Red-Eyed Tree Frog Smoky Jungle Frog Strawberry Dart- Poison
Frog
Slide 5
Differences Among Organisms Adaptation - a hereditary
characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its
environment Adaptations can modify structures involved in: Finding
food Protection Moving from one place to another Adaptation - a
hereditary characteristic that helps an organism survive and
reproduce in its environment Adaptations can modify structures
involved in: Finding food Protection Moving from one place to
another
Slide 6
Living things that share the same characteristics and
adaptations may be members of the same species Species - a group of
organisms that can mate with one another to produce fertile off
spring i.e. All red-eyed tree frogs are members of the same species
and can mate with one another Living things that share the same
characteristics and adaptations may be members of the same species
Species - a group of organisms that can mate with one another to
produce fertile off spring i.e. All red-eyed tree frogs are members
of the same species and can mate with one another
Slide 7
Slide 8
Do Species Change Over Time The Earth is estimated to be about
4.6 billion years old As the planet has change over time, so have
the living things on it. Since life first appeared on Earth many
species have died out and have been replaced by newer species These
changes are preserved as fossil evidence. Scientists believe that
newer species have descended from older ones Evolution - the
process by which populations accumulate inherited changes over time
The Earth is estimated to be about 4.6 billion years old As the
planet has change over time, so have the living things on it. Since
life first appeared on Earth many species have died out and have
been replaced by newer species These changes are preserved as
fossil evidence. Scientists believe that newer species have
descended from older ones Evolution - the process by which
populations accumulate inherited changes over time
Slide 9
Slide 10
Evidence of Evolution: The Fossil Record Evidence that living
things evolve comes from many different sources Sources include
fossils as well as comparisons among different organisms Fossils -
the solidified remains or imprints of once-living organisms found
in layers of within the Earth Fossils are usually formed when dead
organisms are covered by a layer of sediment CAN YOU GIVE ME AN
EXAMPLE OF HOW THIS COULD OCCUR? Evidence that living things evolve
comes from many different sources Sources include fossils as well
as comparisons among different organisms Fossils - the solidified
remains or imprints of once-living organisms found in layers of
within the Earth Fossils are usually formed when dead organisms are
covered by a layer of sediment CAN YOU GIVE ME AN EXAMPLE OF HOW
THIS COULD OCCUR?
Slide 11
Reading the Fossil Record Fossil Record - a historical sequence
of life provided by fossils Supplies evidence about the order in
which evolutionary changes have occurred Fossils found in the upper
layers of the Earths crust tend to resemble present day organisms
The deeper the fossils are found, the less they look like
present-day organisms These fossils can be from organisms that are
now extinct Fossil Record - a historical sequence of life provided
by fossils Supplies evidence about the order in which evolutionary
changes have occurred Fossils found in the upper layers of the
Earths crust tend to resemble present day organisms The deeper the
fossils are found, the less they look like present-day organisms
These fossils can be from organisms that are now extinct
Slide 12
CHAPTER 8 Quiz 1a 1) ________ is a hereditary characteristic
that helps an organism survive and reproduce 2) ________ is a group
of organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring 3)
________ is the process by which populations accumulate inherited
changes over time. 4) ________ are the solidified remains of once
living organisms B) ________ structure are the remains of once
useful structures 1) ________ is a hereditary characteristic that
helps an organism survive and reproduce 2) ________ is a group of
organisms that can mate and produce fertile offspring 3) ________
is the process by which populations accumulate inherited changes
over time. 4) ________ are the solidified remains of once living
organisms B) ________ structure are the remains of once useful
structures
Slide 13
Gaps in the Fossil Record Not every organism that has lived
becomes a fossil Why?????????? Because the conditions to make
fossils have to be perfect No oxygen, buried in fine sediment, and
organisms with hard body parts fossilize easier Because of this
there are gaps in the fossil record Not every organism that has
lived becomes a fossil Why?????????? Because the conditions to make
fossils have to be perfect No oxygen, buried in fine sediment, and
organisms with hard body parts fossilize easier Because of this
there are gaps in the fossil record
Slide 14
Evolution of the Whale Scientists believe that whales evolved
from land dwelling mammals. Mesonychid - lived 55 million years
ago. -Ambulocetus lived 50 million years ago and near coastal
waters. Used legs and tail swim. Scientists believe that whales
evolved from land dwelling mammals. Mesonychid - lived 55 million
years ago. -Ambulocetus lived 50 million years ago and near coastal
waters. Used legs and tail swim.
Slide 15
Rodhocetus lived 46 million years ago and started to more
resemble modern whales, but it still had hind limbs and feet. Used
only its tail when swimming `Prozeuglondon lived 40 million years
ago and was well adapted to sea life. Still had small legs, but
lived only in the water Rodhocetus lived 46 million years ago and
started to more resemble modern whales, but it still had hind limbs
and feet. Used only its tail when swimming `Prozeuglondon lived 40
million years ago and was well adapted to sea life. Still had small
legs, but lived only in the water
Slide 16
Comparing Skeletal Structures Evolutionary scientists believe
that the similarity of the bones in the front limbs of different
organisms suggest that different organisms came from a common
ancestor
Slide 17
Comparing DNA All living organisms from bacteria to humans have
DNA Organisms that appear to be more similar (chimps and gorillas)
have more similar DNA than organisms that do not appear as similar
(Chimps and birds) All DNA in every organism contains the same four
bases (guanine, cytosine, adenine, Thymine) All living organisms
from bacteria to humans have DNA Organisms that appear to be more
similar (chimps and gorillas) have more similar DNA than organisms
that do not appear as similar (Chimps and birds) All DNA in every
organism contains the same four bases (guanine, cytosine, adenine,
Thymine)
Slide 18
Comparing Embryonic Structures
Slide 19
In early development human embryos and the embryos of all other
vertebrates appear to similar. Scientist suggest that this is
because we all came from a common ancestor In early development
human embryos and the embryos of all other vertebrates appear to
similar. Scientist suggest that this is because we all came from a
common ancestor
Slide 20
Chapter 8 Quiz 1b 1) __________ are the remains of once useful
structures 2) T/F Mesonychid lived 55 million years ago and lived
on land and in the water 3) T/F Humans, cats, and bats have similar
bone structure in their front limbs 4) T/F All vertebrates have
different looking embryos B) __________is the name of the ship that
Darwin sailed on 1) __________ are the remains of once useful
structures 2) T/F Mesonychid lived 55 million years ago and lived
on land and in the water 3) T/F Humans, cats, and bats have similar
bone structure in their front limbs 4) T/F All vertebrates have
different looking embryos B) __________is the name of the ship that
Darwin sailed on
Slide 21
Section 2: How Does Evolution Happen?
Slide 22
The early 1800s was a time of great scientific discovery
Scientists realized that the Earth was much older than they
realized Scientists began to discover fossilized remains of unusual
organisms Many scientists began to believe that evolution occurs,
but no one had been able to explain how it occurred until. The
early 1800s was a time of great scientific discovery Scientists
realized that the Earth was much older than they realized
Scientists began to discover fossilized remains of unusual
organisms Many scientists began to believe that evolution occurs,
but no one had been able to explain how it occurred until.
Slide 23
Charles Darwin
Slide 24
In 1831, 21 year old Charles Darwin just graduated college Like
many college graduates Darwin did not know what he wanted to do
with his life. His father wanted him to become a doctor He talked
his father into allowing him to sign on for a 5 year voyage around
the world on the HMS Beagle The observations made on this voyage
became the foundation for his Theory of Evolution by Natural
Selection In 1831, 21 year old Charles Darwin just graduated
college Like many college graduates Darwin did not know what he
wanted to do with his life. His father wanted him to become a
doctor He talked his father into allowing him to sign on for a 5
year voyage around the world on the HMS Beagle The observations
made on this voyage became the foundation for his Theory of
Evolution by Natural Selection
Slide 25
Slide 26
Darwins Excellent Adventure As the Beagle traveled around the
world Darwin collected thousands of plant and animal specimens and
kept detailed notes of his observations During the journey the HMS
beagle visited the Galapagos Island As the Beagle traveled around
the world Darwin collected thousands of plant and animal specimens
and kept detailed notes of his observations During the journey the
HMS beagle visited the Galapagos Island
Slide 27
Slide 28
Darwins Finches Darwin observed that the animals and plants on
the Galapagos Islands were very similar, yet not identical, to
those on the South American mainland - The finches that Darwin
observed where not only different from the mainland finches, but
also from each other. i.e. They differed by the shape of their
beaks and the type of food they ate Darwin observed that the
animals and plants on the Galapagos Islands were very similar, yet
not identical, to those on the South American mainland - The
finches that Darwin observed where not only different from the
mainland finches, but also from each other. i.e. They differed by
the shape of their beaks and the type of food they ate
Slide 29
Darwin Learns from Farmers and Animal and Plant Breeders
-During Darwins time farmers were already choosing desirable traits
and breeding these organisms together -This is called selective
breeding -i.e. selective breeding in dogs has led to over 150
different breeds -Darwin was impressed that farmers could control
traits and make such dramatic changes in animals and plants in just
a few generations -During Darwins time farmers were already
choosing desirable traits and breeding these organisms together
-This is called selective breeding -i.e. selective breeding in dogs
has led to over 150 different breeds -Darwin was impressed that
farmers could control traits and make such dramatic changes in
animals and plants in just a few generations
Slide 30
Darwin Learned from Geologists Darwin read Principles of
Geology by Charles Lyell, and learned that the Earth is much older
than anyone realized and was formed by natural process that took a
long period of time This was important because Darwin thought that
populations of organisms changed slowly Darwin read Principles of
Geology by Charles Lyell, and learned that the Earth is much older
than anyone realized and was formed by natural process that took a
long period of time This was important because Darwin thought that
populations of organisms changed slowly
Slide 31
Darwin Learned from the Work of Thomas Malthus Malthus believed
that humans had the potential to reproduce beyond the capacity of
their food supply This led Darwin to realize that other animal
species where also capable of doing this Because of starvation,
disease, and predators only a limited number of offspring survive
to reproduce Malthus believed that humans had the potential to
reproduce beyond the capacity of their food supply This led Darwin
to realize that other animal species where also capable of doing
this Because of starvation, disease, and predators only a limited
number of offspring survive to reproduce
Slide 32
Slide 33
Chapter 8 Quiz 2 1) Darwin was on the HMS Beagle for _______
years 2) When he studied the Galapagos finches he was most
interested in their different ________ 3) ___________ is when
farmers breed two animals with ideal traits 4) Charles ________ was
the Geologist that believed that the Earth was older than people
though 5) T/F Malthus believed that humans could over populate
their food B) _________ is the period of time between the birth of
one generation and the birth next generation 1) Darwin was on the
HMS Beagle for _______ years 2) When he studied the Galapagos
finches he was most interested in their different ________ 3)
___________ is when farmers breed two animals with ideal traits 4)
Charles ________ was the Geologist that believed that the Earth was
older than people though 5) T/F Malthus believed that humans could
over populate their food B) _________ is the period of time between
the birth of one generation and the birth next generation
Slide 34
Natural Selection In 1858, about 20 years after Darwin
returned, he received a letter from naturalist Alfred Wallace.
Wallace had independently came to the same evolutionary principle
This prompted Darwin to publish his book, On the Origin of Species
by Natural Selection Darwin theorized that evolution occurred
through a process he called Natural Selection Natural selection
occurs in four steps: 1) Overproduction 2) Genetic Variation 3)
Struggle to Survive 4) Successful reproduction In 1858, about 20
years after Darwin returned, he received a letter from naturalist
Alfred Wallace. Wallace had independently came to the same
evolutionary principle This prompted Darwin to publish his book, On
the Origin of Species by Natural Selection Darwin theorized that
evolution occurred through a process he called Natural Selection
Natural selection occurs in four steps: 1) Overproduction 2)
Genetic Variation 3) Struggle to Survive 4) Successful
reproduction
Slide 35
Natural Selection 1) Overproduction a species can produce more
offspring than will survive to maturity 2) Genetic Variation when
individuals in a population are different than one another. Some
traits are more suited to an environment and help the organism
survive and reproduce 3) Struggle to Survive Only some individuals
in a population survive because of food, shelter, and predators. 4)
Successful Reproduction Individuals that are best suited for their
environment are more likely to reproduce 1) Overproduction a
species can produce more offspring than will survive to maturity 2)
Genetic Variation when individuals in a population are different
than one another. Some traits are more suited to an environment and
help the organism survive and reproduce 3) Struggle to Survive Only
some individuals in a population survive because of food, shelter,
and predators. 4) Successful Reproduction Individuals that are best
suited for their environment are more likely to reproduce
Slide 36
Section 3: Natural Selection in Action Insecticide Resistance
Insects can quickly develop resistance to insecticides because they
have short generation times Generation Time the period of time
between the birth of one generation and the birth of the next
generation Adaptation to Pollution Organisms have adapted to
changes (pollution) in their environment overtime. In
industrialized areas, European pepper moths have gotten darker over
time. This allows them to blend in with their backgrounds, making
them harder to see Insecticide Resistance Insects can quickly
develop resistance to insecticides because they have short
generation times Generation Time the period of time between the
birth of one generation and the birth of the next generation
Adaptation to Pollution Organisms have adapted to changes
(pollution) in their environment overtime. In industrialized areas,
European pepper moths have gotten darker over time. This allows
them to blend in with their backgrounds, making them harder to
see
Slide 37
Formation of New Species Speciation when two populations become
so different over time that they can no longer interbreed. The
three possibilities are: 1) Separation when a portion of a
population becomes isolated (i.e. newly formed canyon, mountain
range, etc.) 2) Adaptation separated groups are force to adapt to
their environments or die 3) Division Over many hundreds,
thousands, or millions of generations, two groups many become so
different that they can no longer interbreed Speciation when two
populations become so different over time that they can no longer
interbreed. The three possibilities are: 1) Separation when a
portion of a population becomes isolated (i.e. newly formed canyon,
mountain range, etc.) 2) Adaptation separated groups are force to
adapt to their environments or die 3) Division Over many hundreds,
thousands, or millions of generations, two groups many become so
different that they can no longer interbreed
Slide 38
Slide 39
Chapter 8 Quiz 3 1) _________ is the period of time between the
birth of one generation and the birth of the next. 2) What cause
the moths in England to become mostly dark? 3) _________ is when a
population is separated and become so different that they can no
longer interbreed 4) List the three steps to speciation. (Dont make
me SAD) B) List the four steps to Natural Selection 1) _________ is
the period of time between the birth of one generation and the
birth of the next. 2) What cause the moths in England to become
mostly dark? 3) _________ is when a population is separated and
become so different that they can no longer interbreed 4) List the
three steps to speciation. (Dont make me SAD) B) List the four
steps to Natural Selection