Chapter 3Organization of the Body: Body Systems & Tissues
Chapter 3 – Organization of the Body
Applied Learning Outcomes
Learn about:
• Body hierarchy
• Tissue organization
• Tissue form and function
• Understand the cellular basis of aging and pathology
Hierarchy of Human Structure
Chapter 3 – Organization of the Body
TISSUES all cells originate from a fertilized egg cell
cells differentiate by mitosis
Organs of the body develop from 1 of the embryological germ layers
Ectoderm outer layer skin & brainMesoderm middle layer bone & muscleEndoderm inner layer digestive organs
Germ layers 4 human tissue types
• Epithelial
• Connective
• Muscle
• Nervous
Type 1 - Epithelial Tissue
Location found on the surfaces or linings of organs
Structureclassified based on shape & arrangement
Functionprotectiontemp. reg.
Ex.skin
Type 2 – Nervous Tissue
Location brain, spinal cord, nerves
Structureaxon, cell body & dendrites
Function rapid communication btwn structure & function
Ex.neurons
(conduct)glia
(support)
Location muscleswithin structures heart
Structure contractile tissue; depends on type
Function movement
Ex.skeletalsmoothcardiac
Type 3 – Muscle Tissue
Location muscle that attaches to bone
Structure voluntary striated (visible bands) long & thread like multiple nuclei/cell
Function movement
Ex.abs
quadshamisbiceps
Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle
striationsnuclei
Location within systems, tracts, walls
Structure involuntary NO striations long & narrow1 nucleus/cell
Function movement of substances within the body changing diameter of blood vessels
Ex.digestive & respiratory tracts
Muscle Tissue Smooth Muscle
Smooth Muscle
nucleus
Location wall of the heart
Structure involuntary slight striations thick bands (intercalateddiscs)
Function produces heartbeat ; contractions
Ex.heart
Muscle Tissue Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Location everywhere (most abundant)
Structuredispersed throughout a matrix of gel, protein, or salts
Function protection insulation provides shape transports defends
Ex.bonebloodadiposecartilage
Type 4 – Connective Tissue
Location under the skin
Structure large fat compartments
Function protection insulation support
Connective Tissue Adipose Tissue
Location tendons
Structure dense arrangement of collagen fibers
Function flexible BUT very strong
Connective Tissue Dense Fibrous Tissue
Location bones
Structure hard calcified matrix osteocytes (cells that make bone)
Function supportprotection (vital organs) storage (blood cells) movement
Connective Tissue Bone
Bone
Location between spaces
Structure HARD but flexible matrix chondrocytes (cartilage cells)
Function flexibility support
Connective Tissue Cartilage
Location all over; heart, blood vessels & bone
Structure liquid matrix contains red & white blood cells
Function transportation protection
Connective Tissue Blood
Location in red marrow cavities (long bones) and organs
Structure blood-like tissue
Function produces blood cells
Connective Tissue Hemopoietic Tissue
Concept Check 14. What are germ layers? What does each layer differentiate into?
5. Name the four types of human tissues and provide an example of each.
6. How do the connective tissues bone and cartilage differ?
Concept Check 23. How do the three types of muscle tissue differ in appearance?
5. How do the 2 examples of nervous tissue differ in function?
6. What functions do adipose and dense fibrous tissue provide?
Organs & Body Systems
ORGAN SYSTEMS of the HUMAN BODY
• Cardiovascular
• Digestive
• Integumentary
• Lymphatic
• Muscular
• Skeletal
• Endocrine
• Reproductive
• Respiratory
• Urinary
• Nervous
Skeletal SystemStructure
bones joints (where 2 bones meet) ligaments (connect bone to bone)
Function support movement protect storage
Muscular SystemStructure muscles tendons (connect muscle to bone)
Function movement posture heat
Structure heart, blood vessels
Function regulates blood flow transportation of CO2 and O2 nutrients
Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System
Structure tonsils spleen lymph nodes
Function regulates body
fluids and helps fight disease
Lymphatic System
Structure mouth, stomach esophagus, intestine, liver
Function breaks down food absorbs nutrients eliminates waste
Digestive System
Structure kidney, bladder
Function produces, stores, eliminates waste
Urinary System
Structure gonads, mammary glands
Function produce gametes (egg & sperm)
Reproductive System
Structure skin, hair, nails
Function protection temperature regulation
Integumentary System
Structure brain, spinal cord, nerves
Function communication regulates activities via nerves
Nervous System
Structure glands, pancreas, hormones
Function communication regulates activities via glands
Endocrine System
Structure pharynx, trachea, bronchi
Function circulates O2 eliminates CO2
Respiratory System
Wellness and Illness over the Life Span
Cell pathology is the basis of understanding dysfunction of the body’s hierarchy.
Dysfunction – abnormal, impaired, or incomplete functioning of an organism, organ system, organ, tissue, or cell.
Almost all gross diseases are due to dysfunction of one or more tissues in an organ system.
Biopsy – removal
of diseased cells
for study
Atrophy – wasting or decrease in size of a cell, tissue or organ
causes: undernutrition & blood flow
problems
ex.: muscle
atrophy occurs during during nerve
damage or lack of muscle
use
Dystrophy –
“ill growth”,
progressive
changes in a
tissue (long
term
undernutrition,
malnutrition,
decreased
blood flow)
Muscular dystrophy
Fatty change: accumulation of lipids in the cell in response to cellular injury;
(excessive alcohol intake)
Mouse liver
Hyperplasia: abnormal multiplication of the NUMBER of normal cells; increases risk of cancers & distorts function; cells stay same
size
Hypertrophy: abnormal increase in CELL SIZE; distorts structure & function
Metastasis: movement of diseased cells away from their original location to establish themselves in a new area
Necrosis: localized tissue death; results from decrease in blood flow, burns, chemical damage, infections, injury
Summary
Each body part is a piece of a complex organism
Each level is dependent on the levels below
Components must work together to maintain homeostasis M olecules
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Systems
The Hum an Organism
Concept Check 31. What is the relationship between tissues and organ system
function?
2. Which organ systems function in movement of the body? How do these systems differ?
3. Which organ systems function in communication? How do these systems differ?
Concept Check 4
4. Which systems function in transporting or exchanging gases? How do these systems differ?
5. Define dysfunction?
6. What is the cause of most gross diseases?
Concept Check 57. Compare and contrast atrophy and dystrophy.
8. Compare and contrast hyperplasia and hypertrophy.
9. In order to determine if cancerous tissue has metastasized what surgical technique could you perform?
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