks– Often used to detect other crime
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 40
New, Proactive TechniquesNew, Proactive Techniques
Undercover operations-where an investigator assumes a different identity to obtain information.– Used a lot by police both locally federally and
increasingly by private security Shrinkage-term used to describe the difference
between inventory on hand and inventory on paper. Usually shrinkage occurs through employee theft and shoplifting.
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 41
New, Proactive TechniquesNew, Proactive TechniquesEntrapment-defined as inducing an
individual to commit a crime he or she did not contemplate for the sole purpose of criminal prosecution– Jacobsen vs. the United States, 1992-limits the
extreme use of entrapment. It established: officer should be able to articulate legitimate law
enforcement purpose Avoid using persistent or coercive techniques Officer should be able to demonstrate the defendant
was disposed to commit the criminal act prior to government involvement
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 42
4
Using multiple undercover methods to target larceny:
Question
A) Aggressive Patrol
B) Saturation Patrol
C) Decoy Operations
D) Sting Operations
E) Stakeout Operations
F) Code Enforcement
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 43
Traffic StopsTraffic Stops
All Images © Microsoft Corporation
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 44
5 Reasons for Vehicle Contacts5 Reasons for Vehicle Contacts
1. Issue citation
2. Issue warning
3. Aid motorist
4. Investigate suspicious vehicle
5. Investigate suspected criminal activity unrelated to vehicle
1. Issue citation
2. Issue warning
3. Aid motorist
4. Investigate suspicious vehicle
5. Investigate suspected criminal activity unrelated to vehicle
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 45
Wash’s Rule of Traffic StopsWash’s Rule of Traffic Stops
There is ALWAYS inherent risk in any contact
There is ALWAYS inherent risk in any contact
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 46
Objectives of Vehicle ContactObjectives of Vehicle Contact1. To protect yourself and others2. To protect property, vehicles3. To ensure due process
1. Clearly ID self as officer2. Verbally notify of suspected
offense3. Advise rights
1. To protect yourself and others2. To protect property, vehicles3. To ensure due process
1. Clearly ID self as officer2. Verbally notify of suspected
offense3. Advise rights
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 47
Most important thing:Most important thing:
ALWAYS call in license plate, location of stop, and other information to dispatch
ALWAYS call in license plate, location of stop, and other information to dispatch
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 48
Pull Over PlacementPull Over Placement
• Choose good stop position– Consider:
• Lighting
• Traffic hazard
• Environmental hazards
• Interference by spectators
– Have car move if necessary
• Choose good stop position– Consider:
• Lighting
• Traffic hazard
• Environmental hazards
• Interference by spectators
– Have car move if necessary
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 49
Wash’s 2nd RuleWash’s 2nd Rule
• If you think you need back up – call for it and wait.
“Discretion is the better part of valor”
• If you think you need back up – call for it and wait.
“Discretion is the better part of valor”
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 50
Vehicle PositionsVehicle Positions
• Inline – use in narrow space– All lights on
• Inline – use in narrow space– All lights on
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 51
Vehicle PositionsVehicle Positions
• Off-Set – use in wide space– Offers safe path to other vehicle
• Off-Set – use in wide space– Offers safe path to other vehicle
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 52
Vehicle PositionsVehicle Positions
• Left Angle – use in wide space– Offers safe path to other vehicle
– Offers Cover
– Limits use of light for concealment
• Left Angle – use in wide space– Offers safe path to other vehicle
– Offers Cover
– Limits use of light for concealment
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 53
Approach Concerns:Approach Concerns:• Concealment vehicles: vans, rvs
• Multiple occupants
• Vehicle believed to be leaving any crime
• Suspicious behavior
• Concealment vehicles: vans, rvs
• Multiple occupants
• Vehicle believed to be leaving any crime
• Suspicious behavior
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 54
Approach Concerns:Approach Concerns:• Options:
– Bring driver back to you
– Use back up
• Options:– Bring driver back to you
– Use back up
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 55
Driver Side Approach: Driver Side Approach:• Most common
• Convenient
• Limits escape options
• Immediate access to driver – DUI
• Dangerous traffic – more likely to be hurt by other car than driver
• Most common
• Convenient
• Limits escape options
• Immediate access to driver – DUI
• Dangerous traffic – more likely to be hurt by other car than driver
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 56
Tactical Driver Side Approach: Tactical Driver Side Approach:• Off set vehicle
• Allows for you to see driver from their mirror but they cannot see you
• Off set vehicle
• Allows for you to see driver from their mirror but they cannot see you
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 57
Passenger Side Approach:Passenger Side Approach:• Big element of surprise
• Go around back of own car
• Increased cover and escape options for officer
• Decreases driver contact
• Dangerous to reach across car
• Big element of surprise
• Go around back of own car
• Increased cover and escape options for officer
• Decreases driver contact
• Dangerous to reach across car
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 58
Bringing Driver Back:Bringing Driver Back:• Increasingly popular• You can order passengers back as well• Maximizes view• Limits concealment• Easy weapon access for officer• Psychological advantage• Separates the driver from the
passengers• Puts driver in harms way - DUI
• Increasingly popular• You can order passengers back as well• Maximizes view• Limits concealment• Easy weapon access for officer• Psychological advantage• Separates the driver from the
passengers• Puts driver in harms way - DUI
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 59
Do’s and Don'tsDo’s and Don'ts• Be aware of other threats• Keep gun hand free• Don’t close or lock door• Have occupants keep hands where you
can see them• Check trunk• Stay in blind spot, use cover of lights• Use flashlight to view interior
• Be aware of other threats• Keep gun hand free• Don’t close or lock door• Have occupants keep hands where you
can see them• Check trunk• Stay in blind spot, use cover of lights• Use flashlight to view interior
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 60
Do’s and Don’tsDo’s and Don’ts• Stay behind door
• Have them hand license out to you
• Explain everything
• Ask “Is there a lawful reason you were…”
• Walk back keep - attention on occupants
• Tickets – don’t take eye off car
• Return the same way
• NEVER REACH IN CAR
• Stay behind door
• Have them hand license out to you
• Explain everything
• Ask “Is there a lawful reason you were…”
• Walk back keep - attention on occupants
• Tickets – don’t take eye off car
• Return the same way
• NEVER REACH IN CAR
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 61
Do’s and Don’tsDo’s and Don’ts• DON’T say “have a nice day!” (may be
taken wrong) try “drive safe”
• Night time:– Do not cross headlights
– Flashlight in weak hand
• DON’T say “have a nice day!” (may be
taken wrong) try “drive safe”
• Night time:– Do not cross headlights
– Flashlight in weak hand
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 62
High Risk ContactsHigh Risk Contacts• Once called “felony stops”
• Factors:– High potential for bodily harm
– Greater threat to public safety
– Arrest needs heavy control of subjects
• Once called “felony stops”
• Factors:– High potential for bodily harm
– Greater threat to public safety
– Arrest needs heavy control of subjects
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 63
Vehicle PositionsVehicle Positions
• High Risk• High Risk
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 64
High Risk ContactsHigh Risk Contacts• 3 Important Objectives:
– Communication
– Coordination
– Control
• 3 Important Objectives:– Communication
– Coordination
– Control
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 65
CommunicationCommunication• CYMBLE
• Color• Year• Make• Body• License• Equipment
• Radio all possible relevant info• Be sure to CONSTANTLY
communicate to other officers
• CYMBLE• Color• Year• Make• Body• License• Equipment
• Radio all possible relevant info• Be sure to CONSTANTLY
communicate to other officers
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 66
CoordinationCoordination• Do not approach alone• Contact Officer: controls contact• Cover Officer: keeps eyes on car• Arrest Officer: searching,
interviewing and cuffing• Traffic Officer: maintains perimeter• Forward Observer: avoids crossfire
and provides 411 (optional position)
• Do not approach alone• Contact Officer: controls contact• Cover Officer: keeps eyes on car• Arrest Officer: searching,
interviewing and cuffing• Traffic Officer: maintains perimeter• Forward Observer: avoids crossfire
and provides 411 (optional position)
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 67
ControlControl• Coordinate efforts before starting
• 35-50 ft distance
• Use proper techniques – cuffing, etc.
• Clear, consistent, & concise communication
• Verbalize specific commands
• Use appropriate level of force
• Coordinate efforts before starting
• 35-50 ft distance
• Use proper techniques – cuffing, etc.
• Clear, consistent, & concise communication
• Verbalize specific commands
• Use appropriate level of force
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 68
Clear VehicleClear Vehicle• On approach assume “plus one”
mentality
• Options for dealing with occupant refusing to cooperate
– Time/wait
– Talk/bluff
– Negotiations
– Call tactical/SWAT
– Tactical approach
• On approach assume “plus one” mentality
• Options for dealing with occupant refusing to cooperate
– Time/wait
– Talk/bluff
– Negotiations
– Call tactical/SWAT
– Tactical approach
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 69
5
The reason we no longer call High Risk Pullovers "Felony Stops" is because
Question
A) Even a pullover for a minor infraction can result in a deadly outcome
B) Officers didn't recognize the danger of typical traffic stops
C) Any pullover may involve a person who has committed a serious crime unknown to the officer
D) All of the above
E) None of the above
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 70
LabLab• Each person will rotate through
positions of team• Others will remain quiet, pay attention
and behave!• RPD is a BIG supporter of program –
you must make a good impression!• LAB GRADE: team will deal with
unknown and be evaluated. They will also write a police report on situation.
• Each person will rotate through positions of team
• Others will remain quiet, pay attention and behave!
• RPD is a BIG supporter of program – you must make a good impression!
• LAB GRADE: team will deal with unknown and be evaluated. They will also write a police report on situation.
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 71
GradeGrade• Police Reports
– All forms– Complete narrative – if you die, write up
until death– Due NEXT day!
• Practicum grade based on good mechanics, techniques and GROUP INTERACTION!
• Lab grade is BIG part of final grade– Do a good job!
• Police Reports– All forms– Complete narrative – if you die, write up
until death– Due NEXT day!
• Practicum grade based on good mechanics, techniques and GROUP INTERACTION!
• Lab grade is BIG part of final grade– Do a good job!
Unit 9: Patrol Operations Essential Question: What are the most effective ways to patrol an area? 72
Traffic StopsTraffic Stops
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