THE ROMAN WORLD TAKES
SHAPEChapter 5 Section 1
ROMANS SETTLE ITALY Italy much easier to unify than Greece
The city on seven hills (Rome)
Legend has it: Twin brothers- Romulus and Remus- founded the city of Rome
Etruscans lived North of RomeRomans learned much from the Etruscans
ROME ESTABLISHES A REPUBLIC Senators: Patricians; served for life and
made laws for Rome Consuls: Patricians; elected by Senate
to supervise the running of Rome Dictators: Patricians; elected by Senate
on occasions of war Tribunes: Plebeians; elected by
Plebeians to guard the interest of Plebeians
Citizen-soldiers: Citizens; served in the Roman army
CHARACTERIZING ROMAN SOCIETY Family was basic unit- male head of household; ideal woman was loving, dignified, and strong
Women played a larger role in society than did Greek women
ROMAN REPUBLIC GROWS Generally treated conquered lands with
justiceHad to acknowledge Roman leadership, pay
taxes, and supply soldiers for the Roman army
In return Rome let them keep their own customs, money, and local governments
To a privileged few, Rome gave full citizenship/ others partial citizenship
Most conquered lands stayed loyal to Rome
FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE
Chapter 5 Section 2
ROME GROWS THROUGH CONQUEST Rome began to expand
westward conflict between Rome and Carthage became inevitable
Between 264 B.C. and 146 B.C. three wars were fought against Carthage (Punic Wars)1st Punic War: Rome defeated
Carthage and won islands of Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia
2nd Punic War: Hannibal led his army from the North on a surprise attack- won battle after battle in Italy until Romans attacked CarthageFailed to take Rome
3rd Punic War: Rome completely destroyed Carthage- survivors were killed or sold into slaveryRomans poured salt on the earth
so nothing would grow
THE ROMAN REPUBLIC DECLINES Debate over who should hold power- the
senate or popular political leadersLed to slave uprisings at homeOld legions of citizen-soldiers became
professional armies who were loyal to their commanders
JULIUS CAESAR Caesar and Pompey dominated politics
Caesar set out with private army to conquer new lands (Gaul)
Fearful of Caesar’s power- Pompey convinced Senate to disband Caesar’s army
Caesar secretly marched into Rome and crushed Pompey and his followers
Then continued on his quest of conquering more land
Upon his return to Rome, he forced the Senate to make him dictator
JULIUS CAESAR CON’T Pushed through many reforms
Program of public works Reorganized government and gave more
citizenship Introduced a new calendar (became our
calendar today) Enemies were fearful of his power so
they stabbed him to death
His death plunged Rome into new civil wars
Mark Antony and Octavian joined forces to find Caesar’s murdersLed to a dispute between the two Octavian defeated Anthony and his ally
Queen Cleopatra of Egypt Octavian changed his name to
Augustus- “Exalted One” Avoided calling himself king- but did
name a successor as a king would do Began the Age of the Roman Empire
ROMAN EMPIRE Augustus laid the foundation for a stable
governmentLeft senate in place and created an efficient
civil serviceHigh level jobs open to men of talent, not
based on classAllowed self-government to outlying cities
and providences Also made economic reforms:
Ordered a census to make taxes more fairSet up postal service Issued new coins to make trade easier
AUGUSTUS’ SUCCESSORS Not all were competent and strong
Caligula appointed his horse as a consulNero persecuted Christians and was blamed
for setting a great fire that burned much of Rome
96-180 a series of “good emperors”Hadrian codified Roman law and had a large
wall built for protectionMarcus Aurelius read philosophy while
leading wars
PAX ROMANA BRINGS PROSPERITY Augustus to Aurelius is known as Pax
Romana or “Roman Peace” Roman rule brought peace, order, unity,
and prosperity from Euphrates River in east to Britain in west (size of continental US)
Legions maintained and protected roads and trade routes
Trade expanded greatly During this time prosperity hid
underlying social and economic problems
THE ROMAN ACHIEVEMENT
Ch. 5 Sec. 3
LITERATURE, HISTORY, PHILOSOPHY Many Romans spoke Greek and used
their style and prose in poetry Many wrote in Latin Virgil: Wrote to prove Roman history was
as great as Greek historyWrote Aeneid
LITERATURE, HISTORY, PHILOSOPHY CON’T Others wrote to satirize (make fun of)
Roman society Historians wrote bout rise and fall of
RomeLivy wrote about tales of heroesTacitus wrote bitterly about Augustus and
his followers Romans borrowed Greek philosophy Stoicism became popular from the
Hellenistic society
ART AND ARCHITECTURE Art was similar to Greek- sculptors
focused on realismRomans focused on revealing an
individual’s character Art was used to beautify the home Also known for their frescos and mosaics Architecture emphasized grandeur
Improved the use of columns and archesMost famous domed structure- Pantheon
SCIENCE AND MATHMATICS Romans were engineers: a mix of
mathematics and science to develop structures and machinesBuilt roads, bridges, and harborsAlso built aqueducts: bridgelike stone
structures that carried water from the hills into Roman cities
Romans left science research to the Greek, now part of the Roman empire
NEW LAW CODES Law fostered unity and stability Innocent until proven guilty The accused is allowed to face the
accuser and offer a defense against the charge
Guilt had to be established “clearer than daylight” using solid evidence
Judges were allowed to interpret the laws and were expected to make fair decisions
Penalties varied according to social class, lower-class were treated more harshly
RISE OF CHRISTIANITY
Ch. 5 Sec. 4
DIVERSE RELIGIONS IN ROME Various religions coexisted leading Roman gods remained
important Some turned to mystery religions
Cult of Isis- women were equal to menRoman soldiers favored cult of Persian god
Mithras- good over evil/ life after death Toleration as long as people tolerated
Roman gods and acknowledged the divine spirit of the emperor
DIVISIONS IN JUDEA Romans conquered Judea by 63 B.C. Romans excused Jews from
worshiping Roman gods because they were monotheistic
Among Jews themselves, religious ferment created divisions
Jewish conservatives rejected Hellenistic influences and called for strict obedience to Jewish law and traditions
RISE OF CHRISTIANITY As turmoil engulfed Jews, Christianity began to rise among followers of a Jew named Jesus
Most of what we know about Jesus comes from the Gospels (First 4 books of New Testament of Christian bible)
JESUS BEGINS PREACHING Born about 4 B.C. in Bethlehem, he
was a descendent of King David of Israel
Jesus grew up in Nazareth worshiping God and following Jewish law
Began preaching around age 30 He recruited 12 of his disciples who
became apostlesAfter 3 years Jesus went to Jerusalem to
spread his message there
JESUS TEACHES NEW BELIEFS Jesus’ teachings were firmly rooted in Jewish tradition
Preached obedience in the laws of Moses but also preached new beliefs
His mission was to bring spiritual salvation and eternal life to all who believed in him
JESUS’ PERSECUTION Some Jews welcomed Jesus, others
saw him as a troublemaker Roman authorities saw him as a
threat Jesus was betrayed by one of his
disciples and arrested, tried, and condemned to death
After death on the cross Gospels report he ascended into heaven
MESSAGE OF CHRISTIANITY SPREADS Disciples continued to spread Jesus’
message Followers became known as Christians Peter spread Christianity to Rome itself Paul played most influential role in
spreading ChristianityPaul traveled around Mediterranean and set
up churches Also wrote letters to Christians to help
spread
CHRISTIANS ARE OPPRESSED Romans no longer tolerated Christians Christians met in secret to avoid
persecution/ rumors spread they were engaged in evil practices
Peter and Paul were martyred during reign of Nero
Christianity continued to spread despite the attacks- even brought more converts
EARLY CHURCH DEVELOPS To join Christian community- person had
to be baptized or blessed in holy water The Baptized ate bread and drank wine
in a sacred rite called Eurcharist in memory of Jesus
DIFFERENCES ARISE WITHIN THE CHURCH Rivalry within church officials caused divisions between east and west
Led to heresies: beliefs said to contrary to official Church teachings
THE LONG DECLINE
Ch. 5 Sec. 5
Roman empire faced threats from inside and outside the empireEconomic problemsForeign invasionDecline in traditional values
Undermined stability and security
PROBLEMS IN THE EMPIRE Death of Marcus Aurelius- Rome spiraled
into political and economic decline Disruptive political pattern emerged
Constant overturning of the throne26 emperors resigned in 50 years
High taxes to support army placed heavy burdens on small business and small farmersFarmland lost its productivityFarmers became “slaves” even though they
were free
EMPEROR DIOCLETIAN SHARES POWER Diocletian set out to restore order
Divided the empire in half to make it easier to rule
He kept control of wealthy eastGave co-emperor Maximian the West
Fixes prices to slow inflation: the rapid rise of pricesSons had to follow their fathersFarmers were forced to stay on the landWas to ensure steady production
CONSTANTINE MAKES FURTHER REFORMS 312 General Constantine
gained the throne Continued Diocletian’s reforms
and made more:Granted toleration to ChristiansEstablished a new capital at
Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople
Eastern empire became “New Rome” and was center of power
IMPROVEMENTS PROVE TEMPORARY Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine had mixed resultsRevived the economyHeld empire together Failed to stop long-term decline
Internal problems and attacks from the outside bring down the empire
INVADERS THREATEN ROMAN EMPIRE Events in East Asia forced nomadic
people, Huns, from central Asia toward eastern EuropeFought fierce battles against Germanic
people who then sought refuge by the Romans
With empire in decline, legions were hard pressed to halt the invaders (Germanic peoples)Surrendered Britain, France, and Spain, then
eventually all of Rome itself
ROME IS SACKED Gradually Germanic groups occupied
more and more of Western RomeWorst was yet to come
434 Hun leader Attila started a savage campaign of conquestSent more Germanic people fleeing
476 Germanic leader Odoacer ousted emperor of Rome
Historians referred to that as the “fall” of Rome
PROBLEMS THAT CAUSED ROME TO FALL1. Military invasions- partly
because legion lacked discipline and training; hired mercenaries: foreign soldiers serving for pay
2. Political Turmoil- government became too oppressive and lost support of the people; constant civil wars for power; dividing the empire while under attack
3. Economic Weakness- heavier taxes to support bureaucracy and vast military; reliance on slave labor minimized exploring new technology; high death rate with war not enough people to meet production demands
4. Social Decay- some Romans pointed to lack of patriotism, discipline, and devotion to duty on which Rome was built
DID ROME FALL? An emperor still ruled eastern Roman
empire for another 1,000 years under Byzantine empire
“fall of Rome” is shorthand for a long, slow change from one way of life to another
People of Italy continued to live much the way they did before 476, just under new rulersMany still spoke Latin and obeyed Roman
laws Slowly German culture replaced
Roman, cities crumbled and roads disappeared
THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE
Chapter 9 Sections 1
CONSTANTINE CREATES A “NEW ROME” Ruled Eastern Side after split of Rome
Rebuilt Roman city of Byzantium- renamed it ConstantinopleBecame the new capital of his Empire
In time- Eastern Rome became Byzantine Empire
CONSTANTINOPLE GROWS Located on shores of the Bosporus
Strait- Links Mediterranean and Black SeasGuarded on three sides by waterBuilt a system of land/sea walls for better
defenseBusy marketplace
EX: Silk from China, Wheat from Egypt, Gems from India, Spices from SW Asia, Furs from Vikings
Blended Greek, Roman, and Christian influences with other traditions of the Mediterranean world
JUSTINIAN Byzantine Empire reached peak
under Justinian Wanted to revive Rome by gaining
back original landsUnsuccessful
Rebuilt the capital Rebuilt Hagia Sophia church
Justinian Code: “Body of Civil Law”Impacted as far as Western Europe
Hagia Sophia
JUSTINIAN CON’T Rules with Absolute Power
Ruled as an AutocratAlso held power over the church
(Christ’s Co-ruler) Economic and Military Strength
Remained a money economy when others could not
One of the strongest military forces in the world Possessed Greek Fire
JUSTINIAN
CHRISTIANITY Practiced differently in Byzantine
empire than in Europe- caused increasing tensions
Europe had Priests/ Byzantine emperor was over church and appointed patriarchs
During Middle Ages, multiple controversies led to Great SchismByzantine Christianity became Eastern or
Greek Orthodox ChurchWest became Roman Catholic Church
CRISIS AND COLLAPSE Byzantine empire in decline by Great
Schism As the empire faltered, enemies
advanced Byzantine emperor asked West for help
to fight Seljuk Turks (Islamic)Led to First Crusades
By Fourth Crusade Constantinople trade had fallen to Venetians
1453: Ottoman Turks surrounded ConstantinopleMehmet II renamed Constantinople-
IstanbulHagia Sophia became a Muslim house of
worship
BYZANTINE HERITAGE Their influence reached across
Europe Ottomans adapted features of
Byzantine government, social life, architecture
Continued to spread on build on Hellenistic world
Unique contributions in Arts Many books written, especially on
history
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