Gender Measurements United Nations has come up with two ways to
measure the gender inequality in each nation Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)
compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes
Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) compares the ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making
Gender Related Development Index
Compares same indicators as HDI Economic, Social, & Demographic indicators Adjusted to reflect differences in accomplishments of
men verses women
Penalizes a country for having a large disparity between the well-being of men and women. Example: Iran Education and Saudi Arabia Income
GDI Cont… Scored out of 1.0.
No country has achieved that. Norway had a .941 in 2001 Lowest GDIs are in sub-Saharan Africa
Record 2 observations about the GDI Map
Economic indicators of GDI
Estimate the average income for males and females
Every country males are higher
In MDCs a gap of $12,000 or more is common
In LDCs dollar gap is small but percentage is high. (low income for both)
Record 2 observations about the Female
Income Map
Social Indicators: Education
Education and Literacy are main points
Large education gap in LDCs, especially in secondary schools. LDCs boys are more likely to be enrolled MDCs girls are more likely to be enrolled
Sub-Saharan Africa/Middle East: fewer than 1/3 of girls attend school
Record 2 observations about the school enrollment Map
Social Indicators: Literacy
MDCs: Literacy universal between men and women
Latin America: Literacy not universal but similar between men and women
Sub-Saharan Africa/Southwest Asia: Female literacy is very low in comparison to males. Both a cause and an obstacle to development
Record 2 observations about the literacy maps
Demographic Indicators of GDI
MDCs: gender gap is greater than in LDCs MDCs women live substantially longer than men. LDCs women live a little longer than men
Female life expectancy in LDCs is due to the health risks of child bearing
Record 2 observations about the Life
Expectancy map
Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
REPEAT: Measures the ability of women to participate in the economic and political process of a country.
Combines two economic indicators Income Professional/technical jobs
Combines two political factors Administrative jobs Elected officials
GEM Cont… Scored out of 1.0
No country has achieved that. Lowest GEMs are LDCs
Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia Highest GEMs are MDCs
North America, Northern Europe, Oceania
Every country has a lower GEM than GDI Meaning… women possess great share of a country’s
resources than they do power over allocation of resources.
Record 2 observations about the GEM Map
Economic Indicators of GEM
Percentage of women holding professional and technical jobs.
Regarded as jobs offering women the greatest opportunities for advancement to positions of influence.
Cultural barriers may restrict the ability of women to obtain or secure promotions
Record 2 observations about the Professional/Technical workers
Map
Political Indicators of GEM
FIRST: Percentage of administrative and managerial jobs held by women
Measures the ability of women to influence decisions
Record 2 observations about the Management
Map
Political Indicator of GEM Cont… SECOND: Participation in politics
More women vote than men around the world
No country has a congress or parliament with more women North Europe women comprise 33% of national
parliament United States women comprise 15% of National
government
Record 2 observations about the Parliament
Map
Comparing GEM and GDI Every country has a lower GEM than GDI
A high GDI compared to the GEM means that women control a greater share of the power in a country.
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