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•PREPARED BY :-KARTIK ZALAAssi. Prof.,Civil Engg. Departent,!ICT.
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CONTENTS Brea"#ater
$%arves
&'a( $alls
)etties
Piers
Dolp%ins
*en+ers
Trestle
oles
ooring Aessories
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BREAK$ATER
Breakwater is a protective barrier constructed to form an
artificial harbour with a water area so protected from the
effect of sea waves as to provide safe accommodation for
shipping.
Alignment Should be…..
As straight as possible
Intersection angle not >60°
In open sea, alignment should be curved to reduce the
effects of waves.
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Arrangement of Breakwater:-
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Having Two ntrance !ate
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Arrangement of Breakwater:-
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Having "ne ntrance !ate
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Arrangement of Breakwater:-
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Arms of the Breakwater #onverge and "verlap
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$esign %rocess of Breakwater:-
&ollowing 'nformation….
haracter of coastal urrent
!irection and force of "inds
Availabilit# $ ost of %aterial &atural of 'oundation
(robable ma)imum *eight, 'orce $ Intensit# of "aves
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$esign %rocess of Breakwater:-
&orces acting…
*#drostatic force,
"ind force,
"ave action,+olvent action
+ea insects
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$esign %rocess of Breakwater:-
%re-feasibilit( Stage:-
"hat is reuired-
&easibilit( Stage:-
+uitable data ollection
Initial !esign
ostBenefit Anal#sis
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$esign %rocess of Breakwater:-
$etailed $esign Stage:-
'urther data collection,
/efined design parameters,
'inal design,
%odel test,
(reparation of drawing and specification.
#onstruction Stage:-
%onitoring $ %aintenance
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&actors $etermining Selection of Breakwater:-
Availabilit# of onstruction %aterial
!epth of "ater ondition of +ea 'oundation
Availabilit# of uipment
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T(pes of Breakwaters:-
1ertical "all 2#pe
/ubble %ound 2#pe omposite 2#pe
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)ertical *all T(pe Breakwater:-
oncrete block gravit# wall
+tone and concrete masonr# oncrete caissons
/ock filled sheet pile cells
/ock filled timber cribs
oncrete or steel sheet pile walls
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)ertical *all T(pe Breakwater:-
Suitable &or….
+ea bed is non 3 erodable, &o chances of differential settlement of foundation,
!epth of water > 42 %a)imum wave height.
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+ubble ,ound T(pe Breakwater:-
&atural /ock
oncrete Block ombination of Both
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+ubble ,ound T(pe Breakwater:-
#onsist of three la(ers…
2he core5consists of uarr# waste
2he intermediate la#er5used for protecting slopes and the top ofthe core5consists of rubble stones
2op la#er5 upper portion of breakwater consists of blocksweighing 50 tones
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+ubble ,ound T(pe Breakwater:-
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#omposite T(pe Breakwater:-
2he solid super structure protected b# a parapet on the seaface,
(rovides a platform for handling cargo,It has a rubble base over which a vertical wall t#pe
breakwater is constructed,ombination of mound and vertical wall t#pe breakwater,
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#omposite T(pe Breakwater:-
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,ethods of %rotection of Breakwater:-
B# arrangement of heav# concrete blocks,
B# paving using granite blocks, 7sing tetrapodes and tribars.
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#omparison of ,ound t(pe )ertical *all t(peBreakwater:-
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,ound T(pe )ertical *all T(pe
"ave breaks at the breakwater. /eflect the wave energ#.
8arge entrance. &arrower entrance.
/egular maintenance necessar#. %aintenance is practicall# eliminated.
an be constructed on an# t#pe offoundation.
/euire a firm foundation.
/ecommended where plent# of rocksavailable.
/ecommended when there is shortage ofrock.
/e uire unskilled labour. /e uire skilled labour.
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,erits of ,ound t(pe Breakwater:-
&o special euipment needed,
/euire unskilled labour,
8arge si9e rubbles can be used without dressing,
onstructed on an# t#pe of foundation,
onstruction is porous, hence no possibilit# of uplift.
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$emerits of ,ound t(pe Breakwater:-
/euire huge uantit# of material,
Initial cost high,/egular maintenance,
*arbour side can not be used for mooring ships,
:ccupanc# large area of basin.
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,erits of *all t(pe Breakwater:-
&arrower entrance, hence greater protection to the sheltered
area, *arbour side of the breakwater can be used for mooring ships,
recommended where shortage of rock,
%aintenance is practicall# eliminated,
It increase si9e of harbour basin,
/educes the amount of material.
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$emerits of *all t(pe Breakwater:-
+killed labourers are reuired,
+pecial euipments are reuired for construction, /epairing is difficult,
/euire a firm foundation.
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$1AR!E2
2hese are platforms at which vessels take on anddischarge passengers and cargo on one side and earthretained on other.
It;s a platform built parallel to shoreline
+hould give sufficient depth of water for the ship to float,
"harves built parallel with the shore are called /ua(s,
Built to retain or protect the embankment or filling.
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TYPE2 3* $1AR!E2
0. "pen construction wharves:-"harves of open construction have their decks supported
b( piles or c(linders.
It can be either high level decks or relieving t#pe platforms,
an be made of timber +.#.#, or both,
%re cast or pre stressed slab or beam are economical.
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1. Solid t(pe wharves:-
2hese are composed of earth or rock fill partl# confined b#some sort of bulkhead.
$epth less than 02m bottom suitable for support of gravit#
t#pe of structure, steel pile cells are best suited, ells act as a gravit# wall of sufficient weight,
+esist over turning or sliding at base.
TYPE2 3* $1AR!E2
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&4AY $ALL2
"harves built parallel with the shore are called ua#s.
&unction:-
2o retain and protect the embankment or filling on the
landward side
2o provide berthing on the sea side
2o support the platform above.
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)ETTIE2
A narrow structure pro
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42E2 3* )ETTIE2
=ett# is a solid platform constructed perpendicular tothe shoreline or breakwater
It provides berth to ships
It is used for handling inflammable materials likepetrol diesel kerosene crude oil etc.
It can be used for dredging in the approach channel
TYPE2 3* )ETTIE2
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TYPE2 3* )ETTIE2
0. Solid structure:-
It is usuall# of mound breakwater t(pe
7sed more for the prevention of silting in the entrancechannel.
1. %iled structure:-
A. "pen pile 3etties
#heaper than the solid t#pe but having same durabilit#
an;t be used where
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B. %iled and c(linder 3etties
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B. %iled and c(linder 3etties
(iles are completel# encased in concrete c#linders
(iles carr# loads of whole structure and c#linders don;t apable of sustaining heav# impacts from ships
PIER2
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PIER2
• (iers are the structure built at angle with the shore.
• :n both sides of a pier berths are provided.
T(pe:-
4A5 "pen or solid construction
:pen pier are constructed over open water on e)posed timber orconcrete piles
:pen pier are used where minimum restriction of currents isspecified
2hese piers are relativel# more economical as narrow piers indeep water
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D3LP1I52
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D3LP1I52
2he# are the marine structures located at the entrance ofthe locked or alongside a pier or a wharf.
6ses:-
2o absorb the impact force of the ships
2o provide mooring facilities i.e. for t#ping up ships
2he# are also used to shorten the length of piers and wharves
D3LP1I52
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T(pes:-4A5 Breasting T(pe
(rovided in front of the sea face of the pier of wharf.
!esigned to take the impact of ship while docking and areeuipped with fenders
4B5 ,ooring T(pe
8ocated behind the seaward force of the berth 2he# are provided with bollards or mooring posts and with capstans
where heav# lines are to be handled +maller than breasting dolphins
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*E5DER2
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*E5DER2A fender is a form of a cushion is provided on a
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*E5DER2
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T(pes of &enders:-
4A5 *ooden &ender
+implest form of wooden fender are in the form of hori9ontal
wooden member. 2he# absorb energ# because of deflection when struck b# a
ship
4B5 +ubber &enders
2he simplest form of rubber fenders are rubber tires hung over theside of the dock.
/ubber fenders are supported b# wire rope attached to e#e bolt setin the concrete dock wall
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33RI56 ACCE223RIE2
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33RI56 ACCE223RIE2
Arrangement such as bow, stern, spring and breast lines arenecessaries to hold the ship stationar( with the dock $ to load or unload the cargo as well as passenger.
,ooring Accessories
Bollards
2his is fastened to single or double bollards which arelocated along the face of the dock to 4? m apart with the helpof ship lines such as bow, stern lines, spring and breast lines.
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#hocks:pen or closed chocks are used for directing lines on to the
correst post avoiding the lines from rubbing against sharp edges.
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#orner mooring post
2hese are located at the out shore corners of a pier or at the ends of thewharf.
• 2hese posts are designed to take greater loads than that on bollards whichis about 0 tones line pull.
• 7sed mainl# to bring the ship into the dock or to wrap it around the cornerof pier or dolphin.
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#leats
leats are used to tie small vessels such as@ small ships, tugs
and workboats.
•
2hese are usuall# spaced about 0 to m apart along the face ofthe dock.
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#apstans
It has a revolving c#lindrical surface
• 2hese are used to wind the ship;s line and thus to pull the ship
along the docking platform after which the lines are secured tothe bollards.
• 2he# ma# be pneumaticall# or electricall# operated.
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