CHAPTER 4Unification and the Consolidation of Civilization in China
World Civilization: The Global ExperienceFifth Edition
Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert
Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman
Chapter 4: Unification and the Consolidation of Civilization in China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. Philosophical Remedies for the Prolonged Crisis of the Later ZhouII. The Triumph of the Qin and Imperial UnityIII. The Han Dynasty and the Foundations of China’s Classical AgeIV. The Later Han
Chapter 4: Unification and the Consolidation of Civilization in China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Kung Fuzi (Confucius)
Late 500s B.C.E.
Wandering scholars
Analects, collected sayings
I. Philosophical Remedies for the Prolonged Crisis
of the Later Zhou
Role of shi gives way to military, aristocracy
Merchants become important
A. Confucius and the Restoration of the ShiConcern with stability, peace
Role of moral elite
Education central
B. The Confucian GentlemanMoral rectitudePublic and private spheres equally
importantKings should be reminded of duties
Chapter 4: Unification and the Consolidation of Civilization in China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
I. Philosophical Remedies for the Prolonged Crisis of the Later Zhou
C. The Heirs of ConfuciusDivision: Mencius, SunziMencius
Natural goodnessGovernment should encourage goodness
through consent
SunziNatural weakness, evilGovernment must be strongEducation improving Legalists
D. Daoist AlternativesLaozi
PhilosopherRetreat from society
State cannot solve all problemsNature
Dao, cosmic forceMeditation
Chapter 4: Unification and the Consolidation of Civilization in China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
II. The Triumph of the Qin and Imperial Unity
Qin DynastyOriginally nomadic, marginalShi Huangdi
Zhou rivalc. 200 B.C.E.
China from the Later Zhou to the Han Era
Chapter 4: Unification and the Consolidation of Civilization in China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
II. The Triumph of the Qin and Imperial Unity
A. The Transformation of a “Barbarian” Land
ReformsImproved technologyPeasants freedAutonomous warrior lords
weakenedShi used in bureaucracyMilitary transformed
Influence of nomadsCavalryCrossbow
B. The LegalistsShang YangAbsolute rulers under rule of law
All to serve the state
Chapter 4: Unification and the Consolidation of Civilization in China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
II. The Triumph of the Qin and Imperial Unity
C. Shi Huangdi, Emperor of ChinaUnification by 221 B.C.E. Warriors disarmedUpper classes to live in capital
XianyangUnification: common writing,
coinage, weights and measures
Great Wall
D. Opposition207 B.C.E., rebellion Lasting impact
China from the Later Zhou to the Han Era
Chapter 4: Unification and the Consolidation of Civilization in China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
III. The Han Dynasty and the Foundations of China’s Classical Age
Liu Bang (Gaozu)Peasant202 B.C.E., becomes first ruler
A. The Restoration of Imperial ControlCentralized state
ExpansionHsiung-nu nomads
Sporadically disruptiveRealm extended to Korea and VietnamAssimilation
Education common
Chapter 4: Unification and the Consolidation of Civilization in China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
III. The Han Dynasty and the Foundations of China’s Classical Age
B. The ShiLegalists replaced by shi
Dominance of ConfucianismBasis of government exams
Education, ExaminationsExamination systemMeritocracy
The Scholar-GentryBasic strata: the shi, other free subjects,
the “mean people”local property-owners linked to shi
scholar-gentry
Chapter 4: Unification and the Consolidation of Civilization in China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
III. The Han Dynasty and the Foundations of China’s Classical Age
C. Class and Gender Roles in Han SocietyPeasants
Range from dependent poor to more wealthyProduction increased
More land in cultivationHorse collar, wheelbarrow
Formed secret societies
WomenMore freedom in this periodUpper classes
Arranged marriagesEducation common
Medicine: diagnosis, remedies, acupuncture
Chapter 4: Unification and the Consolidation of Civilization in China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
III. The Han Dynasty and the Foundations of China’s Classical Age
D. Towns and CommerceXian, capital
Walls, towersGrid patternapprox. 100,000 citizens
approx. 100,000 in hinterland"Forbidden city“
Trade
Chapter 4: Unification and the Consolidation of Civilization in China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
III. The Han Dynasty and the Foundations of China’s Classical Age
E. Arts and SciencesInvention
Innovative periodPaperCompassesWatermillsRuddersTechnology improves
ArtDecorative arts thriveCalligraphy
ScienceCalendar: 365.5Medicine: diagnosis, remedies, acupuncture
Chapter 4: Unification and the Consolidation of Civilization in China
Stearns et al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
IV. The Later Han
A. CrisisEmperor's wivesWang family, 9 - 23 C.E.
Wang MangOverthrown by scholar-gentry and
peasants
B. Later HanRestoration, 23 C.E. Central power declines
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