- 1. SOCIALIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT
2. After studying this chapter, you should be able to do the
following:
- Discuss how biology and socialization contribute to the
formation of the individual.
- Explain the effects of extreme social deprivation on early
childhood development.
- Identify the stages of cognitive and moral development.
- Explain the views of the SELF developed by Cooley, Mead, and
Freud.
- Understand Eriksons stage model of lifelong socialization.
- Explain how family, schools, and peer groups contribute to
PRIMARYsocialization.
3. Becoming a Person: Biology and Culture
- Every human being is born with a set of genes,
- DEF:inherited units of biological material .
- The genetic make up creates inherited characteristics.However,
most inherited characteristics are acted upon by the environment,
both physical and social
4. NATURE VERSUS NURTURE
- Nature -Inherited characteristics, these can be thought of as
providing tendencies and capabilities
- Nurture-Socialization experiences through social interaction of
all types. Learned behavior.
-
- These are not mutually exclusive but work in tandem to create
an individuals personality.
5. SOCIALIZATION
- DEF: The process of social interaction that teaches the child
the intellectual, physical, and social skills needed to function as
a member of society, including cultural knowledge.
- Through socialization children both:
6. DEPRIVATION AND DEVELOPMENT
- What we consider typical human behavior does not arise
automatically, it must be taught or mimicked.
- For this behavior to develop, Human infants must:
- Develop social attachments and learn to have meaningful
interactions and affectionate bonds with others.
7. ATTACHMENT DISORDER
- Def: A persons inability to trust people and to form
relationships with others.
- Adopted children and institutionalized children are groups that
can be affected
8. THE CONCEPT OF SELF
- Every individual comes to possess a social identity by
occupying statuses in the course of his or her socialization.
- Def: Status -is a culturally and socially defined position
- Def: Social identity -is the total of all the statuses that
define an individual.
9. THE CONCEPT OF SELF
- However, as statuses change a persons social identity also
changes.
- What is the core or constant about a persons experience that
allows one to say, I am that changing personchanging, but yet
somehow the same individual? This changing yet enduring personal
identity is called theself
10. THE CONCEPT OF SELF
- The self develops when the individual becomes aware of his or
her feelings, thoughts, and behaviors as separate and distinct from
those of other people.
- Most researchers point to 6 factors in the concept of
self:
11. THE CONCEPTOF SELF
- 1. An awareness of the existence, appearance, and boundaries of
ones own body
- 2. The ability to refer to ones own being by using language and
other symbols
- 3. Knowledge of ones personal history
- 4. Knowledge of ones needs and skills
- 5. The ability to organize ones knowledge and experiences
- 6. The ability to take a step back and look at oneself from
others point of view.
12. DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF
- Development of the self requires both cognitive and moral
development:
-
- Cognitive developmentshould result in the ability to do
abstract reasoning and formal, logical thought.
-
- Moral developmentshould result in the taking of a shared view
of right and wrong that matches that of the society
13. DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF
- For Moral Development the point is that the individual must
understand and accept the moral order so that individuals in the
society know what to expect of each other.
- Piaget suggested 4 stages of cognitive development
- The development of a gender identity is also part of the self
concept
14. THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT
- FOUR CONTRIBUTORS TO THE FIELD
- Charles Horton Cooley- Philosopher
- George Herbert Mead -Philsospher
- Sigmund Freud-Psychologist
- Erik Erikson-Psychologist
15. Cooley - looking-glass self
- Other people are a mirror or looking glass for us
- We imagine how our actions appear to others.
- We imagine how other people judge these actions.
- We make some sort of self-judgment based on the presumed
judgments of others.
16. MEADvsFREUD
- The self is the sum total of our beliefs and feelings about
ourselves and has 2 parts.
- I The part of the self that wants to have free expression and
act spontaneously
- Me Things learned through socialization about expectations of
others that controls or limits ones actions
- The self has 3 separately functioning parts.
- Id Consisting of drives and instincts
- Superego Societies norms and moral values
- Ego Which mediates between the Id and Superego and also
searches for acceptable outlets for the Ids drives to be
expressed
17. MEADS 3 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
- The first orpreparatory stage is characterized by the childs
imitating the behavior of others, which prepares the child for
learning social-role expectations.
- In the second orplay stage ,the child has acquired language and
begins not only to imitate behavior, but also to formulate role
expectations: playing house, cops and robbers, and so on.
- In the third orgame stage ,the child learns that there are
rules that specify the proper and correct relationship among the
players.
18. MEAD
- Refer to those individuals who are most important in our
development, such as parents, friends, and teachers
- The viewpoints, attitudes, and expectations of society as a
whole, or of a community of people whom we are aware of and who are
important to us.
19. FREUD
- The drives and instincts of theIDare inherited, and for the
most part remain unconscious.
- TheSUPEREGOis societys norms and values as learned primarily
from parents
- The individual is constantly in conflict with themselves.
Additionally, the individual and society are enemies.TheEGOtries to
mediate and resolve these tensions.
20. ERICKSON
- 8 Stages of Human Development, eachof whichinclude a crisis
which the Individual must resolve
21. EARLY SOCIALIZATION IN AMERICAN SOCIETY
- FAMILY/DAY CARE ( AGE 0-5 )- Values, norms and ideas presented
at this stage are accepted uncritically by the child
- FAMILY/SCHOOL ( AGE 5-17 )- The teachings at school try to
socialize children in selected skills and knowledge. These can
conflict with values from family.
- PEER GROUPS ( AGE 12 on ) Peer attitudes can supplant family
and school attitudes.
22. EARLY SOCIALIZATION
- MEDIA All types can influence individual attitudes and
beliefs
- PEERS individuals who are your social equal and influence
you
23. PRIMARY SOCIALIZATION
- Primary socialization is normally complete by the time a person
reaches adulthood.
- DEF: The individual has mastered the basic information and
skills required of members of a society.
24. PRIMARY SOCIALIZATION
- During this Stage a person has:
- Learned a languageand can think logically to some degree
- Acceptedthe basicnormsand values of the culture
- Developed theability to pattern behaviorin terms of these norms
and values
- Assumed aculturally appropriate socialidentity .
25. ADULT SOCIALIZATION
- DEF:The process by which adults learn new statuses and
roles.
- Re-socialization is one type of adult socialization. It
involves exposure to ideas or values that conflict with what was
learned in childhood.
26. TOTAL INSTITUTIONS
- Erving Goffmans bookAsylums
- Environments such as mental hospitals in which theparticipants
are physically and socially isolated from the outside world .
- This environment is more conducive to re-socialization.
27. GOFFMAN Total Institutions
- Features of total institutions that help produce more effective
re-socialization.
- Isolation from the outside world
- Spending all of ones time in the same place with the same
people
- Shedding individual identity by giving up old clothes and
possessions for standard uniforms
- A clean break with the past
- Loss of freedom of action.
28. Total Institutions
- Other institutions that exhibit these features:
29. ADULT SOCIALIZATION
- As adults are introduced to, or take on, other roles and social
interactions, their beliefs about some norms and values may
change.
- This then can lead to changes in their behavior and their total
social identity.
- Many view this process as a life long endeavor.
30. ADULT SOCIALIZATION
- FOUR MAJOR EVENTS: Changes in roles or status that can affect
the individuals social identity:
31. Career Development and Identity
- Entering a career or starting a new job entails stepping into a
new social context with its own statuses and roles
- To successfully enter the career requires that a person be
socialized to meet the needs of the situation.
- What are some job related expectations?
32. MARRIAGE
- Marriage can create a new set of expectations and a changed
relationship with ones spouse.
- While many young adults do not acceptmany of the traditional
role expectations of marriage, it still will effect their social
roles
- What are some expectations of spouses?
33. PARENTHOOD
- Can cause a reexamination of the role expectations each partner
has of the other, both as a parent and as a spouse.
- There are societal expectations of parental behavior that
differs from non parents.
- Name two social expectations.
34. AGING
- When a large part of a persons social identity revolves around
work and family, then retirement and children leaving can create a
loss of identity.
- L ate in life many people are forced to acquire a new social
identity. This can involve a state of dependency which is damaging
to social identity.
- Creating and maintaining a meaningful and positive identity
into old age is important.
35. INTERACTIONIST VIEW OF SOCIALIZATION
- Cooley and Mead saw the individual and society as
partners.
- Believe that the individual develops a self only through social
relationships, interaction with others
- No role for genetic factors
- All ideas and behaviors come from interaction with others in
our group
36. CONFLICT THEORY VIEW OF SOCIALIZATION
- Conflict theorists can view socialization, especially schooling
and other social institutions (police, social services) as an
attempt by the culture to indoctrinate the individual and attempt
to get them to accept the status quo.
37. STRUCTURAL/FUNCTIONALIST VIEW OF SOCIALIZATION
- Functionalists would view socialization mostly as it was
presented here.
- It is the passing on of needed information to new members to
allow the society to function normally and harmoniously.