Chapter 3 Basic Instrumentation for Nuclear Technology
1 Accelerators
2 Detectors
3 Reactors
Outline of experiment
bull1048708 get particles (eg protons hellip)bull1048708 accelerate thembull1048708 throw them against each otherbull1048708 observe and record what happensbull1048708 analyse and interpret the data
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Naturersquos Particle Accelerators
bull Naturally occurring radioactive sourcesndash Up to 5 MeV Alpharsquos (helium nuclei)ndash Up to 3 MeV Beta particles (electrons)
bull Natural sources are difficult and limitedndash Chemical processing purity messy and expensive ndash Low intensityndash Poor geometryndash Uncontrolled energies usually very broad
Examples from the nature ndash electrostatic discharge α- and β-decays cosmic rays
ldquoStart the ball rollinghelliprdquo1927 Lord Rutherford requested a ldquocopious supplyrdquo of projectiles more energetic than natural alpha and beta particles At the opening of the resulting High Tension Laboratory Rutherford went on to reiterate the goal
What we require is an apparatus to give us a potentialof the order of 10 million volts which can be safely
accommodated in a reasonably sized room and operated by a few kilowatts of power We require too an exhausted tube capable of withstanding this voltagehellip I see no reason why such a requirement cannot be made practical
5
Why studybull The construction design and operation of
particle accelerators uses knowledge from different branches of physics electromagnetism high frequency electronics solid states physics optics vacuum technology cryogenics
bull Learning about particle accelerator is a good opportunity to learn about many different physical phenomenon
Why
They have wide ranging applications well beyond
physics health life science materials and even
archaeology
7
Early accelerators1870 Discovery of the cathode rays by William Crookes
- Charged rays - Propagation from the Cathode to the anode
A Crookes tube in which the Cathode
rays are deflected by a magnetic field
1896 JJ Thomson shows that the cathode rays are made
of ldquoparticlesrdquo and measure the chargemass ratio
These particles are called ldquoelectronsrdquo
Images source Wikipedia
8
Bremsstrahlung
bull When a charged beam hits an object X-rays are emitted This is used to produce X-rays in hospitals but it is also a source of hazardous radiations in accelerators
bull Bremsstrahlung is similar to synchrotron radiation that will be discussed later today
A charged particle emits radiation when it is accelerated
An electron that Coulomb scatters on a heavy nucleus will change
direction =gt acceleration
Bremsstrahlung braking radiation is the name of the radiation
emitted when a charged particle scatters on a heavy nucleus
Image source
httpwwwndt-edorgEducationResources
9
Improved resolutionbull In quantum mechanics the wavelength of an object is
related to its energy by
The reach better resolutions the energy of the probe
must be increased
The energy of the electrons in Cathodic ray tubes is
limited by the electrostatic generators available
In the 1930s several generators where invented to
produce high electric fields
Ion source
acceleration steering analyzer
vacuum
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
12
Particle sources
bull How particles are first producedbull How to extract particles with the right
propertiesbull What are the limitations of the sourcesbull The quality of the source is very important If
the particles emitted by the source do not have the right properties it will be very difficult andor expensive to rectify it later
Beams of nanoamperes to hundreds of amperes
Very thin to very broad beams (μm2 to m2)
Negative to highly charged state
e to protein molecule
14
Emission of electronThermionic effect
(image source wikipedia)
When a metal is heated more electrons
can populate high energy levels
Above a certain threshold they
electrons can break their bound and be
emitted
This is thermionic emission
f=eminusEkBT
15
Emission of electron
Field effect
(image source answerscom)
Under a very intense electric
field some electrons will be
able to tunnel across the
potential barrier and become
free
This is known as field effect
emission
16
Emission of electron
Photo-electric effect
(image source wikipedia)
A photon incident on a piece of metal
can transfer its energy to an electron
If the photon transfers enough energy
the electron can be emitted
By using powerful lasers the
photoelectric effect can be used to
produce electron beams
This is known as the photo-electric
emission
17
Fermi-Dirac statistics
i
18
Work functionbull To escape from the metal the electrons must reach an
energy greater than the edge of the potential wellbull The energy that must be gained above the Fermi energy
is called the ldquowork functionrdquo of the metalbull The work function is a property
specific to a given metal It canbe affected by many parameters(eg doping crystaline statesurface roughness)
bull Example values
(image source wikipedia)
19
Summary electrons in solids
bull At low temperature all electrons are in the lowest possible energy level below the Fermi level
bull As the temperature increase some electrons will go above the Fermi level
bull But only those with an energy above the Fermi level greater than the work function are ldquofreerdquo
(im
ag
e s
ou
rce
htt
p
cn
xo
rgc
on
ten
tm
13
45
8la
tes
t
20
Thermionic emissionbull The Richardson-Dushman equation gives the electronic
current density J (Am-2) emitted by a material as a function of the temperature
With A the Richardson constant
(image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
21
Thermionic cathode materialbull Two parameters are important when considering a
thermionic cathode materialndash W=Work function (as low as possible)ndash Te=Operation Temperature (preferably high)
bull Cesium has a low work function (W~2eV) but a low operation temperature (Te=320K) =gt not good for high current
bull Metals Ta (41eV 2680K) W(45eV 2860K)bull BaO has good properties (1eV 1000K) but can oxidize by
exposure to air =gt sinter of BaO+WBaO provided slowly to the surface
22
Electric field bias
bull Once the electrons are free they may fall back on the cathode
bull To avoid this an electric field needs to be applied
bull If a negative potential is applied to the cathode the electrons will be attracted away from the cathode after being emitted
bull However this field affects the work function
24
Photo-electric emissionbull A photon incident on a
material will transfer its energy to an electron present in the metal
bull If the energy of this electron becomes bigger than the work function of the material the electron can be emitted
bull This is called photo-electric emission (image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
25
Photo-electric emission (2)
bull A UV photon at 200nm carries an energy of about 6 eV this is enough to ldquojumprdquo over the work function of most metals
bull As seen in electromagnetism electromagnetic waves (photons) can penetrate inside a metal
bull The photo-electricemission may thustake place away from the surface
(image source Dowell et al Photoinjectors lectures)
26
The 3 steps of photo-electric emission
Photo-electric emission takes place in 3 steps1) Absorption of a photon by an electron inside the metal The
energy transferred is proportional to the photon energy2) Transport of the photo to the physical surface of the metal
The electron may loose energy by scattering during this process
3) Electron emission (ifthe remaining energy isabove the work functionincluding Schottky effect)
27
Quantum efficiency (QE)bull For photo-electric emission it is useful to define the
ldquoquantum efficiencyrdquo
bull Typical QE for a photo-cathode is only a few percent or less
bull The quantum efficiency will decrease during the life of the cathode it may get damaged or contaminated
QE=Numberof photoelectronsNumberof photons
28
Examples
1) Which of these materials would give the highest thermionic emission current (at the same temperature)
(a) Iron (Fe) W=47 eV(b) Gadolinium (Gd) W=290 eV(c) Cobalt (Co) W=5 eV
2) Which laser would give the best Quantum efficiency on a Copper-based photo-cathode (W=5 eV)
(a) A 5GW CO2 laser (wavelength=10 micrometers)(b) A 10 kW frequency doubled NdYAG laser
(wavelength=532nm)(c)A 3MW frequency quadrupled Ti-Sapphire laser
(wavelength=200nm)
Ion source SINCSSource of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering - SNICS II
Principle of Operation
liquid metal ion source (LMIS)
Focused Ion Beam
Electrospray ionisation
Charge Residue Model electrospray droplets undergo evaporation and fission cycles eventually leading progeny droplets that contain on average one analyte ion or less The gas-phase ions form after the remaining solvent molecules evaporate leaving the analyte with the charges that the droplet carried
1 mbar 10-3 mbar 10-5 mbar 10-6 mbar
Rotarypump
Turbopump
TurbopumpHeated
Capillary(~180degC)
ESI needle4kV
Fused silicacapillary
Tube lens
Skimmer
OctapoleLenses
Acceleration tube
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Naturersquos Particle Accelerators
bull Naturally occurring radioactive sourcesndash Up to 5 MeV Alpharsquos (helium nuclei)ndash Up to 3 MeV Beta particles (electrons)
bull Natural sources are difficult and limitedndash Chemical processing purity messy and expensive ndash Low intensityndash Poor geometryndash Uncontrolled energies usually very broad
Examples from the nature ndash electrostatic discharge α- and β-decays cosmic rays
ldquoStart the ball rollinghelliprdquo1927 Lord Rutherford requested a ldquocopious supplyrdquo of projectiles more energetic than natural alpha and beta particles At the opening of the resulting High Tension Laboratory Rutherford went on to reiterate the goal
What we require is an apparatus to give us a potentialof the order of 10 million volts which can be safely
accommodated in a reasonably sized room and operated by a few kilowatts of power We require too an exhausted tube capable of withstanding this voltagehellip I see no reason why such a requirement cannot be made practical
5
Why studybull The construction design and operation of
particle accelerators uses knowledge from different branches of physics electromagnetism high frequency electronics solid states physics optics vacuum technology cryogenics
bull Learning about particle accelerator is a good opportunity to learn about many different physical phenomenon
Why
They have wide ranging applications well beyond
physics health life science materials and even
archaeology
7
Early accelerators1870 Discovery of the cathode rays by William Crookes
- Charged rays - Propagation from the Cathode to the anode
A Crookes tube in which the Cathode
rays are deflected by a magnetic field
1896 JJ Thomson shows that the cathode rays are made
of ldquoparticlesrdquo and measure the chargemass ratio
These particles are called ldquoelectronsrdquo
Images source Wikipedia
8
Bremsstrahlung
bull When a charged beam hits an object X-rays are emitted This is used to produce X-rays in hospitals but it is also a source of hazardous radiations in accelerators
bull Bremsstrahlung is similar to synchrotron radiation that will be discussed later today
A charged particle emits radiation when it is accelerated
An electron that Coulomb scatters on a heavy nucleus will change
direction =gt acceleration
Bremsstrahlung braking radiation is the name of the radiation
emitted when a charged particle scatters on a heavy nucleus
Image source
httpwwwndt-edorgEducationResources
9
Improved resolutionbull In quantum mechanics the wavelength of an object is
related to its energy by
The reach better resolutions the energy of the probe
must be increased
The energy of the electrons in Cathodic ray tubes is
limited by the electrostatic generators available
In the 1930s several generators where invented to
produce high electric fields
Ion source
acceleration steering analyzer
vacuum
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
12
Particle sources
bull How particles are first producedbull How to extract particles with the right
propertiesbull What are the limitations of the sourcesbull The quality of the source is very important If
the particles emitted by the source do not have the right properties it will be very difficult andor expensive to rectify it later
Beams of nanoamperes to hundreds of amperes
Very thin to very broad beams (μm2 to m2)
Negative to highly charged state
e to protein molecule
14
Emission of electronThermionic effect
(image source wikipedia)
When a metal is heated more electrons
can populate high energy levels
Above a certain threshold they
electrons can break their bound and be
emitted
This is thermionic emission
f=eminusEkBT
15
Emission of electron
Field effect
(image source answerscom)
Under a very intense electric
field some electrons will be
able to tunnel across the
potential barrier and become
free
This is known as field effect
emission
16
Emission of electron
Photo-electric effect
(image source wikipedia)
A photon incident on a piece of metal
can transfer its energy to an electron
If the photon transfers enough energy
the electron can be emitted
By using powerful lasers the
photoelectric effect can be used to
produce electron beams
This is known as the photo-electric
emission
17
Fermi-Dirac statistics
i
18
Work functionbull To escape from the metal the electrons must reach an
energy greater than the edge of the potential wellbull The energy that must be gained above the Fermi energy
is called the ldquowork functionrdquo of the metalbull The work function is a property
specific to a given metal It canbe affected by many parameters(eg doping crystaline statesurface roughness)
bull Example values
(image source wikipedia)
19
Summary electrons in solids
bull At low temperature all electrons are in the lowest possible energy level below the Fermi level
bull As the temperature increase some electrons will go above the Fermi level
bull But only those with an energy above the Fermi level greater than the work function are ldquofreerdquo
(im
ag
e s
ou
rce
htt
p
cn
xo
rgc
on
ten
tm
13
45
8la
tes
t
20
Thermionic emissionbull The Richardson-Dushman equation gives the electronic
current density J (Am-2) emitted by a material as a function of the temperature
With A the Richardson constant
(image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
21
Thermionic cathode materialbull Two parameters are important when considering a
thermionic cathode materialndash W=Work function (as low as possible)ndash Te=Operation Temperature (preferably high)
bull Cesium has a low work function (W~2eV) but a low operation temperature (Te=320K) =gt not good for high current
bull Metals Ta (41eV 2680K) W(45eV 2860K)bull BaO has good properties (1eV 1000K) but can oxidize by
exposure to air =gt sinter of BaO+WBaO provided slowly to the surface
22
Electric field bias
bull Once the electrons are free they may fall back on the cathode
bull To avoid this an electric field needs to be applied
bull If a negative potential is applied to the cathode the electrons will be attracted away from the cathode after being emitted
bull However this field affects the work function
24
Photo-electric emissionbull A photon incident on a
material will transfer its energy to an electron present in the metal
bull If the energy of this electron becomes bigger than the work function of the material the electron can be emitted
bull This is called photo-electric emission (image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
25
Photo-electric emission (2)
bull A UV photon at 200nm carries an energy of about 6 eV this is enough to ldquojumprdquo over the work function of most metals
bull As seen in electromagnetism electromagnetic waves (photons) can penetrate inside a metal
bull The photo-electricemission may thustake place away from the surface
(image source Dowell et al Photoinjectors lectures)
26
The 3 steps of photo-electric emission
Photo-electric emission takes place in 3 steps1) Absorption of a photon by an electron inside the metal The
energy transferred is proportional to the photon energy2) Transport of the photo to the physical surface of the metal
The electron may loose energy by scattering during this process
3) Electron emission (ifthe remaining energy isabove the work functionincluding Schottky effect)
27
Quantum efficiency (QE)bull For photo-electric emission it is useful to define the
ldquoquantum efficiencyrdquo
bull Typical QE for a photo-cathode is only a few percent or less
bull The quantum efficiency will decrease during the life of the cathode it may get damaged or contaminated
QE=Numberof photoelectronsNumberof photons
28
Examples
1) Which of these materials would give the highest thermionic emission current (at the same temperature)
(a) Iron (Fe) W=47 eV(b) Gadolinium (Gd) W=290 eV(c) Cobalt (Co) W=5 eV
2) Which laser would give the best Quantum efficiency on a Copper-based photo-cathode (W=5 eV)
(a) A 5GW CO2 laser (wavelength=10 micrometers)(b) A 10 kW frequency doubled NdYAG laser
(wavelength=532nm)(c)A 3MW frequency quadrupled Ti-Sapphire laser
(wavelength=200nm)
Ion source SINCSSource of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering - SNICS II
Principle of Operation
liquid metal ion source (LMIS)
Focused Ion Beam
Electrospray ionisation
Charge Residue Model electrospray droplets undergo evaporation and fission cycles eventually leading progeny droplets that contain on average one analyte ion or less The gas-phase ions form after the remaining solvent molecules evaporate leaving the analyte with the charges that the droplet carried
1 mbar 10-3 mbar 10-5 mbar 10-6 mbar
Rotarypump
Turbopump
TurbopumpHeated
Capillary(~180degC)
ESI needle4kV
Fused silicacapillary
Tube lens
Skimmer
OctapoleLenses
Acceleration tube
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Naturersquos Particle Accelerators
bull Naturally occurring radioactive sourcesndash Up to 5 MeV Alpharsquos (helium nuclei)ndash Up to 3 MeV Beta particles (electrons)
bull Natural sources are difficult and limitedndash Chemical processing purity messy and expensive ndash Low intensityndash Poor geometryndash Uncontrolled energies usually very broad
Examples from the nature ndash electrostatic discharge α- and β-decays cosmic rays
ldquoStart the ball rollinghelliprdquo1927 Lord Rutherford requested a ldquocopious supplyrdquo of projectiles more energetic than natural alpha and beta particles At the opening of the resulting High Tension Laboratory Rutherford went on to reiterate the goal
What we require is an apparatus to give us a potentialof the order of 10 million volts which can be safely
accommodated in a reasonably sized room and operated by a few kilowatts of power We require too an exhausted tube capable of withstanding this voltagehellip I see no reason why such a requirement cannot be made practical
5
Why studybull The construction design and operation of
particle accelerators uses knowledge from different branches of physics electromagnetism high frequency electronics solid states physics optics vacuum technology cryogenics
bull Learning about particle accelerator is a good opportunity to learn about many different physical phenomenon
Why
They have wide ranging applications well beyond
physics health life science materials and even
archaeology
7
Early accelerators1870 Discovery of the cathode rays by William Crookes
- Charged rays - Propagation from the Cathode to the anode
A Crookes tube in which the Cathode
rays are deflected by a magnetic field
1896 JJ Thomson shows that the cathode rays are made
of ldquoparticlesrdquo and measure the chargemass ratio
These particles are called ldquoelectronsrdquo
Images source Wikipedia
8
Bremsstrahlung
bull When a charged beam hits an object X-rays are emitted This is used to produce X-rays in hospitals but it is also a source of hazardous radiations in accelerators
bull Bremsstrahlung is similar to synchrotron radiation that will be discussed later today
A charged particle emits radiation when it is accelerated
An electron that Coulomb scatters on a heavy nucleus will change
direction =gt acceleration
Bremsstrahlung braking radiation is the name of the radiation
emitted when a charged particle scatters on a heavy nucleus
Image source
httpwwwndt-edorgEducationResources
9
Improved resolutionbull In quantum mechanics the wavelength of an object is
related to its energy by
The reach better resolutions the energy of the probe
must be increased
The energy of the electrons in Cathodic ray tubes is
limited by the electrostatic generators available
In the 1930s several generators where invented to
produce high electric fields
Ion source
acceleration steering analyzer
vacuum
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
12
Particle sources
bull How particles are first producedbull How to extract particles with the right
propertiesbull What are the limitations of the sourcesbull The quality of the source is very important If
the particles emitted by the source do not have the right properties it will be very difficult andor expensive to rectify it later
Beams of nanoamperes to hundreds of amperes
Very thin to very broad beams (μm2 to m2)
Negative to highly charged state
e to protein molecule
14
Emission of electronThermionic effect
(image source wikipedia)
When a metal is heated more electrons
can populate high energy levels
Above a certain threshold they
electrons can break their bound and be
emitted
This is thermionic emission
f=eminusEkBT
15
Emission of electron
Field effect
(image source answerscom)
Under a very intense electric
field some electrons will be
able to tunnel across the
potential barrier and become
free
This is known as field effect
emission
16
Emission of electron
Photo-electric effect
(image source wikipedia)
A photon incident on a piece of metal
can transfer its energy to an electron
If the photon transfers enough energy
the electron can be emitted
By using powerful lasers the
photoelectric effect can be used to
produce electron beams
This is known as the photo-electric
emission
17
Fermi-Dirac statistics
i
18
Work functionbull To escape from the metal the electrons must reach an
energy greater than the edge of the potential wellbull The energy that must be gained above the Fermi energy
is called the ldquowork functionrdquo of the metalbull The work function is a property
specific to a given metal It canbe affected by many parameters(eg doping crystaline statesurface roughness)
bull Example values
(image source wikipedia)
19
Summary electrons in solids
bull At low temperature all electrons are in the lowest possible energy level below the Fermi level
bull As the temperature increase some electrons will go above the Fermi level
bull But only those with an energy above the Fermi level greater than the work function are ldquofreerdquo
(im
ag
e s
ou
rce
htt
p
cn
xo
rgc
on
ten
tm
13
45
8la
tes
t
20
Thermionic emissionbull The Richardson-Dushman equation gives the electronic
current density J (Am-2) emitted by a material as a function of the temperature
With A the Richardson constant
(image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
21
Thermionic cathode materialbull Two parameters are important when considering a
thermionic cathode materialndash W=Work function (as low as possible)ndash Te=Operation Temperature (preferably high)
bull Cesium has a low work function (W~2eV) but a low operation temperature (Te=320K) =gt not good for high current
bull Metals Ta (41eV 2680K) W(45eV 2860K)bull BaO has good properties (1eV 1000K) but can oxidize by
exposure to air =gt sinter of BaO+WBaO provided slowly to the surface
22
Electric field bias
bull Once the electrons are free they may fall back on the cathode
bull To avoid this an electric field needs to be applied
bull If a negative potential is applied to the cathode the electrons will be attracted away from the cathode after being emitted
bull However this field affects the work function
24
Photo-electric emissionbull A photon incident on a
material will transfer its energy to an electron present in the metal
bull If the energy of this electron becomes bigger than the work function of the material the electron can be emitted
bull This is called photo-electric emission (image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
25
Photo-electric emission (2)
bull A UV photon at 200nm carries an energy of about 6 eV this is enough to ldquojumprdquo over the work function of most metals
bull As seen in electromagnetism electromagnetic waves (photons) can penetrate inside a metal
bull The photo-electricemission may thustake place away from the surface
(image source Dowell et al Photoinjectors lectures)
26
The 3 steps of photo-electric emission
Photo-electric emission takes place in 3 steps1) Absorption of a photon by an electron inside the metal The
energy transferred is proportional to the photon energy2) Transport of the photo to the physical surface of the metal
The electron may loose energy by scattering during this process
3) Electron emission (ifthe remaining energy isabove the work functionincluding Schottky effect)
27
Quantum efficiency (QE)bull For photo-electric emission it is useful to define the
ldquoquantum efficiencyrdquo
bull Typical QE for a photo-cathode is only a few percent or less
bull The quantum efficiency will decrease during the life of the cathode it may get damaged or contaminated
QE=Numberof photoelectronsNumberof photons
28
Examples
1) Which of these materials would give the highest thermionic emission current (at the same temperature)
(a) Iron (Fe) W=47 eV(b) Gadolinium (Gd) W=290 eV(c) Cobalt (Co) W=5 eV
2) Which laser would give the best Quantum efficiency on a Copper-based photo-cathode (W=5 eV)
(a) A 5GW CO2 laser (wavelength=10 micrometers)(b) A 10 kW frequency doubled NdYAG laser
(wavelength=532nm)(c)A 3MW frequency quadrupled Ti-Sapphire laser
(wavelength=200nm)
Ion source SINCSSource of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering - SNICS II
Principle of Operation
liquid metal ion source (LMIS)
Focused Ion Beam
Electrospray ionisation
Charge Residue Model electrospray droplets undergo evaporation and fission cycles eventually leading progeny droplets that contain on average one analyte ion or less The gas-phase ions form after the remaining solvent molecules evaporate leaving the analyte with the charges that the droplet carried
1 mbar 10-3 mbar 10-5 mbar 10-6 mbar
Rotarypump
Turbopump
TurbopumpHeated
Capillary(~180degC)
ESI needle4kV
Fused silicacapillary
Tube lens
Skimmer
OctapoleLenses
Acceleration tube
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
ldquoStart the ball rollinghelliprdquo1927 Lord Rutherford requested a ldquocopious supplyrdquo of projectiles more energetic than natural alpha and beta particles At the opening of the resulting High Tension Laboratory Rutherford went on to reiterate the goal
What we require is an apparatus to give us a potentialof the order of 10 million volts which can be safely
accommodated in a reasonably sized room and operated by a few kilowatts of power We require too an exhausted tube capable of withstanding this voltagehellip I see no reason why such a requirement cannot be made practical
5
Why studybull The construction design and operation of
particle accelerators uses knowledge from different branches of physics electromagnetism high frequency electronics solid states physics optics vacuum technology cryogenics
bull Learning about particle accelerator is a good opportunity to learn about many different physical phenomenon
Why
They have wide ranging applications well beyond
physics health life science materials and even
archaeology
7
Early accelerators1870 Discovery of the cathode rays by William Crookes
- Charged rays - Propagation from the Cathode to the anode
A Crookes tube in which the Cathode
rays are deflected by a magnetic field
1896 JJ Thomson shows that the cathode rays are made
of ldquoparticlesrdquo and measure the chargemass ratio
These particles are called ldquoelectronsrdquo
Images source Wikipedia
8
Bremsstrahlung
bull When a charged beam hits an object X-rays are emitted This is used to produce X-rays in hospitals but it is also a source of hazardous radiations in accelerators
bull Bremsstrahlung is similar to synchrotron radiation that will be discussed later today
A charged particle emits radiation when it is accelerated
An electron that Coulomb scatters on a heavy nucleus will change
direction =gt acceleration
Bremsstrahlung braking radiation is the name of the radiation
emitted when a charged particle scatters on a heavy nucleus
Image source
httpwwwndt-edorgEducationResources
9
Improved resolutionbull In quantum mechanics the wavelength of an object is
related to its energy by
The reach better resolutions the energy of the probe
must be increased
The energy of the electrons in Cathodic ray tubes is
limited by the electrostatic generators available
In the 1930s several generators where invented to
produce high electric fields
Ion source
acceleration steering analyzer
vacuum
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
12
Particle sources
bull How particles are first producedbull How to extract particles with the right
propertiesbull What are the limitations of the sourcesbull The quality of the source is very important If
the particles emitted by the source do not have the right properties it will be very difficult andor expensive to rectify it later
Beams of nanoamperes to hundreds of amperes
Very thin to very broad beams (μm2 to m2)
Negative to highly charged state
e to protein molecule
14
Emission of electronThermionic effect
(image source wikipedia)
When a metal is heated more electrons
can populate high energy levels
Above a certain threshold they
electrons can break their bound and be
emitted
This is thermionic emission
f=eminusEkBT
15
Emission of electron
Field effect
(image source answerscom)
Under a very intense electric
field some electrons will be
able to tunnel across the
potential barrier and become
free
This is known as field effect
emission
16
Emission of electron
Photo-electric effect
(image source wikipedia)
A photon incident on a piece of metal
can transfer its energy to an electron
If the photon transfers enough energy
the electron can be emitted
By using powerful lasers the
photoelectric effect can be used to
produce electron beams
This is known as the photo-electric
emission
17
Fermi-Dirac statistics
i
18
Work functionbull To escape from the metal the electrons must reach an
energy greater than the edge of the potential wellbull The energy that must be gained above the Fermi energy
is called the ldquowork functionrdquo of the metalbull The work function is a property
specific to a given metal It canbe affected by many parameters(eg doping crystaline statesurface roughness)
bull Example values
(image source wikipedia)
19
Summary electrons in solids
bull At low temperature all electrons are in the lowest possible energy level below the Fermi level
bull As the temperature increase some electrons will go above the Fermi level
bull But only those with an energy above the Fermi level greater than the work function are ldquofreerdquo
(im
ag
e s
ou
rce
htt
p
cn
xo
rgc
on
ten
tm
13
45
8la
tes
t
20
Thermionic emissionbull The Richardson-Dushman equation gives the electronic
current density J (Am-2) emitted by a material as a function of the temperature
With A the Richardson constant
(image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
21
Thermionic cathode materialbull Two parameters are important when considering a
thermionic cathode materialndash W=Work function (as low as possible)ndash Te=Operation Temperature (preferably high)
bull Cesium has a low work function (W~2eV) but a low operation temperature (Te=320K) =gt not good for high current
bull Metals Ta (41eV 2680K) W(45eV 2860K)bull BaO has good properties (1eV 1000K) but can oxidize by
exposure to air =gt sinter of BaO+WBaO provided slowly to the surface
22
Electric field bias
bull Once the electrons are free they may fall back on the cathode
bull To avoid this an electric field needs to be applied
bull If a negative potential is applied to the cathode the electrons will be attracted away from the cathode after being emitted
bull However this field affects the work function
24
Photo-electric emissionbull A photon incident on a
material will transfer its energy to an electron present in the metal
bull If the energy of this electron becomes bigger than the work function of the material the electron can be emitted
bull This is called photo-electric emission (image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
25
Photo-electric emission (2)
bull A UV photon at 200nm carries an energy of about 6 eV this is enough to ldquojumprdquo over the work function of most metals
bull As seen in electromagnetism electromagnetic waves (photons) can penetrate inside a metal
bull The photo-electricemission may thustake place away from the surface
(image source Dowell et al Photoinjectors lectures)
26
The 3 steps of photo-electric emission
Photo-electric emission takes place in 3 steps1) Absorption of a photon by an electron inside the metal The
energy transferred is proportional to the photon energy2) Transport of the photo to the physical surface of the metal
The electron may loose energy by scattering during this process
3) Electron emission (ifthe remaining energy isabove the work functionincluding Schottky effect)
27
Quantum efficiency (QE)bull For photo-electric emission it is useful to define the
ldquoquantum efficiencyrdquo
bull Typical QE for a photo-cathode is only a few percent or less
bull The quantum efficiency will decrease during the life of the cathode it may get damaged or contaminated
QE=Numberof photoelectronsNumberof photons
28
Examples
1) Which of these materials would give the highest thermionic emission current (at the same temperature)
(a) Iron (Fe) W=47 eV(b) Gadolinium (Gd) W=290 eV(c) Cobalt (Co) W=5 eV
2) Which laser would give the best Quantum efficiency on a Copper-based photo-cathode (W=5 eV)
(a) A 5GW CO2 laser (wavelength=10 micrometers)(b) A 10 kW frequency doubled NdYAG laser
(wavelength=532nm)(c)A 3MW frequency quadrupled Ti-Sapphire laser
(wavelength=200nm)
Ion source SINCSSource of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering - SNICS II
Principle of Operation
liquid metal ion source (LMIS)
Focused Ion Beam
Electrospray ionisation
Charge Residue Model electrospray droplets undergo evaporation and fission cycles eventually leading progeny droplets that contain on average one analyte ion or less The gas-phase ions form after the remaining solvent molecules evaporate leaving the analyte with the charges that the droplet carried
1 mbar 10-3 mbar 10-5 mbar 10-6 mbar
Rotarypump
Turbopump
TurbopumpHeated
Capillary(~180degC)
ESI needle4kV
Fused silicacapillary
Tube lens
Skimmer
OctapoleLenses
Acceleration tube
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
5
Why studybull The construction design and operation of
particle accelerators uses knowledge from different branches of physics electromagnetism high frequency electronics solid states physics optics vacuum technology cryogenics
bull Learning about particle accelerator is a good opportunity to learn about many different physical phenomenon
Why
They have wide ranging applications well beyond
physics health life science materials and even
archaeology
7
Early accelerators1870 Discovery of the cathode rays by William Crookes
- Charged rays - Propagation from the Cathode to the anode
A Crookes tube in which the Cathode
rays are deflected by a magnetic field
1896 JJ Thomson shows that the cathode rays are made
of ldquoparticlesrdquo and measure the chargemass ratio
These particles are called ldquoelectronsrdquo
Images source Wikipedia
8
Bremsstrahlung
bull When a charged beam hits an object X-rays are emitted This is used to produce X-rays in hospitals but it is also a source of hazardous radiations in accelerators
bull Bremsstrahlung is similar to synchrotron radiation that will be discussed later today
A charged particle emits radiation when it is accelerated
An electron that Coulomb scatters on a heavy nucleus will change
direction =gt acceleration
Bremsstrahlung braking radiation is the name of the radiation
emitted when a charged particle scatters on a heavy nucleus
Image source
httpwwwndt-edorgEducationResources
9
Improved resolutionbull In quantum mechanics the wavelength of an object is
related to its energy by
The reach better resolutions the energy of the probe
must be increased
The energy of the electrons in Cathodic ray tubes is
limited by the electrostatic generators available
In the 1930s several generators where invented to
produce high electric fields
Ion source
acceleration steering analyzer
vacuum
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
12
Particle sources
bull How particles are first producedbull How to extract particles with the right
propertiesbull What are the limitations of the sourcesbull The quality of the source is very important If
the particles emitted by the source do not have the right properties it will be very difficult andor expensive to rectify it later
Beams of nanoamperes to hundreds of amperes
Very thin to very broad beams (μm2 to m2)
Negative to highly charged state
e to protein molecule
14
Emission of electronThermionic effect
(image source wikipedia)
When a metal is heated more electrons
can populate high energy levels
Above a certain threshold they
electrons can break their bound and be
emitted
This is thermionic emission
f=eminusEkBT
15
Emission of electron
Field effect
(image source answerscom)
Under a very intense electric
field some electrons will be
able to tunnel across the
potential barrier and become
free
This is known as field effect
emission
16
Emission of electron
Photo-electric effect
(image source wikipedia)
A photon incident on a piece of metal
can transfer its energy to an electron
If the photon transfers enough energy
the electron can be emitted
By using powerful lasers the
photoelectric effect can be used to
produce electron beams
This is known as the photo-electric
emission
17
Fermi-Dirac statistics
i
18
Work functionbull To escape from the metal the electrons must reach an
energy greater than the edge of the potential wellbull The energy that must be gained above the Fermi energy
is called the ldquowork functionrdquo of the metalbull The work function is a property
specific to a given metal It canbe affected by many parameters(eg doping crystaline statesurface roughness)
bull Example values
(image source wikipedia)
19
Summary electrons in solids
bull At low temperature all electrons are in the lowest possible energy level below the Fermi level
bull As the temperature increase some electrons will go above the Fermi level
bull But only those with an energy above the Fermi level greater than the work function are ldquofreerdquo
(im
ag
e s
ou
rce
htt
p
cn
xo
rgc
on
ten
tm
13
45
8la
tes
t
20
Thermionic emissionbull The Richardson-Dushman equation gives the electronic
current density J (Am-2) emitted by a material as a function of the temperature
With A the Richardson constant
(image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
21
Thermionic cathode materialbull Two parameters are important when considering a
thermionic cathode materialndash W=Work function (as low as possible)ndash Te=Operation Temperature (preferably high)
bull Cesium has a low work function (W~2eV) but a low operation temperature (Te=320K) =gt not good for high current
bull Metals Ta (41eV 2680K) W(45eV 2860K)bull BaO has good properties (1eV 1000K) but can oxidize by
exposure to air =gt sinter of BaO+WBaO provided slowly to the surface
22
Electric field bias
bull Once the electrons are free they may fall back on the cathode
bull To avoid this an electric field needs to be applied
bull If a negative potential is applied to the cathode the electrons will be attracted away from the cathode after being emitted
bull However this field affects the work function
24
Photo-electric emissionbull A photon incident on a
material will transfer its energy to an electron present in the metal
bull If the energy of this electron becomes bigger than the work function of the material the electron can be emitted
bull This is called photo-electric emission (image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
25
Photo-electric emission (2)
bull A UV photon at 200nm carries an energy of about 6 eV this is enough to ldquojumprdquo over the work function of most metals
bull As seen in electromagnetism electromagnetic waves (photons) can penetrate inside a metal
bull The photo-electricemission may thustake place away from the surface
(image source Dowell et al Photoinjectors lectures)
26
The 3 steps of photo-electric emission
Photo-electric emission takes place in 3 steps1) Absorption of a photon by an electron inside the metal The
energy transferred is proportional to the photon energy2) Transport of the photo to the physical surface of the metal
The electron may loose energy by scattering during this process
3) Electron emission (ifthe remaining energy isabove the work functionincluding Schottky effect)
27
Quantum efficiency (QE)bull For photo-electric emission it is useful to define the
ldquoquantum efficiencyrdquo
bull Typical QE for a photo-cathode is only a few percent or less
bull The quantum efficiency will decrease during the life of the cathode it may get damaged or contaminated
QE=Numberof photoelectronsNumberof photons
28
Examples
1) Which of these materials would give the highest thermionic emission current (at the same temperature)
(a) Iron (Fe) W=47 eV(b) Gadolinium (Gd) W=290 eV(c) Cobalt (Co) W=5 eV
2) Which laser would give the best Quantum efficiency on a Copper-based photo-cathode (W=5 eV)
(a) A 5GW CO2 laser (wavelength=10 micrometers)(b) A 10 kW frequency doubled NdYAG laser
(wavelength=532nm)(c)A 3MW frequency quadrupled Ti-Sapphire laser
(wavelength=200nm)
Ion source SINCSSource of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering - SNICS II
Principle of Operation
liquid metal ion source (LMIS)
Focused Ion Beam
Electrospray ionisation
Charge Residue Model electrospray droplets undergo evaporation and fission cycles eventually leading progeny droplets that contain on average one analyte ion or less The gas-phase ions form after the remaining solvent molecules evaporate leaving the analyte with the charges that the droplet carried
1 mbar 10-3 mbar 10-5 mbar 10-6 mbar
Rotarypump
Turbopump
TurbopumpHeated
Capillary(~180degC)
ESI needle4kV
Fused silicacapillary
Tube lens
Skimmer
OctapoleLenses
Acceleration tube
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Why
They have wide ranging applications well beyond
physics health life science materials and even
archaeology
7
Early accelerators1870 Discovery of the cathode rays by William Crookes
- Charged rays - Propagation from the Cathode to the anode
A Crookes tube in which the Cathode
rays are deflected by a magnetic field
1896 JJ Thomson shows that the cathode rays are made
of ldquoparticlesrdquo and measure the chargemass ratio
These particles are called ldquoelectronsrdquo
Images source Wikipedia
8
Bremsstrahlung
bull When a charged beam hits an object X-rays are emitted This is used to produce X-rays in hospitals but it is also a source of hazardous radiations in accelerators
bull Bremsstrahlung is similar to synchrotron radiation that will be discussed later today
A charged particle emits radiation when it is accelerated
An electron that Coulomb scatters on a heavy nucleus will change
direction =gt acceleration
Bremsstrahlung braking radiation is the name of the radiation
emitted when a charged particle scatters on a heavy nucleus
Image source
httpwwwndt-edorgEducationResources
9
Improved resolutionbull In quantum mechanics the wavelength of an object is
related to its energy by
The reach better resolutions the energy of the probe
must be increased
The energy of the electrons in Cathodic ray tubes is
limited by the electrostatic generators available
In the 1930s several generators where invented to
produce high electric fields
Ion source
acceleration steering analyzer
vacuum
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
12
Particle sources
bull How particles are first producedbull How to extract particles with the right
propertiesbull What are the limitations of the sourcesbull The quality of the source is very important If
the particles emitted by the source do not have the right properties it will be very difficult andor expensive to rectify it later
Beams of nanoamperes to hundreds of amperes
Very thin to very broad beams (μm2 to m2)
Negative to highly charged state
e to protein molecule
14
Emission of electronThermionic effect
(image source wikipedia)
When a metal is heated more electrons
can populate high energy levels
Above a certain threshold they
electrons can break their bound and be
emitted
This is thermionic emission
f=eminusEkBT
15
Emission of electron
Field effect
(image source answerscom)
Under a very intense electric
field some electrons will be
able to tunnel across the
potential barrier and become
free
This is known as field effect
emission
16
Emission of electron
Photo-electric effect
(image source wikipedia)
A photon incident on a piece of metal
can transfer its energy to an electron
If the photon transfers enough energy
the electron can be emitted
By using powerful lasers the
photoelectric effect can be used to
produce electron beams
This is known as the photo-electric
emission
17
Fermi-Dirac statistics
i
18
Work functionbull To escape from the metal the electrons must reach an
energy greater than the edge of the potential wellbull The energy that must be gained above the Fermi energy
is called the ldquowork functionrdquo of the metalbull The work function is a property
specific to a given metal It canbe affected by many parameters(eg doping crystaline statesurface roughness)
bull Example values
(image source wikipedia)
19
Summary electrons in solids
bull At low temperature all electrons are in the lowest possible energy level below the Fermi level
bull As the temperature increase some electrons will go above the Fermi level
bull But only those with an energy above the Fermi level greater than the work function are ldquofreerdquo
(im
ag
e s
ou
rce
htt
p
cn
xo
rgc
on
ten
tm
13
45
8la
tes
t
20
Thermionic emissionbull The Richardson-Dushman equation gives the electronic
current density J (Am-2) emitted by a material as a function of the temperature
With A the Richardson constant
(image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
21
Thermionic cathode materialbull Two parameters are important when considering a
thermionic cathode materialndash W=Work function (as low as possible)ndash Te=Operation Temperature (preferably high)
bull Cesium has a low work function (W~2eV) but a low operation temperature (Te=320K) =gt not good for high current
bull Metals Ta (41eV 2680K) W(45eV 2860K)bull BaO has good properties (1eV 1000K) but can oxidize by
exposure to air =gt sinter of BaO+WBaO provided slowly to the surface
22
Electric field bias
bull Once the electrons are free they may fall back on the cathode
bull To avoid this an electric field needs to be applied
bull If a negative potential is applied to the cathode the electrons will be attracted away from the cathode after being emitted
bull However this field affects the work function
24
Photo-electric emissionbull A photon incident on a
material will transfer its energy to an electron present in the metal
bull If the energy of this electron becomes bigger than the work function of the material the electron can be emitted
bull This is called photo-electric emission (image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
25
Photo-electric emission (2)
bull A UV photon at 200nm carries an energy of about 6 eV this is enough to ldquojumprdquo over the work function of most metals
bull As seen in electromagnetism electromagnetic waves (photons) can penetrate inside a metal
bull The photo-electricemission may thustake place away from the surface
(image source Dowell et al Photoinjectors lectures)
26
The 3 steps of photo-electric emission
Photo-electric emission takes place in 3 steps1) Absorption of a photon by an electron inside the metal The
energy transferred is proportional to the photon energy2) Transport of the photo to the physical surface of the metal
The electron may loose energy by scattering during this process
3) Electron emission (ifthe remaining energy isabove the work functionincluding Schottky effect)
27
Quantum efficiency (QE)bull For photo-electric emission it is useful to define the
ldquoquantum efficiencyrdquo
bull Typical QE for a photo-cathode is only a few percent or less
bull The quantum efficiency will decrease during the life of the cathode it may get damaged or contaminated
QE=Numberof photoelectronsNumberof photons
28
Examples
1) Which of these materials would give the highest thermionic emission current (at the same temperature)
(a) Iron (Fe) W=47 eV(b) Gadolinium (Gd) W=290 eV(c) Cobalt (Co) W=5 eV
2) Which laser would give the best Quantum efficiency on a Copper-based photo-cathode (W=5 eV)
(a) A 5GW CO2 laser (wavelength=10 micrometers)(b) A 10 kW frequency doubled NdYAG laser
(wavelength=532nm)(c)A 3MW frequency quadrupled Ti-Sapphire laser
(wavelength=200nm)
Ion source SINCSSource of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering - SNICS II
Principle of Operation
liquid metal ion source (LMIS)
Focused Ion Beam
Electrospray ionisation
Charge Residue Model electrospray droplets undergo evaporation and fission cycles eventually leading progeny droplets that contain on average one analyte ion or less The gas-phase ions form after the remaining solvent molecules evaporate leaving the analyte with the charges that the droplet carried
1 mbar 10-3 mbar 10-5 mbar 10-6 mbar
Rotarypump
Turbopump
TurbopumpHeated
Capillary(~180degC)
ESI needle4kV
Fused silicacapillary
Tube lens
Skimmer
OctapoleLenses
Acceleration tube
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
7
Early accelerators1870 Discovery of the cathode rays by William Crookes
- Charged rays - Propagation from the Cathode to the anode
A Crookes tube in which the Cathode
rays are deflected by a magnetic field
1896 JJ Thomson shows that the cathode rays are made
of ldquoparticlesrdquo and measure the chargemass ratio
These particles are called ldquoelectronsrdquo
Images source Wikipedia
8
Bremsstrahlung
bull When a charged beam hits an object X-rays are emitted This is used to produce X-rays in hospitals but it is also a source of hazardous radiations in accelerators
bull Bremsstrahlung is similar to synchrotron radiation that will be discussed later today
A charged particle emits radiation when it is accelerated
An electron that Coulomb scatters on a heavy nucleus will change
direction =gt acceleration
Bremsstrahlung braking radiation is the name of the radiation
emitted when a charged particle scatters on a heavy nucleus
Image source
httpwwwndt-edorgEducationResources
9
Improved resolutionbull In quantum mechanics the wavelength of an object is
related to its energy by
The reach better resolutions the energy of the probe
must be increased
The energy of the electrons in Cathodic ray tubes is
limited by the electrostatic generators available
In the 1930s several generators where invented to
produce high electric fields
Ion source
acceleration steering analyzer
vacuum
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
12
Particle sources
bull How particles are first producedbull How to extract particles with the right
propertiesbull What are the limitations of the sourcesbull The quality of the source is very important If
the particles emitted by the source do not have the right properties it will be very difficult andor expensive to rectify it later
Beams of nanoamperes to hundreds of amperes
Very thin to very broad beams (μm2 to m2)
Negative to highly charged state
e to protein molecule
14
Emission of electronThermionic effect
(image source wikipedia)
When a metal is heated more electrons
can populate high energy levels
Above a certain threshold they
electrons can break their bound and be
emitted
This is thermionic emission
f=eminusEkBT
15
Emission of electron
Field effect
(image source answerscom)
Under a very intense electric
field some electrons will be
able to tunnel across the
potential barrier and become
free
This is known as field effect
emission
16
Emission of electron
Photo-electric effect
(image source wikipedia)
A photon incident on a piece of metal
can transfer its energy to an electron
If the photon transfers enough energy
the electron can be emitted
By using powerful lasers the
photoelectric effect can be used to
produce electron beams
This is known as the photo-electric
emission
17
Fermi-Dirac statistics
i
18
Work functionbull To escape from the metal the electrons must reach an
energy greater than the edge of the potential wellbull The energy that must be gained above the Fermi energy
is called the ldquowork functionrdquo of the metalbull The work function is a property
specific to a given metal It canbe affected by many parameters(eg doping crystaline statesurface roughness)
bull Example values
(image source wikipedia)
19
Summary electrons in solids
bull At low temperature all electrons are in the lowest possible energy level below the Fermi level
bull As the temperature increase some electrons will go above the Fermi level
bull But only those with an energy above the Fermi level greater than the work function are ldquofreerdquo
(im
ag
e s
ou
rce
htt
p
cn
xo
rgc
on
ten
tm
13
45
8la
tes
t
20
Thermionic emissionbull The Richardson-Dushman equation gives the electronic
current density J (Am-2) emitted by a material as a function of the temperature
With A the Richardson constant
(image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
21
Thermionic cathode materialbull Two parameters are important when considering a
thermionic cathode materialndash W=Work function (as low as possible)ndash Te=Operation Temperature (preferably high)
bull Cesium has a low work function (W~2eV) but a low operation temperature (Te=320K) =gt not good for high current
bull Metals Ta (41eV 2680K) W(45eV 2860K)bull BaO has good properties (1eV 1000K) but can oxidize by
exposure to air =gt sinter of BaO+WBaO provided slowly to the surface
22
Electric field bias
bull Once the electrons are free they may fall back on the cathode
bull To avoid this an electric field needs to be applied
bull If a negative potential is applied to the cathode the electrons will be attracted away from the cathode after being emitted
bull However this field affects the work function
24
Photo-electric emissionbull A photon incident on a
material will transfer its energy to an electron present in the metal
bull If the energy of this electron becomes bigger than the work function of the material the electron can be emitted
bull This is called photo-electric emission (image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
25
Photo-electric emission (2)
bull A UV photon at 200nm carries an energy of about 6 eV this is enough to ldquojumprdquo over the work function of most metals
bull As seen in electromagnetism electromagnetic waves (photons) can penetrate inside a metal
bull The photo-electricemission may thustake place away from the surface
(image source Dowell et al Photoinjectors lectures)
26
The 3 steps of photo-electric emission
Photo-electric emission takes place in 3 steps1) Absorption of a photon by an electron inside the metal The
energy transferred is proportional to the photon energy2) Transport of the photo to the physical surface of the metal
The electron may loose energy by scattering during this process
3) Electron emission (ifthe remaining energy isabove the work functionincluding Schottky effect)
27
Quantum efficiency (QE)bull For photo-electric emission it is useful to define the
ldquoquantum efficiencyrdquo
bull Typical QE for a photo-cathode is only a few percent or less
bull The quantum efficiency will decrease during the life of the cathode it may get damaged or contaminated
QE=Numberof photoelectronsNumberof photons
28
Examples
1) Which of these materials would give the highest thermionic emission current (at the same temperature)
(a) Iron (Fe) W=47 eV(b) Gadolinium (Gd) W=290 eV(c) Cobalt (Co) W=5 eV
2) Which laser would give the best Quantum efficiency on a Copper-based photo-cathode (W=5 eV)
(a) A 5GW CO2 laser (wavelength=10 micrometers)(b) A 10 kW frequency doubled NdYAG laser
(wavelength=532nm)(c)A 3MW frequency quadrupled Ti-Sapphire laser
(wavelength=200nm)
Ion source SINCSSource of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering - SNICS II
Principle of Operation
liquid metal ion source (LMIS)
Focused Ion Beam
Electrospray ionisation
Charge Residue Model electrospray droplets undergo evaporation and fission cycles eventually leading progeny droplets that contain on average one analyte ion or less The gas-phase ions form after the remaining solvent molecules evaporate leaving the analyte with the charges that the droplet carried
1 mbar 10-3 mbar 10-5 mbar 10-6 mbar
Rotarypump
Turbopump
TurbopumpHeated
Capillary(~180degC)
ESI needle4kV
Fused silicacapillary
Tube lens
Skimmer
OctapoleLenses
Acceleration tube
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
8
Bremsstrahlung
bull When a charged beam hits an object X-rays are emitted This is used to produce X-rays in hospitals but it is also a source of hazardous radiations in accelerators
bull Bremsstrahlung is similar to synchrotron radiation that will be discussed later today
A charged particle emits radiation when it is accelerated
An electron that Coulomb scatters on a heavy nucleus will change
direction =gt acceleration
Bremsstrahlung braking radiation is the name of the radiation
emitted when a charged particle scatters on a heavy nucleus
Image source
httpwwwndt-edorgEducationResources
9
Improved resolutionbull In quantum mechanics the wavelength of an object is
related to its energy by
The reach better resolutions the energy of the probe
must be increased
The energy of the electrons in Cathodic ray tubes is
limited by the electrostatic generators available
In the 1930s several generators where invented to
produce high electric fields
Ion source
acceleration steering analyzer
vacuum
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
12
Particle sources
bull How particles are first producedbull How to extract particles with the right
propertiesbull What are the limitations of the sourcesbull The quality of the source is very important If
the particles emitted by the source do not have the right properties it will be very difficult andor expensive to rectify it later
Beams of nanoamperes to hundreds of amperes
Very thin to very broad beams (μm2 to m2)
Negative to highly charged state
e to protein molecule
14
Emission of electronThermionic effect
(image source wikipedia)
When a metal is heated more electrons
can populate high energy levels
Above a certain threshold they
electrons can break their bound and be
emitted
This is thermionic emission
f=eminusEkBT
15
Emission of electron
Field effect
(image source answerscom)
Under a very intense electric
field some electrons will be
able to tunnel across the
potential barrier and become
free
This is known as field effect
emission
16
Emission of electron
Photo-electric effect
(image source wikipedia)
A photon incident on a piece of metal
can transfer its energy to an electron
If the photon transfers enough energy
the electron can be emitted
By using powerful lasers the
photoelectric effect can be used to
produce electron beams
This is known as the photo-electric
emission
17
Fermi-Dirac statistics
i
18
Work functionbull To escape from the metal the electrons must reach an
energy greater than the edge of the potential wellbull The energy that must be gained above the Fermi energy
is called the ldquowork functionrdquo of the metalbull The work function is a property
specific to a given metal It canbe affected by many parameters(eg doping crystaline statesurface roughness)
bull Example values
(image source wikipedia)
19
Summary electrons in solids
bull At low temperature all electrons are in the lowest possible energy level below the Fermi level
bull As the temperature increase some electrons will go above the Fermi level
bull But only those with an energy above the Fermi level greater than the work function are ldquofreerdquo
(im
ag
e s
ou
rce
htt
p
cn
xo
rgc
on
ten
tm
13
45
8la
tes
t
20
Thermionic emissionbull The Richardson-Dushman equation gives the electronic
current density J (Am-2) emitted by a material as a function of the temperature
With A the Richardson constant
(image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
21
Thermionic cathode materialbull Two parameters are important when considering a
thermionic cathode materialndash W=Work function (as low as possible)ndash Te=Operation Temperature (preferably high)
bull Cesium has a low work function (W~2eV) but a low operation temperature (Te=320K) =gt not good for high current
bull Metals Ta (41eV 2680K) W(45eV 2860K)bull BaO has good properties (1eV 1000K) but can oxidize by
exposure to air =gt sinter of BaO+WBaO provided slowly to the surface
22
Electric field bias
bull Once the electrons are free they may fall back on the cathode
bull To avoid this an electric field needs to be applied
bull If a negative potential is applied to the cathode the electrons will be attracted away from the cathode after being emitted
bull However this field affects the work function
24
Photo-electric emissionbull A photon incident on a
material will transfer its energy to an electron present in the metal
bull If the energy of this electron becomes bigger than the work function of the material the electron can be emitted
bull This is called photo-electric emission (image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
25
Photo-electric emission (2)
bull A UV photon at 200nm carries an energy of about 6 eV this is enough to ldquojumprdquo over the work function of most metals
bull As seen in electromagnetism electromagnetic waves (photons) can penetrate inside a metal
bull The photo-electricemission may thustake place away from the surface
(image source Dowell et al Photoinjectors lectures)
26
The 3 steps of photo-electric emission
Photo-electric emission takes place in 3 steps1) Absorption of a photon by an electron inside the metal The
energy transferred is proportional to the photon energy2) Transport of the photo to the physical surface of the metal
The electron may loose energy by scattering during this process
3) Electron emission (ifthe remaining energy isabove the work functionincluding Schottky effect)
27
Quantum efficiency (QE)bull For photo-electric emission it is useful to define the
ldquoquantum efficiencyrdquo
bull Typical QE for a photo-cathode is only a few percent or less
bull The quantum efficiency will decrease during the life of the cathode it may get damaged or contaminated
QE=Numberof photoelectronsNumberof photons
28
Examples
1) Which of these materials would give the highest thermionic emission current (at the same temperature)
(a) Iron (Fe) W=47 eV(b) Gadolinium (Gd) W=290 eV(c) Cobalt (Co) W=5 eV
2) Which laser would give the best Quantum efficiency on a Copper-based photo-cathode (W=5 eV)
(a) A 5GW CO2 laser (wavelength=10 micrometers)(b) A 10 kW frequency doubled NdYAG laser
(wavelength=532nm)(c)A 3MW frequency quadrupled Ti-Sapphire laser
(wavelength=200nm)
Ion source SINCSSource of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering - SNICS II
Principle of Operation
liquid metal ion source (LMIS)
Focused Ion Beam
Electrospray ionisation
Charge Residue Model electrospray droplets undergo evaporation and fission cycles eventually leading progeny droplets that contain on average one analyte ion or less The gas-phase ions form after the remaining solvent molecules evaporate leaving the analyte with the charges that the droplet carried
1 mbar 10-3 mbar 10-5 mbar 10-6 mbar
Rotarypump
Turbopump
TurbopumpHeated
Capillary(~180degC)
ESI needle4kV
Fused silicacapillary
Tube lens
Skimmer
OctapoleLenses
Acceleration tube
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
9
Improved resolutionbull In quantum mechanics the wavelength of an object is
related to its energy by
The reach better resolutions the energy of the probe
must be increased
The energy of the electrons in Cathodic ray tubes is
limited by the electrostatic generators available
In the 1930s several generators where invented to
produce high electric fields
Ion source
acceleration steering analyzer
vacuum
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
12
Particle sources
bull How particles are first producedbull How to extract particles with the right
propertiesbull What are the limitations of the sourcesbull The quality of the source is very important If
the particles emitted by the source do not have the right properties it will be very difficult andor expensive to rectify it later
Beams of nanoamperes to hundreds of amperes
Very thin to very broad beams (μm2 to m2)
Negative to highly charged state
e to protein molecule
14
Emission of electronThermionic effect
(image source wikipedia)
When a metal is heated more electrons
can populate high energy levels
Above a certain threshold they
electrons can break their bound and be
emitted
This is thermionic emission
f=eminusEkBT
15
Emission of electron
Field effect
(image source answerscom)
Under a very intense electric
field some electrons will be
able to tunnel across the
potential barrier and become
free
This is known as field effect
emission
16
Emission of electron
Photo-electric effect
(image source wikipedia)
A photon incident on a piece of metal
can transfer its energy to an electron
If the photon transfers enough energy
the electron can be emitted
By using powerful lasers the
photoelectric effect can be used to
produce electron beams
This is known as the photo-electric
emission
17
Fermi-Dirac statistics
i
18
Work functionbull To escape from the metal the electrons must reach an
energy greater than the edge of the potential wellbull The energy that must be gained above the Fermi energy
is called the ldquowork functionrdquo of the metalbull The work function is a property
specific to a given metal It canbe affected by many parameters(eg doping crystaline statesurface roughness)
bull Example values
(image source wikipedia)
19
Summary electrons in solids
bull At low temperature all electrons are in the lowest possible energy level below the Fermi level
bull As the temperature increase some electrons will go above the Fermi level
bull But only those with an energy above the Fermi level greater than the work function are ldquofreerdquo
(im
ag
e s
ou
rce
htt
p
cn
xo
rgc
on
ten
tm
13
45
8la
tes
t
20
Thermionic emissionbull The Richardson-Dushman equation gives the electronic
current density J (Am-2) emitted by a material as a function of the temperature
With A the Richardson constant
(image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
21
Thermionic cathode materialbull Two parameters are important when considering a
thermionic cathode materialndash W=Work function (as low as possible)ndash Te=Operation Temperature (preferably high)
bull Cesium has a low work function (W~2eV) but a low operation temperature (Te=320K) =gt not good for high current
bull Metals Ta (41eV 2680K) W(45eV 2860K)bull BaO has good properties (1eV 1000K) but can oxidize by
exposure to air =gt sinter of BaO+WBaO provided slowly to the surface
22
Electric field bias
bull Once the electrons are free they may fall back on the cathode
bull To avoid this an electric field needs to be applied
bull If a negative potential is applied to the cathode the electrons will be attracted away from the cathode after being emitted
bull However this field affects the work function
24
Photo-electric emissionbull A photon incident on a
material will transfer its energy to an electron present in the metal
bull If the energy of this electron becomes bigger than the work function of the material the electron can be emitted
bull This is called photo-electric emission (image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
25
Photo-electric emission (2)
bull A UV photon at 200nm carries an energy of about 6 eV this is enough to ldquojumprdquo over the work function of most metals
bull As seen in electromagnetism electromagnetic waves (photons) can penetrate inside a metal
bull The photo-electricemission may thustake place away from the surface
(image source Dowell et al Photoinjectors lectures)
26
The 3 steps of photo-electric emission
Photo-electric emission takes place in 3 steps1) Absorption of a photon by an electron inside the metal The
energy transferred is proportional to the photon energy2) Transport of the photo to the physical surface of the metal
The electron may loose energy by scattering during this process
3) Electron emission (ifthe remaining energy isabove the work functionincluding Schottky effect)
27
Quantum efficiency (QE)bull For photo-electric emission it is useful to define the
ldquoquantum efficiencyrdquo
bull Typical QE for a photo-cathode is only a few percent or less
bull The quantum efficiency will decrease during the life of the cathode it may get damaged or contaminated
QE=Numberof photoelectronsNumberof photons
28
Examples
1) Which of these materials would give the highest thermionic emission current (at the same temperature)
(a) Iron (Fe) W=47 eV(b) Gadolinium (Gd) W=290 eV(c) Cobalt (Co) W=5 eV
2) Which laser would give the best Quantum efficiency on a Copper-based photo-cathode (W=5 eV)
(a) A 5GW CO2 laser (wavelength=10 micrometers)(b) A 10 kW frequency doubled NdYAG laser
(wavelength=532nm)(c)A 3MW frequency quadrupled Ti-Sapphire laser
(wavelength=200nm)
Ion source SINCSSource of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering - SNICS II
Principle of Operation
liquid metal ion source (LMIS)
Focused Ion Beam
Electrospray ionisation
Charge Residue Model electrospray droplets undergo evaporation and fission cycles eventually leading progeny droplets that contain on average one analyte ion or less The gas-phase ions form after the remaining solvent molecules evaporate leaving the analyte with the charges that the droplet carried
1 mbar 10-3 mbar 10-5 mbar 10-6 mbar
Rotarypump
Turbopump
TurbopumpHeated
Capillary(~180degC)
ESI needle4kV
Fused silicacapillary
Tube lens
Skimmer
OctapoleLenses
Acceleration tube
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Ion source
acceleration steering analyzer
vacuum
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
12
Particle sources
bull How particles are first producedbull How to extract particles with the right
propertiesbull What are the limitations of the sourcesbull The quality of the source is very important If
the particles emitted by the source do not have the right properties it will be very difficult andor expensive to rectify it later
Beams of nanoamperes to hundreds of amperes
Very thin to very broad beams (μm2 to m2)
Negative to highly charged state
e to protein molecule
14
Emission of electronThermionic effect
(image source wikipedia)
When a metal is heated more electrons
can populate high energy levels
Above a certain threshold they
electrons can break their bound and be
emitted
This is thermionic emission
f=eminusEkBT
15
Emission of electron
Field effect
(image source answerscom)
Under a very intense electric
field some electrons will be
able to tunnel across the
potential barrier and become
free
This is known as field effect
emission
16
Emission of electron
Photo-electric effect
(image source wikipedia)
A photon incident on a piece of metal
can transfer its energy to an electron
If the photon transfers enough energy
the electron can be emitted
By using powerful lasers the
photoelectric effect can be used to
produce electron beams
This is known as the photo-electric
emission
17
Fermi-Dirac statistics
i
18
Work functionbull To escape from the metal the electrons must reach an
energy greater than the edge of the potential wellbull The energy that must be gained above the Fermi energy
is called the ldquowork functionrdquo of the metalbull The work function is a property
specific to a given metal It canbe affected by many parameters(eg doping crystaline statesurface roughness)
bull Example values
(image source wikipedia)
19
Summary electrons in solids
bull At low temperature all electrons are in the lowest possible energy level below the Fermi level
bull As the temperature increase some electrons will go above the Fermi level
bull But only those with an energy above the Fermi level greater than the work function are ldquofreerdquo
(im
ag
e s
ou
rce
htt
p
cn
xo
rgc
on
ten
tm
13
45
8la
tes
t
20
Thermionic emissionbull The Richardson-Dushman equation gives the electronic
current density J (Am-2) emitted by a material as a function of the temperature
With A the Richardson constant
(image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
21
Thermionic cathode materialbull Two parameters are important when considering a
thermionic cathode materialndash W=Work function (as low as possible)ndash Te=Operation Temperature (preferably high)
bull Cesium has a low work function (W~2eV) but a low operation temperature (Te=320K) =gt not good for high current
bull Metals Ta (41eV 2680K) W(45eV 2860K)bull BaO has good properties (1eV 1000K) but can oxidize by
exposure to air =gt sinter of BaO+WBaO provided slowly to the surface
22
Electric field bias
bull Once the electrons are free they may fall back on the cathode
bull To avoid this an electric field needs to be applied
bull If a negative potential is applied to the cathode the electrons will be attracted away from the cathode after being emitted
bull However this field affects the work function
24
Photo-electric emissionbull A photon incident on a
material will transfer its energy to an electron present in the metal
bull If the energy of this electron becomes bigger than the work function of the material the electron can be emitted
bull This is called photo-electric emission (image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
25
Photo-electric emission (2)
bull A UV photon at 200nm carries an energy of about 6 eV this is enough to ldquojumprdquo over the work function of most metals
bull As seen in electromagnetism electromagnetic waves (photons) can penetrate inside a metal
bull The photo-electricemission may thustake place away from the surface
(image source Dowell et al Photoinjectors lectures)
26
The 3 steps of photo-electric emission
Photo-electric emission takes place in 3 steps1) Absorption of a photon by an electron inside the metal The
energy transferred is proportional to the photon energy2) Transport of the photo to the physical surface of the metal
The electron may loose energy by scattering during this process
3) Electron emission (ifthe remaining energy isabove the work functionincluding Schottky effect)
27
Quantum efficiency (QE)bull For photo-electric emission it is useful to define the
ldquoquantum efficiencyrdquo
bull Typical QE for a photo-cathode is only a few percent or less
bull The quantum efficiency will decrease during the life of the cathode it may get damaged or contaminated
QE=Numberof photoelectronsNumberof photons
28
Examples
1) Which of these materials would give the highest thermionic emission current (at the same temperature)
(a) Iron (Fe) W=47 eV(b) Gadolinium (Gd) W=290 eV(c) Cobalt (Co) W=5 eV
2) Which laser would give the best Quantum efficiency on a Copper-based photo-cathode (W=5 eV)
(a) A 5GW CO2 laser (wavelength=10 micrometers)(b) A 10 kW frequency doubled NdYAG laser
(wavelength=532nm)(c)A 3MW frequency quadrupled Ti-Sapphire laser
(wavelength=200nm)
Ion source SINCSSource of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering - SNICS II
Principle of Operation
liquid metal ion source (LMIS)
Focused Ion Beam
Electrospray ionisation
Charge Residue Model electrospray droplets undergo evaporation and fission cycles eventually leading progeny droplets that contain on average one analyte ion or less The gas-phase ions form after the remaining solvent molecules evaporate leaving the analyte with the charges that the droplet carried
1 mbar 10-3 mbar 10-5 mbar 10-6 mbar
Rotarypump
Turbopump
TurbopumpHeated
Capillary(~180degC)
ESI needle4kV
Fused silicacapillary
Tube lens
Skimmer
OctapoleLenses
Acceleration tube
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
12
Particle sources
bull How particles are first producedbull How to extract particles with the right
propertiesbull What are the limitations of the sourcesbull The quality of the source is very important If
the particles emitted by the source do not have the right properties it will be very difficult andor expensive to rectify it later
Beams of nanoamperes to hundreds of amperes
Very thin to very broad beams (μm2 to m2)
Negative to highly charged state
e to protein molecule
14
Emission of electronThermionic effect
(image source wikipedia)
When a metal is heated more electrons
can populate high energy levels
Above a certain threshold they
electrons can break their bound and be
emitted
This is thermionic emission
f=eminusEkBT
15
Emission of electron
Field effect
(image source answerscom)
Under a very intense electric
field some electrons will be
able to tunnel across the
potential barrier and become
free
This is known as field effect
emission
16
Emission of electron
Photo-electric effect
(image source wikipedia)
A photon incident on a piece of metal
can transfer its energy to an electron
If the photon transfers enough energy
the electron can be emitted
By using powerful lasers the
photoelectric effect can be used to
produce electron beams
This is known as the photo-electric
emission
17
Fermi-Dirac statistics
i
18
Work functionbull To escape from the metal the electrons must reach an
energy greater than the edge of the potential wellbull The energy that must be gained above the Fermi energy
is called the ldquowork functionrdquo of the metalbull The work function is a property
specific to a given metal It canbe affected by many parameters(eg doping crystaline statesurface roughness)
bull Example values
(image source wikipedia)
19
Summary electrons in solids
bull At low temperature all electrons are in the lowest possible energy level below the Fermi level
bull As the temperature increase some electrons will go above the Fermi level
bull But only those with an energy above the Fermi level greater than the work function are ldquofreerdquo
(im
ag
e s
ou
rce
htt
p
cn
xo
rgc
on
ten
tm
13
45
8la
tes
t
20
Thermionic emissionbull The Richardson-Dushman equation gives the electronic
current density J (Am-2) emitted by a material as a function of the temperature
With A the Richardson constant
(image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
21
Thermionic cathode materialbull Two parameters are important when considering a
thermionic cathode materialndash W=Work function (as low as possible)ndash Te=Operation Temperature (preferably high)
bull Cesium has a low work function (W~2eV) but a low operation temperature (Te=320K) =gt not good for high current
bull Metals Ta (41eV 2680K) W(45eV 2860K)bull BaO has good properties (1eV 1000K) but can oxidize by
exposure to air =gt sinter of BaO+WBaO provided slowly to the surface
22
Electric field bias
bull Once the electrons are free they may fall back on the cathode
bull To avoid this an electric field needs to be applied
bull If a negative potential is applied to the cathode the electrons will be attracted away from the cathode after being emitted
bull However this field affects the work function
24
Photo-electric emissionbull A photon incident on a
material will transfer its energy to an electron present in the metal
bull If the energy of this electron becomes bigger than the work function of the material the electron can be emitted
bull This is called photo-electric emission (image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
25
Photo-electric emission (2)
bull A UV photon at 200nm carries an energy of about 6 eV this is enough to ldquojumprdquo over the work function of most metals
bull As seen in electromagnetism electromagnetic waves (photons) can penetrate inside a metal
bull The photo-electricemission may thustake place away from the surface
(image source Dowell et al Photoinjectors lectures)
26
The 3 steps of photo-electric emission
Photo-electric emission takes place in 3 steps1) Absorption of a photon by an electron inside the metal The
energy transferred is proportional to the photon energy2) Transport of the photo to the physical surface of the metal
The electron may loose energy by scattering during this process
3) Electron emission (ifthe remaining energy isabove the work functionincluding Schottky effect)
27
Quantum efficiency (QE)bull For photo-electric emission it is useful to define the
ldquoquantum efficiencyrdquo
bull Typical QE for a photo-cathode is only a few percent or less
bull The quantum efficiency will decrease during the life of the cathode it may get damaged or contaminated
QE=Numberof photoelectronsNumberof photons
28
Examples
1) Which of these materials would give the highest thermionic emission current (at the same temperature)
(a) Iron (Fe) W=47 eV(b) Gadolinium (Gd) W=290 eV(c) Cobalt (Co) W=5 eV
2) Which laser would give the best Quantum efficiency on a Copper-based photo-cathode (W=5 eV)
(a) A 5GW CO2 laser (wavelength=10 micrometers)(b) A 10 kW frequency doubled NdYAG laser
(wavelength=532nm)(c)A 3MW frequency quadrupled Ti-Sapphire laser
(wavelength=200nm)
Ion source SINCSSource of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering - SNICS II
Principle of Operation
liquid metal ion source (LMIS)
Focused Ion Beam
Electrospray ionisation
Charge Residue Model electrospray droplets undergo evaporation and fission cycles eventually leading progeny droplets that contain on average one analyte ion or less The gas-phase ions form after the remaining solvent molecules evaporate leaving the analyte with the charges that the droplet carried
1 mbar 10-3 mbar 10-5 mbar 10-6 mbar
Rotarypump
Turbopump
TurbopumpHeated
Capillary(~180degC)
ESI needle4kV
Fused silicacapillary
Tube lens
Skimmer
OctapoleLenses
Acceleration tube
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
12
Particle sources
bull How particles are first producedbull How to extract particles with the right
propertiesbull What are the limitations of the sourcesbull The quality of the source is very important If
the particles emitted by the source do not have the right properties it will be very difficult andor expensive to rectify it later
Beams of nanoamperes to hundreds of amperes
Very thin to very broad beams (μm2 to m2)
Negative to highly charged state
e to protein molecule
14
Emission of electronThermionic effect
(image source wikipedia)
When a metal is heated more electrons
can populate high energy levels
Above a certain threshold they
electrons can break their bound and be
emitted
This is thermionic emission
f=eminusEkBT
15
Emission of electron
Field effect
(image source answerscom)
Under a very intense electric
field some electrons will be
able to tunnel across the
potential barrier and become
free
This is known as field effect
emission
16
Emission of electron
Photo-electric effect
(image source wikipedia)
A photon incident on a piece of metal
can transfer its energy to an electron
If the photon transfers enough energy
the electron can be emitted
By using powerful lasers the
photoelectric effect can be used to
produce electron beams
This is known as the photo-electric
emission
17
Fermi-Dirac statistics
i
18
Work functionbull To escape from the metal the electrons must reach an
energy greater than the edge of the potential wellbull The energy that must be gained above the Fermi energy
is called the ldquowork functionrdquo of the metalbull The work function is a property
specific to a given metal It canbe affected by many parameters(eg doping crystaline statesurface roughness)
bull Example values
(image source wikipedia)
19
Summary electrons in solids
bull At low temperature all electrons are in the lowest possible energy level below the Fermi level
bull As the temperature increase some electrons will go above the Fermi level
bull But only those with an energy above the Fermi level greater than the work function are ldquofreerdquo
(im
ag
e s
ou
rce
htt
p
cn
xo
rgc
on
ten
tm
13
45
8la
tes
t
20
Thermionic emissionbull The Richardson-Dushman equation gives the electronic
current density J (Am-2) emitted by a material as a function of the temperature
With A the Richardson constant
(image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
21
Thermionic cathode materialbull Two parameters are important when considering a
thermionic cathode materialndash W=Work function (as low as possible)ndash Te=Operation Temperature (preferably high)
bull Cesium has a low work function (W~2eV) but a low operation temperature (Te=320K) =gt not good for high current
bull Metals Ta (41eV 2680K) W(45eV 2860K)bull BaO has good properties (1eV 1000K) but can oxidize by
exposure to air =gt sinter of BaO+WBaO provided slowly to the surface
22
Electric field bias
bull Once the electrons are free they may fall back on the cathode
bull To avoid this an electric field needs to be applied
bull If a negative potential is applied to the cathode the electrons will be attracted away from the cathode after being emitted
bull However this field affects the work function
24
Photo-electric emissionbull A photon incident on a
material will transfer its energy to an electron present in the metal
bull If the energy of this electron becomes bigger than the work function of the material the electron can be emitted
bull This is called photo-electric emission (image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
25
Photo-electric emission (2)
bull A UV photon at 200nm carries an energy of about 6 eV this is enough to ldquojumprdquo over the work function of most metals
bull As seen in electromagnetism electromagnetic waves (photons) can penetrate inside a metal
bull The photo-electricemission may thustake place away from the surface
(image source Dowell et al Photoinjectors lectures)
26
The 3 steps of photo-electric emission
Photo-electric emission takes place in 3 steps1) Absorption of a photon by an electron inside the metal The
energy transferred is proportional to the photon energy2) Transport of the photo to the physical surface of the metal
The electron may loose energy by scattering during this process
3) Electron emission (ifthe remaining energy isabove the work functionincluding Schottky effect)
27
Quantum efficiency (QE)bull For photo-electric emission it is useful to define the
ldquoquantum efficiencyrdquo
bull Typical QE for a photo-cathode is only a few percent or less
bull The quantum efficiency will decrease during the life of the cathode it may get damaged or contaminated
QE=Numberof photoelectronsNumberof photons
28
Examples
1) Which of these materials would give the highest thermionic emission current (at the same temperature)
(a) Iron (Fe) W=47 eV(b) Gadolinium (Gd) W=290 eV(c) Cobalt (Co) W=5 eV
2) Which laser would give the best Quantum efficiency on a Copper-based photo-cathode (W=5 eV)
(a) A 5GW CO2 laser (wavelength=10 micrometers)(b) A 10 kW frequency doubled NdYAG laser
(wavelength=532nm)(c)A 3MW frequency quadrupled Ti-Sapphire laser
(wavelength=200nm)
Ion source SINCSSource of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering - SNICS II
Principle of Operation
liquid metal ion source (LMIS)
Focused Ion Beam
Electrospray ionisation
Charge Residue Model electrospray droplets undergo evaporation and fission cycles eventually leading progeny droplets that contain on average one analyte ion or less The gas-phase ions form after the remaining solvent molecules evaporate leaving the analyte with the charges that the droplet carried
1 mbar 10-3 mbar 10-5 mbar 10-6 mbar
Rotarypump
Turbopump
TurbopumpHeated
Capillary(~180degC)
ESI needle4kV
Fused silicacapillary
Tube lens
Skimmer
OctapoleLenses
Acceleration tube
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Beams of nanoamperes to hundreds of amperes
Very thin to very broad beams (μm2 to m2)
Negative to highly charged state
e to protein molecule
14
Emission of electronThermionic effect
(image source wikipedia)
When a metal is heated more electrons
can populate high energy levels
Above a certain threshold they
electrons can break their bound and be
emitted
This is thermionic emission
f=eminusEkBT
15
Emission of electron
Field effect
(image source answerscom)
Under a very intense electric
field some electrons will be
able to tunnel across the
potential barrier and become
free
This is known as field effect
emission
16
Emission of electron
Photo-electric effect
(image source wikipedia)
A photon incident on a piece of metal
can transfer its energy to an electron
If the photon transfers enough energy
the electron can be emitted
By using powerful lasers the
photoelectric effect can be used to
produce electron beams
This is known as the photo-electric
emission
17
Fermi-Dirac statistics
i
18
Work functionbull To escape from the metal the electrons must reach an
energy greater than the edge of the potential wellbull The energy that must be gained above the Fermi energy
is called the ldquowork functionrdquo of the metalbull The work function is a property
specific to a given metal It canbe affected by many parameters(eg doping crystaline statesurface roughness)
bull Example values
(image source wikipedia)
19
Summary electrons in solids
bull At low temperature all electrons are in the lowest possible energy level below the Fermi level
bull As the temperature increase some electrons will go above the Fermi level
bull But only those with an energy above the Fermi level greater than the work function are ldquofreerdquo
(im
ag
e s
ou
rce
htt
p
cn
xo
rgc
on
ten
tm
13
45
8la
tes
t
20
Thermionic emissionbull The Richardson-Dushman equation gives the electronic
current density J (Am-2) emitted by a material as a function of the temperature
With A the Richardson constant
(image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
21
Thermionic cathode materialbull Two parameters are important when considering a
thermionic cathode materialndash W=Work function (as low as possible)ndash Te=Operation Temperature (preferably high)
bull Cesium has a low work function (W~2eV) but a low operation temperature (Te=320K) =gt not good for high current
bull Metals Ta (41eV 2680K) W(45eV 2860K)bull BaO has good properties (1eV 1000K) but can oxidize by
exposure to air =gt sinter of BaO+WBaO provided slowly to the surface
22
Electric field bias
bull Once the electrons are free they may fall back on the cathode
bull To avoid this an electric field needs to be applied
bull If a negative potential is applied to the cathode the electrons will be attracted away from the cathode after being emitted
bull However this field affects the work function
24
Photo-electric emissionbull A photon incident on a
material will transfer its energy to an electron present in the metal
bull If the energy of this electron becomes bigger than the work function of the material the electron can be emitted
bull This is called photo-electric emission (image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
25
Photo-electric emission (2)
bull A UV photon at 200nm carries an energy of about 6 eV this is enough to ldquojumprdquo over the work function of most metals
bull As seen in electromagnetism electromagnetic waves (photons) can penetrate inside a metal
bull The photo-electricemission may thustake place away from the surface
(image source Dowell et al Photoinjectors lectures)
26
The 3 steps of photo-electric emission
Photo-electric emission takes place in 3 steps1) Absorption of a photon by an electron inside the metal The
energy transferred is proportional to the photon energy2) Transport of the photo to the physical surface of the metal
The electron may loose energy by scattering during this process
3) Electron emission (ifthe remaining energy isabove the work functionincluding Schottky effect)
27
Quantum efficiency (QE)bull For photo-electric emission it is useful to define the
ldquoquantum efficiencyrdquo
bull Typical QE for a photo-cathode is only a few percent or less
bull The quantum efficiency will decrease during the life of the cathode it may get damaged or contaminated
QE=Numberof photoelectronsNumberof photons
28
Examples
1) Which of these materials would give the highest thermionic emission current (at the same temperature)
(a) Iron (Fe) W=47 eV(b) Gadolinium (Gd) W=290 eV(c) Cobalt (Co) W=5 eV
2) Which laser would give the best Quantum efficiency on a Copper-based photo-cathode (W=5 eV)
(a) A 5GW CO2 laser (wavelength=10 micrometers)(b) A 10 kW frequency doubled NdYAG laser
(wavelength=532nm)(c)A 3MW frequency quadrupled Ti-Sapphire laser
(wavelength=200nm)
Ion source SINCSSource of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering - SNICS II
Principle of Operation
liquid metal ion source (LMIS)
Focused Ion Beam
Electrospray ionisation
Charge Residue Model electrospray droplets undergo evaporation and fission cycles eventually leading progeny droplets that contain on average one analyte ion or less The gas-phase ions form after the remaining solvent molecules evaporate leaving the analyte with the charges that the droplet carried
1 mbar 10-3 mbar 10-5 mbar 10-6 mbar
Rotarypump
Turbopump
TurbopumpHeated
Capillary(~180degC)
ESI needle4kV
Fused silicacapillary
Tube lens
Skimmer
OctapoleLenses
Acceleration tube
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
14
Emission of electronThermionic effect
(image source wikipedia)
When a metal is heated more electrons
can populate high energy levels
Above a certain threshold they
electrons can break their bound and be
emitted
This is thermionic emission
f=eminusEkBT
15
Emission of electron
Field effect
(image source answerscom)
Under a very intense electric
field some electrons will be
able to tunnel across the
potential barrier and become
free
This is known as field effect
emission
16
Emission of electron
Photo-electric effect
(image source wikipedia)
A photon incident on a piece of metal
can transfer its energy to an electron
If the photon transfers enough energy
the electron can be emitted
By using powerful lasers the
photoelectric effect can be used to
produce electron beams
This is known as the photo-electric
emission
17
Fermi-Dirac statistics
i
18
Work functionbull To escape from the metal the electrons must reach an
energy greater than the edge of the potential wellbull The energy that must be gained above the Fermi energy
is called the ldquowork functionrdquo of the metalbull The work function is a property
specific to a given metal It canbe affected by many parameters(eg doping crystaline statesurface roughness)
bull Example values
(image source wikipedia)
19
Summary electrons in solids
bull At low temperature all electrons are in the lowest possible energy level below the Fermi level
bull As the temperature increase some electrons will go above the Fermi level
bull But only those with an energy above the Fermi level greater than the work function are ldquofreerdquo
(im
ag
e s
ou
rce
htt
p
cn
xo
rgc
on
ten
tm
13
45
8la
tes
t
20
Thermionic emissionbull The Richardson-Dushman equation gives the electronic
current density J (Am-2) emitted by a material as a function of the temperature
With A the Richardson constant
(image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
21
Thermionic cathode materialbull Two parameters are important when considering a
thermionic cathode materialndash W=Work function (as low as possible)ndash Te=Operation Temperature (preferably high)
bull Cesium has a low work function (W~2eV) but a low operation temperature (Te=320K) =gt not good for high current
bull Metals Ta (41eV 2680K) W(45eV 2860K)bull BaO has good properties (1eV 1000K) but can oxidize by
exposure to air =gt sinter of BaO+WBaO provided slowly to the surface
22
Electric field bias
bull Once the electrons are free they may fall back on the cathode
bull To avoid this an electric field needs to be applied
bull If a negative potential is applied to the cathode the electrons will be attracted away from the cathode after being emitted
bull However this field affects the work function
24
Photo-electric emissionbull A photon incident on a
material will transfer its energy to an electron present in the metal
bull If the energy of this electron becomes bigger than the work function of the material the electron can be emitted
bull This is called photo-electric emission (image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
25
Photo-electric emission (2)
bull A UV photon at 200nm carries an energy of about 6 eV this is enough to ldquojumprdquo over the work function of most metals
bull As seen in electromagnetism electromagnetic waves (photons) can penetrate inside a metal
bull The photo-electricemission may thustake place away from the surface
(image source Dowell et al Photoinjectors lectures)
26
The 3 steps of photo-electric emission
Photo-electric emission takes place in 3 steps1) Absorption of a photon by an electron inside the metal The
energy transferred is proportional to the photon energy2) Transport of the photo to the physical surface of the metal
The electron may loose energy by scattering during this process
3) Electron emission (ifthe remaining energy isabove the work functionincluding Schottky effect)
27
Quantum efficiency (QE)bull For photo-electric emission it is useful to define the
ldquoquantum efficiencyrdquo
bull Typical QE for a photo-cathode is only a few percent or less
bull The quantum efficiency will decrease during the life of the cathode it may get damaged or contaminated
QE=Numberof photoelectronsNumberof photons
28
Examples
1) Which of these materials would give the highest thermionic emission current (at the same temperature)
(a) Iron (Fe) W=47 eV(b) Gadolinium (Gd) W=290 eV(c) Cobalt (Co) W=5 eV
2) Which laser would give the best Quantum efficiency on a Copper-based photo-cathode (W=5 eV)
(a) A 5GW CO2 laser (wavelength=10 micrometers)(b) A 10 kW frequency doubled NdYAG laser
(wavelength=532nm)(c)A 3MW frequency quadrupled Ti-Sapphire laser
(wavelength=200nm)
Ion source SINCSSource of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering - SNICS II
Principle of Operation
liquid metal ion source (LMIS)
Focused Ion Beam
Electrospray ionisation
Charge Residue Model electrospray droplets undergo evaporation and fission cycles eventually leading progeny droplets that contain on average one analyte ion or less The gas-phase ions form after the remaining solvent molecules evaporate leaving the analyte with the charges that the droplet carried
1 mbar 10-3 mbar 10-5 mbar 10-6 mbar
Rotarypump
Turbopump
TurbopumpHeated
Capillary(~180degC)
ESI needle4kV
Fused silicacapillary
Tube lens
Skimmer
OctapoleLenses
Acceleration tube
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
15
Emission of electron
Field effect
(image source answerscom)
Under a very intense electric
field some electrons will be
able to tunnel across the
potential barrier and become
free
This is known as field effect
emission
16
Emission of electron
Photo-electric effect
(image source wikipedia)
A photon incident on a piece of metal
can transfer its energy to an electron
If the photon transfers enough energy
the electron can be emitted
By using powerful lasers the
photoelectric effect can be used to
produce electron beams
This is known as the photo-electric
emission
17
Fermi-Dirac statistics
i
18
Work functionbull To escape from the metal the electrons must reach an
energy greater than the edge of the potential wellbull The energy that must be gained above the Fermi energy
is called the ldquowork functionrdquo of the metalbull The work function is a property
specific to a given metal It canbe affected by many parameters(eg doping crystaline statesurface roughness)
bull Example values
(image source wikipedia)
19
Summary electrons in solids
bull At low temperature all electrons are in the lowest possible energy level below the Fermi level
bull As the temperature increase some electrons will go above the Fermi level
bull But only those with an energy above the Fermi level greater than the work function are ldquofreerdquo
(im
ag
e s
ou
rce
htt
p
cn
xo
rgc
on
ten
tm
13
45
8la
tes
t
20
Thermionic emissionbull The Richardson-Dushman equation gives the electronic
current density J (Am-2) emitted by a material as a function of the temperature
With A the Richardson constant
(image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
21
Thermionic cathode materialbull Two parameters are important when considering a
thermionic cathode materialndash W=Work function (as low as possible)ndash Te=Operation Temperature (preferably high)
bull Cesium has a low work function (W~2eV) but a low operation temperature (Te=320K) =gt not good for high current
bull Metals Ta (41eV 2680K) W(45eV 2860K)bull BaO has good properties (1eV 1000K) but can oxidize by
exposure to air =gt sinter of BaO+WBaO provided slowly to the surface
22
Electric field bias
bull Once the electrons are free they may fall back on the cathode
bull To avoid this an electric field needs to be applied
bull If a negative potential is applied to the cathode the electrons will be attracted away from the cathode after being emitted
bull However this field affects the work function
24
Photo-electric emissionbull A photon incident on a
material will transfer its energy to an electron present in the metal
bull If the energy of this electron becomes bigger than the work function of the material the electron can be emitted
bull This is called photo-electric emission (image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
25
Photo-electric emission (2)
bull A UV photon at 200nm carries an energy of about 6 eV this is enough to ldquojumprdquo over the work function of most metals
bull As seen in electromagnetism electromagnetic waves (photons) can penetrate inside a metal
bull The photo-electricemission may thustake place away from the surface
(image source Dowell et al Photoinjectors lectures)
26
The 3 steps of photo-electric emission
Photo-electric emission takes place in 3 steps1) Absorption of a photon by an electron inside the metal The
energy transferred is proportional to the photon energy2) Transport of the photo to the physical surface of the metal
The electron may loose energy by scattering during this process
3) Electron emission (ifthe remaining energy isabove the work functionincluding Schottky effect)
27
Quantum efficiency (QE)bull For photo-electric emission it is useful to define the
ldquoquantum efficiencyrdquo
bull Typical QE for a photo-cathode is only a few percent or less
bull The quantum efficiency will decrease during the life of the cathode it may get damaged or contaminated
QE=Numberof photoelectronsNumberof photons
28
Examples
1) Which of these materials would give the highest thermionic emission current (at the same temperature)
(a) Iron (Fe) W=47 eV(b) Gadolinium (Gd) W=290 eV(c) Cobalt (Co) W=5 eV
2) Which laser would give the best Quantum efficiency on a Copper-based photo-cathode (W=5 eV)
(a) A 5GW CO2 laser (wavelength=10 micrometers)(b) A 10 kW frequency doubled NdYAG laser
(wavelength=532nm)(c)A 3MW frequency quadrupled Ti-Sapphire laser
(wavelength=200nm)
Ion source SINCSSource of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering - SNICS II
Principle of Operation
liquid metal ion source (LMIS)
Focused Ion Beam
Electrospray ionisation
Charge Residue Model electrospray droplets undergo evaporation and fission cycles eventually leading progeny droplets that contain on average one analyte ion or less The gas-phase ions form after the remaining solvent molecules evaporate leaving the analyte with the charges that the droplet carried
1 mbar 10-3 mbar 10-5 mbar 10-6 mbar
Rotarypump
Turbopump
TurbopumpHeated
Capillary(~180degC)
ESI needle4kV
Fused silicacapillary
Tube lens
Skimmer
OctapoleLenses
Acceleration tube
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
16
Emission of electron
Photo-electric effect
(image source wikipedia)
A photon incident on a piece of metal
can transfer its energy to an electron
If the photon transfers enough energy
the electron can be emitted
By using powerful lasers the
photoelectric effect can be used to
produce electron beams
This is known as the photo-electric
emission
17
Fermi-Dirac statistics
i
18
Work functionbull To escape from the metal the electrons must reach an
energy greater than the edge of the potential wellbull The energy that must be gained above the Fermi energy
is called the ldquowork functionrdquo of the metalbull The work function is a property
specific to a given metal It canbe affected by many parameters(eg doping crystaline statesurface roughness)
bull Example values
(image source wikipedia)
19
Summary electrons in solids
bull At low temperature all electrons are in the lowest possible energy level below the Fermi level
bull As the temperature increase some electrons will go above the Fermi level
bull But only those with an energy above the Fermi level greater than the work function are ldquofreerdquo
(im
ag
e s
ou
rce
htt
p
cn
xo
rgc
on
ten
tm
13
45
8la
tes
t
20
Thermionic emissionbull The Richardson-Dushman equation gives the electronic
current density J (Am-2) emitted by a material as a function of the temperature
With A the Richardson constant
(image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
21
Thermionic cathode materialbull Two parameters are important when considering a
thermionic cathode materialndash W=Work function (as low as possible)ndash Te=Operation Temperature (preferably high)
bull Cesium has a low work function (W~2eV) but a low operation temperature (Te=320K) =gt not good for high current
bull Metals Ta (41eV 2680K) W(45eV 2860K)bull BaO has good properties (1eV 1000K) but can oxidize by
exposure to air =gt sinter of BaO+WBaO provided slowly to the surface
22
Electric field bias
bull Once the electrons are free they may fall back on the cathode
bull To avoid this an electric field needs to be applied
bull If a negative potential is applied to the cathode the electrons will be attracted away from the cathode after being emitted
bull However this field affects the work function
24
Photo-electric emissionbull A photon incident on a
material will transfer its energy to an electron present in the metal
bull If the energy of this electron becomes bigger than the work function of the material the electron can be emitted
bull This is called photo-electric emission (image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
25
Photo-electric emission (2)
bull A UV photon at 200nm carries an energy of about 6 eV this is enough to ldquojumprdquo over the work function of most metals
bull As seen in electromagnetism electromagnetic waves (photons) can penetrate inside a metal
bull The photo-electricemission may thustake place away from the surface
(image source Dowell et al Photoinjectors lectures)
26
The 3 steps of photo-electric emission
Photo-electric emission takes place in 3 steps1) Absorption of a photon by an electron inside the metal The
energy transferred is proportional to the photon energy2) Transport of the photo to the physical surface of the metal
The electron may loose energy by scattering during this process
3) Electron emission (ifthe remaining energy isabove the work functionincluding Schottky effect)
27
Quantum efficiency (QE)bull For photo-electric emission it is useful to define the
ldquoquantum efficiencyrdquo
bull Typical QE for a photo-cathode is only a few percent or less
bull The quantum efficiency will decrease during the life of the cathode it may get damaged or contaminated
QE=Numberof photoelectronsNumberof photons
28
Examples
1) Which of these materials would give the highest thermionic emission current (at the same temperature)
(a) Iron (Fe) W=47 eV(b) Gadolinium (Gd) W=290 eV(c) Cobalt (Co) W=5 eV
2) Which laser would give the best Quantum efficiency on a Copper-based photo-cathode (W=5 eV)
(a) A 5GW CO2 laser (wavelength=10 micrometers)(b) A 10 kW frequency doubled NdYAG laser
(wavelength=532nm)(c)A 3MW frequency quadrupled Ti-Sapphire laser
(wavelength=200nm)
Ion source SINCSSource of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering - SNICS II
Principle of Operation
liquid metal ion source (LMIS)
Focused Ion Beam
Electrospray ionisation
Charge Residue Model electrospray droplets undergo evaporation and fission cycles eventually leading progeny droplets that contain on average one analyte ion or less The gas-phase ions form after the remaining solvent molecules evaporate leaving the analyte with the charges that the droplet carried
1 mbar 10-3 mbar 10-5 mbar 10-6 mbar
Rotarypump
Turbopump
TurbopumpHeated
Capillary(~180degC)
ESI needle4kV
Fused silicacapillary
Tube lens
Skimmer
OctapoleLenses
Acceleration tube
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
17
Fermi-Dirac statistics
i
18
Work functionbull To escape from the metal the electrons must reach an
energy greater than the edge of the potential wellbull The energy that must be gained above the Fermi energy
is called the ldquowork functionrdquo of the metalbull The work function is a property
specific to a given metal It canbe affected by many parameters(eg doping crystaline statesurface roughness)
bull Example values
(image source wikipedia)
19
Summary electrons in solids
bull At low temperature all electrons are in the lowest possible energy level below the Fermi level
bull As the temperature increase some electrons will go above the Fermi level
bull But only those with an energy above the Fermi level greater than the work function are ldquofreerdquo
(im
ag
e s
ou
rce
htt
p
cn
xo
rgc
on
ten
tm
13
45
8la
tes
t
20
Thermionic emissionbull The Richardson-Dushman equation gives the electronic
current density J (Am-2) emitted by a material as a function of the temperature
With A the Richardson constant
(image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
21
Thermionic cathode materialbull Two parameters are important when considering a
thermionic cathode materialndash W=Work function (as low as possible)ndash Te=Operation Temperature (preferably high)
bull Cesium has a low work function (W~2eV) but a low operation temperature (Te=320K) =gt not good for high current
bull Metals Ta (41eV 2680K) W(45eV 2860K)bull BaO has good properties (1eV 1000K) but can oxidize by
exposure to air =gt sinter of BaO+WBaO provided slowly to the surface
22
Electric field bias
bull Once the electrons are free they may fall back on the cathode
bull To avoid this an electric field needs to be applied
bull If a negative potential is applied to the cathode the electrons will be attracted away from the cathode after being emitted
bull However this field affects the work function
24
Photo-electric emissionbull A photon incident on a
material will transfer its energy to an electron present in the metal
bull If the energy of this electron becomes bigger than the work function of the material the electron can be emitted
bull This is called photo-electric emission (image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
25
Photo-electric emission (2)
bull A UV photon at 200nm carries an energy of about 6 eV this is enough to ldquojumprdquo over the work function of most metals
bull As seen in electromagnetism electromagnetic waves (photons) can penetrate inside a metal
bull The photo-electricemission may thustake place away from the surface
(image source Dowell et al Photoinjectors lectures)
26
The 3 steps of photo-electric emission
Photo-electric emission takes place in 3 steps1) Absorption of a photon by an electron inside the metal The
energy transferred is proportional to the photon energy2) Transport of the photo to the physical surface of the metal
The electron may loose energy by scattering during this process
3) Electron emission (ifthe remaining energy isabove the work functionincluding Schottky effect)
27
Quantum efficiency (QE)bull For photo-electric emission it is useful to define the
ldquoquantum efficiencyrdquo
bull Typical QE for a photo-cathode is only a few percent or less
bull The quantum efficiency will decrease during the life of the cathode it may get damaged or contaminated
QE=Numberof photoelectronsNumberof photons
28
Examples
1) Which of these materials would give the highest thermionic emission current (at the same temperature)
(a) Iron (Fe) W=47 eV(b) Gadolinium (Gd) W=290 eV(c) Cobalt (Co) W=5 eV
2) Which laser would give the best Quantum efficiency on a Copper-based photo-cathode (W=5 eV)
(a) A 5GW CO2 laser (wavelength=10 micrometers)(b) A 10 kW frequency doubled NdYAG laser
(wavelength=532nm)(c)A 3MW frequency quadrupled Ti-Sapphire laser
(wavelength=200nm)
Ion source SINCSSource of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering - SNICS II
Principle of Operation
liquid metal ion source (LMIS)
Focused Ion Beam
Electrospray ionisation
Charge Residue Model electrospray droplets undergo evaporation and fission cycles eventually leading progeny droplets that contain on average one analyte ion or less The gas-phase ions form after the remaining solvent molecules evaporate leaving the analyte with the charges that the droplet carried
1 mbar 10-3 mbar 10-5 mbar 10-6 mbar
Rotarypump
Turbopump
TurbopumpHeated
Capillary(~180degC)
ESI needle4kV
Fused silicacapillary
Tube lens
Skimmer
OctapoleLenses
Acceleration tube
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
18
Work functionbull To escape from the metal the electrons must reach an
energy greater than the edge of the potential wellbull The energy that must be gained above the Fermi energy
is called the ldquowork functionrdquo of the metalbull The work function is a property
specific to a given metal It canbe affected by many parameters(eg doping crystaline statesurface roughness)
bull Example values
(image source wikipedia)
19
Summary electrons in solids
bull At low temperature all electrons are in the lowest possible energy level below the Fermi level
bull As the temperature increase some electrons will go above the Fermi level
bull But only those with an energy above the Fermi level greater than the work function are ldquofreerdquo
(im
ag
e s
ou
rce
htt
p
cn
xo
rgc
on
ten
tm
13
45
8la
tes
t
20
Thermionic emissionbull The Richardson-Dushman equation gives the electronic
current density J (Am-2) emitted by a material as a function of the temperature
With A the Richardson constant
(image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
21
Thermionic cathode materialbull Two parameters are important when considering a
thermionic cathode materialndash W=Work function (as low as possible)ndash Te=Operation Temperature (preferably high)
bull Cesium has a low work function (W~2eV) but a low operation temperature (Te=320K) =gt not good for high current
bull Metals Ta (41eV 2680K) W(45eV 2860K)bull BaO has good properties (1eV 1000K) but can oxidize by
exposure to air =gt sinter of BaO+WBaO provided slowly to the surface
22
Electric field bias
bull Once the electrons are free they may fall back on the cathode
bull To avoid this an electric field needs to be applied
bull If a negative potential is applied to the cathode the electrons will be attracted away from the cathode after being emitted
bull However this field affects the work function
24
Photo-electric emissionbull A photon incident on a
material will transfer its energy to an electron present in the metal
bull If the energy of this electron becomes bigger than the work function of the material the electron can be emitted
bull This is called photo-electric emission (image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
25
Photo-electric emission (2)
bull A UV photon at 200nm carries an energy of about 6 eV this is enough to ldquojumprdquo over the work function of most metals
bull As seen in electromagnetism electromagnetic waves (photons) can penetrate inside a metal
bull The photo-electricemission may thustake place away from the surface
(image source Dowell et al Photoinjectors lectures)
26
The 3 steps of photo-electric emission
Photo-electric emission takes place in 3 steps1) Absorption of a photon by an electron inside the metal The
energy transferred is proportional to the photon energy2) Transport of the photo to the physical surface of the metal
The electron may loose energy by scattering during this process
3) Electron emission (ifthe remaining energy isabove the work functionincluding Schottky effect)
27
Quantum efficiency (QE)bull For photo-electric emission it is useful to define the
ldquoquantum efficiencyrdquo
bull Typical QE for a photo-cathode is only a few percent or less
bull The quantum efficiency will decrease during the life of the cathode it may get damaged or contaminated
QE=Numberof photoelectronsNumberof photons
28
Examples
1) Which of these materials would give the highest thermionic emission current (at the same temperature)
(a) Iron (Fe) W=47 eV(b) Gadolinium (Gd) W=290 eV(c) Cobalt (Co) W=5 eV
2) Which laser would give the best Quantum efficiency on a Copper-based photo-cathode (W=5 eV)
(a) A 5GW CO2 laser (wavelength=10 micrometers)(b) A 10 kW frequency doubled NdYAG laser
(wavelength=532nm)(c)A 3MW frequency quadrupled Ti-Sapphire laser
(wavelength=200nm)
Ion source SINCSSource of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering - SNICS II
Principle of Operation
liquid metal ion source (LMIS)
Focused Ion Beam
Electrospray ionisation
Charge Residue Model electrospray droplets undergo evaporation and fission cycles eventually leading progeny droplets that contain on average one analyte ion or less The gas-phase ions form after the remaining solvent molecules evaporate leaving the analyte with the charges that the droplet carried
1 mbar 10-3 mbar 10-5 mbar 10-6 mbar
Rotarypump
Turbopump
TurbopumpHeated
Capillary(~180degC)
ESI needle4kV
Fused silicacapillary
Tube lens
Skimmer
OctapoleLenses
Acceleration tube
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
19
Summary electrons in solids
bull At low temperature all electrons are in the lowest possible energy level below the Fermi level
bull As the temperature increase some electrons will go above the Fermi level
bull But only those with an energy above the Fermi level greater than the work function are ldquofreerdquo
(im
ag
e s
ou
rce
htt
p
cn
xo
rgc
on
ten
tm
13
45
8la
tes
t
20
Thermionic emissionbull The Richardson-Dushman equation gives the electronic
current density J (Am-2) emitted by a material as a function of the temperature
With A the Richardson constant
(image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
21
Thermionic cathode materialbull Two parameters are important when considering a
thermionic cathode materialndash W=Work function (as low as possible)ndash Te=Operation Temperature (preferably high)
bull Cesium has a low work function (W~2eV) but a low operation temperature (Te=320K) =gt not good for high current
bull Metals Ta (41eV 2680K) W(45eV 2860K)bull BaO has good properties (1eV 1000K) but can oxidize by
exposure to air =gt sinter of BaO+WBaO provided slowly to the surface
22
Electric field bias
bull Once the electrons are free they may fall back on the cathode
bull To avoid this an electric field needs to be applied
bull If a negative potential is applied to the cathode the electrons will be attracted away from the cathode after being emitted
bull However this field affects the work function
24
Photo-electric emissionbull A photon incident on a
material will transfer its energy to an electron present in the metal
bull If the energy of this electron becomes bigger than the work function of the material the electron can be emitted
bull This is called photo-electric emission (image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
25
Photo-electric emission (2)
bull A UV photon at 200nm carries an energy of about 6 eV this is enough to ldquojumprdquo over the work function of most metals
bull As seen in electromagnetism electromagnetic waves (photons) can penetrate inside a metal
bull The photo-electricemission may thustake place away from the surface
(image source Dowell et al Photoinjectors lectures)
26
The 3 steps of photo-electric emission
Photo-electric emission takes place in 3 steps1) Absorption of a photon by an electron inside the metal The
energy transferred is proportional to the photon energy2) Transport of the photo to the physical surface of the metal
The electron may loose energy by scattering during this process
3) Electron emission (ifthe remaining energy isabove the work functionincluding Schottky effect)
27
Quantum efficiency (QE)bull For photo-electric emission it is useful to define the
ldquoquantum efficiencyrdquo
bull Typical QE for a photo-cathode is only a few percent or less
bull The quantum efficiency will decrease during the life of the cathode it may get damaged or contaminated
QE=Numberof photoelectronsNumberof photons
28
Examples
1) Which of these materials would give the highest thermionic emission current (at the same temperature)
(a) Iron (Fe) W=47 eV(b) Gadolinium (Gd) W=290 eV(c) Cobalt (Co) W=5 eV
2) Which laser would give the best Quantum efficiency on a Copper-based photo-cathode (W=5 eV)
(a) A 5GW CO2 laser (wavelength=10 micrometers)(b) A 10 kW frequency doubled NdYAG laser
(wavelength=532nm)(c)A 3MW frequency quadrupled Ti-Sapphire laser
(wavelength=200nm)
Ion source SINCSSource of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering - SNICS II
Principle of Operation
liquid metal ion source (LMIS)
Focused Ion Beam
Electrospray ionisation
Charge Residue Model electrospray droplets undergo evaporation and fission cycles eventually leading progeny droplets that contain on average one analyte ion or less The gas-phase ions form after the remaining solvent molecules evaporate leaving the analyte with the charges that the droplet carried
1 mbar 10-3 mbar 10-5 mbar 10-6 mbar
Rotarypump
Turbopump
TurbopumpHeated
Capillary(~180degC)
ESI needle4kV
Fused silicacapillary
Tube lens
Skimmer
OctapoleLenses
Acceleration tube
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
20
Thermionic emissionbull The Richardson-Dushman equation gives the electronic
current density J (Am-2) emitted by a material as a function of the temperature
With A the Richardson constant
(image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
21
Thermionic cathode materialbull Two parameters are important when considering a
thermionic cathode materialndash W=Work function (as low as possible)ndash Te=Operation Temperature (preferably high)
bull Cesium has a low work function (W~2eV) but a low operation temperature (Te=320K) =gt not good for high current
bull Metals Ta (41eV 2680K) W(45eV 2860K)bull BaO has good properties (1eV 1000K) but can oxidize by
exposure to air =gt sinter of BaO+WBaO provided slowly to the surface
22
Electric field bias
bull Once the electrons are free they may fall back on the cathode
bull To avoid this an electric field needs to be applied
bull If a negative potential is applied to the cathode the electrons will be attracted away from the cathode after being emitted
bull However this field affects the work function
24
Photo-electric emissionbull A photon incident on a
material will transfer its energy to an electron present in the metal
bull If the energy of this electron becomes bigger than the work function of the material the electron can be emitted
bull This is called photo-electric emission (image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
25
Photo-electric emission (2)
bull A UV photon at 200nm carries an energy of about 6 eV this is enough to ldquojumprdquo over the work function of most metals
bull As seen in electromagnetism electromagnetic waves (photons) can penetrate inside a metal
bull The photo-electricemission may thustake place away from the surface
(image source Dowell et al Photoinjectors lectures)
26
The 3 steps of photo-electric emission
Photo-electric emission takes place in 3 steps1) Absorption of a photon by an electron inside the metal The
energy transferred is proportional to the photon energy2) Transport of the photo to the physical surface of the metal
The electron may loose energy by scattering during this process
3) Electron emission (ifthe remaining energy isabove the work functionincluding Schottky effect)
27
Quantum efficiency (QE)bull For photo-electric emission it is useful to define the
ldquoquantum efficiencyrdquo
bull Typical QE for a photo-cathode is only a few percent or less
bull The quantum efficiency will decrease during the life of the cathode it may get damaged or contaminated
QE=Numberof photoelectronsNumberof photons
28
Examples
1) Which of these materials would give the highest thermionic emission current (at the same temperature)
(a) Iron (Fe) W=47 eV(b) Gadolinium (Gd) W=290 eV(c) Cobalt (Co) W=5 eV
2) Which laser would give the best Quantum efficiency on a Copper-based photo-cathode (W=5 eV)
(a) A 5GW CO2 laser (wavelength=10 micrometers)(b) A 10 kW frequency doubled NdYAG laser
(wavelength=532nm)(c)A 3MW frequency quadrupled Ti-Sapphire laser
(wavelength=200nm)
Ion source SINCSSource of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering - SNICS II
Principle of Operation
liquid metal ion source (LMIS)
Focused Ion Beam
Electrospray ionisation
Charge Residue Model electrospray droplets undergo evaporation and fission cycles eventually leading progeny droplets that contain on average one analyte ion or less The gas-phase ions form after the remaining solvent molecules evaporate leaving the analyte with the charges that the droplet carried
1 mbar 10-3 mbar 10-5 mbar 10-6 mbar
Rotarypump
Turbopump
TurbopumpHeated
Capillary(~180degC)
ESI needle4kV
Fused silicacapillary
Tube lens
Skimmer
OctapoleLenses
Acceleration tube
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
21
Thermionic cathode materialbull Two parameters are important when considering a
thermionic cathode materialndash W=Work function (as low as possible)ndash Te=Operation Temperature (preferably high)
bull Cesium has a low work function (W~2eV) but a low operation temperature (Te=320K) =gt not good for high current
bull Metals Ta (41eV 2680K) W(45eV 2860K)bull BaO has good properties (1eV 1000K) but can oxidize by
exposure to air =gt sinter of BaO+WBaO provided slowly to the surface
22
Electric field bias
bull Once the electrons are free they may fall back on the cathode
bull To avoid this an electric field needs to be applied
bull If a negative potential is applied to the cathode the electrons will be attracted away from the cathode after being emitted
bull However this field affects the work function
24
Photo-electric emissionbull A photon incident on a
material will transfer its energy to an electron present in the metal
bull If the energy of this electron becomes bigger than the work function of the material the electron can be emitted
bull This is called photo-electric emission (image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
25
Photo-electric emission (2)
bull A UV photon at 200nm carries an energy of about 6 eV this is enough to ldquojumprdquo over the work function of most metals
bull As seen in electromagnetism electromagnetic waves (photons) can penetrate inside a metal
bull The photo-electricemission may thustake place away from the surface
(image source Dowell et al Photoinjectors lectures)
26
The 3 steps of photo-electric emission
Photo-electric emission takes place in 3 steps1) Absorption of a photon by an electron inside the metal The
energy transferred is proportional to the photon energy2) Transport of the photo to the physical surface of the metal
The electron may loose energy by scattering during this process
3) Electron emission (ifthe remaining energy isabove the work functionincluding Schottky effect)
27
Quantum efficiency (QE)bull For photo-electric emission it is useful to define the
ldquoquantum efficiencyrdquo
bull Typical QE for a photo-cathode is only a few percent or less
bull The quantum efficiency will decrease during the life of the cathode it may get damaged or contaminated
QE=Numberof photoelectronsNumberof photons
28
Examples
1) Which of these materials would give the highest thermionic emission current (at the same temperature)
(a) Iron (Fe) W=47 eV(b) Gadolinium (Gd) W=290 eV(c) Cobalt (Co) W=5 eV
2) Which laser would give the best Quantum efficiency on a Copper-based photo-cathode (W=5 eV)
(a) A 5GW CO2 laser (wavelength=10 micrometers)(b) A 10 kW frequency doubled NdYAG laser
(wavelength=532nm)(c)A 3MW frequency quadrupled Ti-Sapphire laser
(wavelength=200nm)
Ion source SINCSSource of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering - SNICS II
Principle of Operation
liquid metal ion source (LMIS)
Focused Ion Beam
Electrospray ionisation
Charge Residue Model electrospray droplets undergo evaporation and fission cycles eventually leading progeny droplets that contain on average one analyte ion or less The gas-phase ions form after the remaining solvent molecules evaporate leaving the analyte with the charges that the droplet carried
1 mbar 10-3 mbar 10-5 mbar 10-6 mbar
Rotarypump
Turbopump
TurbopumpHeated
Capillary(~180degC)
ESI needle4kV
Fused silicacapillary
Tube lens
Skimmer
OctapoleLenses
Acceleration tube
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
22
Electric field bias
bull Once the electrons are free they may fall back on the cathode
bull To avoid this an electric field needs to be applied
bull If a negative potential is applied to the cathode the electrons will be attracted away from the cathode after being emitted
bull However this field affects the work function
24
Photo-electric emissionbull A photon incident on a
material will transfer its energy to an electron present in the metal
bull If the energy of this electron becomes bigger than the work function of the material the electron can be emitted
bull This is called photo-electric emission (image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
25
Photo-electric emission (2)
bull A UV photon at 200nm carries an energy of about 6 eV this is enough to ldquojumprdquo over the work function of most metals
bull As seen in electromagnetism electromagnetic waves (photons) can penetrate inside a metal
bull The photo-electricemission may thustake place away from the surface
(image source Dowell et al Photoinjectors lectures)
26
The 3 steps of photo-electric emission
Photo-electric emission takes place in 3 steps1) Absorption of a photon by an electron inside the metal The
energy transferred is proportional to the photon energy2) Transport of the photo to the physical surface of the metal
The electron may loose energy by scattering during this process
3) Electron emission (ifthe remaining energy isabove the work functionincluding Schottky effect)
27
Quantum efficiency (QE)bull For photo-electric emission it is useful to define the
ldquoquantum efficiencyrdquo
bull Typical QE for a photo-cathode is only a few percent or less
bull The quantum efficiency will decrease during the life of the cathode it may get damaged or contaminated
QE=Numberof photoelectronsNumberof photons
28
Examples
1) Which of these materials would give the highest thermionic emission current (at the same temperature)
(a) Iron (Fe) W=47 eV(b) Gadolinium (Gd) W=290 eV(c) Cobalt (Co) W=5 eV
2) Which laser would give the best Quantum efficiency on a Copper-based photo-cathode (W=5 eV)
(a) A 5GW CO2 laser (wavelength=10 micrometers)(b) A 10 kW frequency doubled NdYAG laser
(wavelength=532nm)(c)A 3MW frequency quadrupled Ti-Sapphire laser
(wavelength=200nm)
Ion source SINCSSource of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering - SNICS II
Principle of Operation
liquid metal ion source (LMIS)
Focused Ion Beam
Electrospray ionisation
Charge Residue Model electrospray droplets undergo evaporation and fission cycles eventually leading progeny droplets that contain on average one analyte ion or less The gas-phase ions form after the remaining solvent molecules evaporate leaving the analyte with the charges that the droplet carried
1 mbar 10-3 mbar 10-5 mbar 10-6 mbar
Rotarypump
Turbopump
TurbopumpHeated
Capillary(~180degC)
ESI needle4kV
Fused silicacapillary
Tube lens
Skimmer
OctapoleLenses
Acceleration tube
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
24
Photo-electric emissionbull A photon incident on a
material will transfer its energy to an electron present in the metal
bull If the energy of this electron becomes bigger than the work function of the material the electron can be emitted
bull This is called photo-electric emission (image source
Masao Kuriki ILC school)
25
Photo-electric emission (2)
bull A UV photon at 200nm carries an energy of about 6 eV this is enough to ldquojumprdquo over the work function of most metals
bull As seen in electromagnetism electromagnetic waves (photons) can penetrate inside a metal
bull The photo-electricemission may thustake place away from the surface
(image source Dowell et al Photoinjectors lectures)
26
The 3 steps of photo-electric emission
Photo-electric emission takes place in 3 steps1) Absorption of a photon by an electron inside the metal The
energy transferred is proportional to the photon energy2) Transport of the photo to the physical surface of the metal
The electron may loose energy by scattering during this process
3) Electron emission (ifthe remaining energy isabove the work functionincluding Schottky effect)
27
Quantum efficiency (QE)bull For photo-electric emission it is useful to define the
ldquoquantum efficiencyrdquo
bull Typical QE for a photo-cathode is only a few percent or less
bull The quantum efficiency will decrease during the life of the cathode it may get damaged or contaminated
QE=Numberof photoelectronsNumberof photons
28
Examples
1) Which of these materials would give the highest thermionic emission current (at the same temperature)
(a) Iron (Fe) W=47 eV(b) Gadolinium (Gd) W=290 eV(c) Cobalt (Co) W=5 eV
2) Which laser would give the best Quantum efficiency on a Copper-based photo-cathode (W=5 eV)
(a) A 5GW CO2 laser (wavelength=10 micrometers)(b) A 10 kW frequency doubled NdYAG laser
(wavelength=532nm)(c)A 3MW frequency quadrupled Ti-Sapphire laser
(wavelength=200nm)
Ion source SINCSSource of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering - SNICS II
Principle of Operation
liquid metal ion source (LMIS)
Focused Ion Beam
Electrospray ionisation
Charge Residue Model electrospray droplets undergo evaporation and fission cycles eventually leading progeny droplets that contain on average one analyte ion or less The gas-phase ions form after the remaining solvent molecules evaporate leaving the analyte with the charges that the droplet carried
1 mbar 10-3 mbar 10-5 mbar 10-6 mbar
Rotarypump
Turbopump
TurbopumpHeated
Capillary(~180degC)
ESI needle4kV
Fused silicacapillary
Tube lens
Skimmer
OctapoleLenses
Acceleration tube
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
25
Photo-electric emission (2)
bull A UV photon at 200nm carries an energy of about 6 eV this is enough to ldquojumprdquo over the work function of most metals
bull As seen in electromagnetism electromagnetic waves (photons) can penetrate inside a metal
bull The photo-electricemission may thustake place away from the surface
(image source Dowell et al Photoinjectors lectures)
26
The 3 steps of photo-electric emission
Photo-electric emission takes place in 3 steps1) Absorption of a photon by an electron inside the metal The
energy transferred is proportional to the photon energy2) Transport of the photo to the physical surface of the metal
The electron may loose energy by scattering during this process
3) Electron emission (ifthe remaining energy isabove the work functionincluding Schottky effect)
27
Quantum efficiency (QE)bull For photo-electric emission it is useful to define the
ldquoquantum efficiencyrdquo
bull Typical QE for a photo-cathode is only a few percent or less
bull The quantum efficiency will decrease during the life of the cathode it may get damaged or contaminated
QE=Numberof photoelectronsNumberof photons
28
Examples
1) Which of these materials would give the highest thermionic emission current (at the same temperature)
(a) Iron (Fe) W=47 eV(b) Gadolinium (Gd) W=290 eV(c) Cobalt (Co) W=5 eV
2) Which laser would give the best Quantum efficiency on a Copper-based photo-cathode (W=5 eV)
(a) A 5GW CO2 laser (wavelength=10 micrometers)(b) A 10 kW frequency doubled NdYAG laser
(wavelength=532nm)(c)A 3MW frequency quadrupled Ti-Sapphire laser
(wavelength=200nm)
Ion source SINCSSource of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering - SNICS II
Principle of Operation
liquid metal ion source (LMIS)
Focused Ion Beam
Electrospray ionisation
Charge Residue Model electrospray droplets undergo evaporation and fission cycles eventually leading progeny droplets that contain on average one analyte ion or less The gas-phase ions form after the remaining solvent molecules evaporate leaving the analyte with the charges that the droplet carried
1 mbar 10-3 mbar 10-5 mbar 10-6 mbar
Rotarypump
Turbopump
TurbopumpHeated
Capillary(~180degC)
ESI needle4kV
Fused silicacapillary
Tube lens
Skimmer
OctapoleLenses
Acceleration tube
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
26
The 3 steps of photo-electric emission
Photo-electric emission takes place in 3 steps1) Absorption of a photon by an electron inside the metal The
energy transferred is proportional to the photon energy2) Transport of the photo to the physical surface of the metal
The electron may loose energy by scattering during this process
3) Electron emission (ifthe remaining energy isabove the work functionincluding Schottky effect)
27
Quantum efficiency (QE)bull For photo-electric emission it is useful to define the
ldquoquantum efficiencyrdquo
bull Typical QE for a photo-cathode is only a few percent or less
bull The quantum efficiency will decrease during the life of the cathode it may get damaged or contaminated
QE=Numberof photoelectronsNumberof photons
28
Examples
1) Which of these materials would give the highest thermionic emission current (at the same temperature)
(a) Iron (Fe) W=47 eV(b) Gadolinium (Gd) W=290 eV(c) Cobalt (Co) W=5 eV
2) Which laser would give the best Quantum efficiency on a Copper-based photo-cathode (W=5 eV)
(a) A 5GW CO2 laser (wavelength=10 micrometers)(b) A 10 kW frequency doubled NdYAG laser
(wavelength=532nm)(c)A 3MW frequency quadrupled Ti-Sapphire laser
(wavelength=200nm)
Ion source SINCSSource of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering - SNICS II
Principle of Operation
liquid metal ion source (LMIS)
Focused Ion Beam
Electrospray ionisation
Charge Residue Model electrospray droplets undergo evaporation and fission cycles eventually leading progeny droplets that contain on average one analyte ion or less The gas-phase ions form after the remaining solvent molecules evaporate leaving the analyte with the charges that the droplet carried
1 mbar 10-3 mbar 10-5 mbar 10-6 mbar
Rotarypump
Turbopump
TurbopumpHeated
Capillary(~180degC)
ESI needle4kV
Fused silicacapillary
Tube lens
Skimmer
OctapoleLenses
Acceleration tube
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
27
Quantum efficiency (QE)bull For photo-electric emission it is useful to define the
ldquoquantum efficiencyrdquo
bull Typical QE for a photo-cathode is only a few percent or less
bull The quantum efficiency will decrease during the life of the cathode it may get damaged or contaminated
QE=Numberof photoelectronsNumberof photons
28
Examples
1) Which of these materials would give the highest thermionic emission current (at the same temperature)
(a) Iron (Fe) W=47 eV(b) Gadolinium (Gd) W=290 eV(c) Cobalt (Co) W=5 eV
2) Which laser would give the best Quantum efficiency on a Copper-based photo-cathode (W=5 eV)
(a) A 5GW CO2 laser (wavelength=10 micrometers)(b) A 10 kW frequency doubled NdYAG laser
(wavelength=532nm)(c)A 3MW frequency quadrupled Ti-Sapphire laser
(wavelength=200nm)
Ion source SINCSSource of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering - SNICS II
Principle of Operation
liquid metal ion source (LMIS)
Focused Ion Beam
Electrospray ionisation
Charge Residue Model electrospray droplets undergo evaporation and fission cycles eventually leading progeny droplets that contain on average one analyte ion or less The gas-phase ions form after the remaining solvent molecules evaporate leaving the analyte with the charges that the droplet carried
1 mbar 10-3 mbar 10-5 mbar 10-6 mbar
Rotarypump
Turbopump
TurbopumpHeated
Capillary(~180degC)
ESI needle4kV
Fused silicacapillary
Tube lens
Skimmer
OctapoleLenses
Acceleration tube
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
28
Examples
1) Which of these materials would give the highest thermionic emission current (at the same temperature)
(a) Iron (Fe) W=47 eV(b) Gadolinium (Gd) W=290 eV(c) Cobalt (Co) W=5 eV
2) Which laser would give the best Quantum efficiency on a Copper-based photo-cathode (W=5 eV)
(a) A 5GW CO2 laser (wavelength=10 micrometers)(b) A 10 kW frequency doubled NdYAG laser
(wavelength=532nm)(c)A 3MW frequency quadrupled Ti-Sapphire laser
(wavelength=200nm)
Ion source SINCSSource of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering - SNICS II
Principle of Operation
liquid metal ion source (LMIS)
Focused Ion Beam
Electrospray ionisation
Charge Residue Model electrospray droplets undergo evaporation and fission cycles eventually leading progeny droplets that contain on average one analyte ion or less The gas-phase ions form after the remaining solvent molecules evaporate leaving the analyte with the charges that the droplet carried
1 mbar 10-3 mbar 10-5 mbar 10-6 mbar
Rotarypump
Turbopump
TurbopumpHeated
Capillary(~180degC)
ESI needle4kV
Fused silicacapillary
Tube lens
Skimmer
OctapoleLenses
Acceleration tube
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Ion source SINCSSource of Negative Ions by Cesium Sputtering - SNICS II
Principle of Operation
liquid metal ion source (LMIS)
Focused Ion Beam
Electrospray ionisation
Charge Residue Model electrospray droplets undergo evaporation and fission cycles eventually leading progeny droplets that contain on average one analyte ion or less The gas-phase ions form after the remaining solvent molecules evaporate leaving the analyte with the charges that the droplet carried
1 mbar 10-3 mbar 10-5 mbar 10-6 mbar
Rotarypump
Turbopump
TurbopumpHeated
Capillary(~180degC)
ESI needle4kV
Fused silicacapillary
Tube lens
Skimmer
OctapoleLenses
Acceleration tube
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
liquid metal ion source (LMIS)
Focused Ion Beam
Electrospray ionisation
Charge Residue Model electrospray droplets undergo evaporation and fission cycles eventually leading progeny droplets that contain on average one analyte ion or less The gas-phase ions form after the remaining solvent molecules evaporate leaving the analyte with the charges that the droplet carried
1 mbar 10-3 mbar 10-5 mbar 10-6 mbar
Rotarypump
Turbopump
TurbopumpHeated
Capillary(~180degC)
ESI needle4kV
Fused silicacapillary
Tube lens
Skimmer
OctapoleLenses
Acceleration tube
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Electrospray ionisation
Charge Residue Model electrospray droplets undergo evaporation and fission cycles eventually leading progeny droplets that contain on average one analyte ion or less The gas-phase ions form after the remaining solvent molecules evaporate leaving the analyte with the charges that the droplet carried
1 mbar 10-3 mbar 10-5 mbar 10-6 mbar
Rotarypump
Turbopump
TurbopumpHeated
Capillary(~180degC)
ESI needle4kV
Fused silicacapillary
Tube lens
Skimmer
OctapoleLenses
Acceleration tube
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Acceleration stage
bull Only works on charged particlesbull Electric Fields for Accelerationbull Magnetic Fields for Steering bull Magnetic fields act perpendicular to the direction of
motionbull For a relativistic particle the force from a 1 Tessla
magnetic field corresponds to an Electric field of 300 MVm
Lorentz Force
BvEqF
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
types of accelerators1048708 electrostatic (DC) accelerators1048708 Cockcroft-Walton accelerator (protons up to 2 MeV)1048708 Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 10 MeV)1048708 Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator (protons up to 20 MeV)
1048708 resonance accelerators1048708 cyclotron (protons up to 25 MeV)1048708 linear accelerators electron linac 100 MeV to 50 GeV1048708 proton linac up to 70 MeV
1048708 synchronous accelerators1048708 synchrocyclotron (protons up to 750 MeV)1048708 proton synchrotron (protons up to 900 GeV)1048708 electron synchrotron (electrons from 50 MeV to 90 GeV)
1048708Induction Induction linac betatron
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
electrostatic accelerators
generate high voltage between two electrodes charged particles move in electric fieldrArr
energy gain = charge times voltage drop
Cockcroft-Walton and Van de Graaff accelerators differ in method to achieve high voltage
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Cockroft-Walton High voltage source using rectifier units Voltage multiplier ladder (made of
diodes and capacitors) allows reaching up to ~1 MeV (sparking)
First nuclear transmutation reaction achieved in 1932 p + 7Li rarr 2middot4He
CW was widely used as injector until the invention of RFQ
Fermilab 750 kV C-W preaccelerator
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Van de Graaff Voltage buildup by mechanical
transport of charge using a conveyor belt up to ~20 MV
The charged particles are extracted from an ion source housed inside the high-voltage terminal and accelerated down an evacuated tube to ground potential
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Tandem Van de Graaff
Negative ions accelerated towards a positive HV terminal then stripped of electrons and accelerated again away from it doubling the energy
Negative ion source required
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
The Million Volt BarrierSummary of Problems in getting HV ~ 1929
Voltage Generators
Insulators ndash 750 kV max holding
Power
Safety in using HV
Funding
Imagination
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
RF Accelerators
High voltage gaps are very difficult to maintain
Solution Make the particles pass through the voltage gap many times
First proposed by G Ising in 1925
First realization by R Wiederoumle in 1928 to produce 50 kV potassium ions
Many different types
Radiofrequency oscillating voltage
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
RF LINAC ndash basic idea
Particles accelerated between the cavities
Cavity length increases to match the increasing speed of the particles
EM radiation power P = ωrfCVrf2 ndash
the drift tube placed in a cavity so that the EM energy is stored
Resonant frequency of the cavity tuned to that of the accelerating field
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
RF LINAC ndash phase focusing E M McMillan ndash V Veksler 1945
The field is synchronized so that the slower particles get more acceleration
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
History-Why
Particle Sources
Acceleration stage
Space charge
Diagnostics
Application
1Accelerators
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
What do you want to know about the beam
bull Intensity (charge) (IQ)
bull Position (xyz)
bull Sizeshape (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Emittance (transverse and longitudinal)
bull Energy
bull Particle losses
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Properties of a charged beam
bull Almost all accelerators accelerate charged particles which interact with matter
bull Thats almost all what you need to use to build diagnostics (together with some clever tricks)
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Faraday cup (1)
bull Lets send the beam on a piece of copper
bull What information can be measured after the beam has hit the copper
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Faraday cup (2)bull Two properties can be
measuredndash Beam total energyndash Beam total charge
bull By inserting an ammeter between the copper and the ground it is possible to measure the total charge of the beam
bull At high energy Faraday cups can be large More than 1m at DiamondImage source Pelletroncom
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Beam current monitor
bull Remember as the charge travelling in the beam pipe is constant the current induced on the walls (of the beam pipe) will be independent of the beam position
bull By inserting a ceramic gap and an ammeter the total charge travelling in a beam pipe can be measured
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Beam current monitor vs Faraday cup
bull Both devices have pros and cons
bull A Faraday cup destroys the beam but it gives a very accurate charge measurements
bull A Beam current monitor does not affect the beam but must be calibrated
bull Both tend to be used at different locations
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Screen (1)bull If a thin screen is inserted in
the path of the particles they will deposit energy in the screen
bull If this screen contains elements that emit light when energy is deposited then the screen will emit light
bull Example of such elements Phosphorus Gadolinium Cesium
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Screen (2)bull It is not possible to stay in
the accelerator while the beam is on so the screen must be monitored by a camera
bull To avoid damaging the camera the screen is at 45 degrees
bull On this screen you can see both the position of the beam and its shape
bull Note the snow on the image
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Wire-scannerbull By inserting a thin wire in
the beam trajectory (instead of a full screen) it is possible to sample parts of the beam
bull By moving the wire in the transverse direction one can get a profile of the beam
bull It is possible to use wire diameters of just a few micrometres
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Longitudinal properties
bull It is not possible to directly image the longitudinal profile of a bunch
bull By giving longitudinal impulsion to the beam it is possible to make it rotate and observe its longitudinal profile
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Beam losses
bull It is important to monitor the beam losses directly
bull Small beam losses may not be detected by other systems
bull Beam losses are a source of radiation and activation
bull Most beam losses indicate that there is a problem somewhere
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Limitation of these monitorsbull Monitors in which the
matter interacts are prone to damage
bull With high energy high intensity colliders such damages are more likely to occur
bull To the left hole punched by a 30 GeV beam into a scintillating screen
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Laser-wirebull To mitigate the problem of
broken wires in wire-scanners it is possible to replace the wire by a laser
bull This technique called ldquolaser-wirerdquo also allow to reach better resolutions
bull High power lasers (or long integration times) are needed
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Synchrotron radiation
bull Synchrotron radiation carries information about the beam which emitted it
bull It is commonly used to study the beam shape
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Energy measurements
bull To measure (or select) the energy of the particles a bending magnet is often the best solution
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Diagnostics overview
Charge
Charge Faraday cup
Position Screen BPM
Energy
Losses
Interaction with matter
Beam current monitor
Size or shape (transv)
Screen or wire-scannerLW
Synchrotron rad OTRODR
Size or shape (longit)
RF cavity + screen
Radiation detectors
Bending magnet
Scintillator
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Summarybull There are two ways of
measuring the properties of a beamndash By forcing it to interact
with matterndash By looking at the EM
radiation emittedbull How to build the best
diagnostic is then a matter of imagination
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
bull History-Whybull Particle Sourcesbull Acceleration stagebull Space chargebull Diagnosticsbull Application
1Accelerators
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Several accelerator based methods can be used to date old artefacts
Hospitals use accelerators everyday to treat some forms of Cancer
The data storage capacity of electronic devices has been improved
The structure of molecules including drugs can be studied with intense sources of X-rays
Material hardness can be studied with neutrons
Intense flux of neutrons can burn unwanted nuclear materials
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
The Shroud of Turin
The shroud of Turin is a piece of cloth which was first mentioned in the middle age
On it the face of a man can be seen
Some claim that it is the shroud that was used after the Christs crucifixion
In the 1980s 3 AMS laboratory independently dated the sample they were provided to 1260-1390
Dating old artefacts
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Therapy
Comparison of the physical dose distribution (upper diagram) and the survival rate of cells (lower diagram) as a function of penetration depth for ion and photon beams The enhanced energy deposition at the end of the particle range and the corresponding dramatic decrease of cell survival show that heavy ion beams are excellent tools for the treatment of deep seated tumours
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
therapy
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Sub-micron micromachining interactions
Masked processes (electromagnetic)bullLightbullX-rays
Direct write processesbullElectronsbullLow energy heavy ions (eg gallium)bullHigh energy light ions (protons)
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Proton Beam Micro-machining Examples of structures in PMGI and PMMA
(2 MeV proton beam)
Structures produced in a 12 mthick PMGI resist layer
Map of Singapore (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Cogs (60 m high) produced in bulk PMMA
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Pharmaceutical drugs
To be efficient a drug need to target the correct molecule
This can only be achieved by studying the diffraction of intense on the molecule
What type of machine (gun accelerator ) is best suited to deliver an intense stable beam of X-rays
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
0 20 40 60 80
[d(A)2+H]+
Cou
nts
Time (ms)
Irradiation of dinucleotide ( 二核苷酸) cations [d(A)2+H]+ in ELISA The initial count rate after injection is due to the decay of lsquolsquohotrsquorsquo ions but after ca 20 ms the signal is dominated by collisional decay Laser excitation after 60 ms of storage time causes a large increase in the count rate The depletion of the ion beam is reflected in a lower rate of collisional decay after laser excitation than before
1 m
Accelerator with electrospray ion source
Magnet
Ion bunch
Na oven Microchannelplate detector
Channeltron detector
Fig23 Schematic drawing of electrostatic storage ring (ELISA)
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
HIRFLHIRFL
回旋1
回旋2
具有全离子宽能区的特点
治癌
电子冷却
电子冷却
HIRFL-CSR是重离子物理及相关学科研究的
综合性实验平台兰兰州州重重离离子子加加速速器器
ECR源
核物理粒子物理
原子物理
核物理核天体物理
应用物理
79
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
实现重离子束深层癌症临床治疗研究
109 个离子 治癌
回旋加速器
同步加速器均匀慢引出
成功治疗了 45例患者肝癌肺癌胰腺癌脑胶质瘤恶性脑膜瘤头颈部肿瘤骨和软组织肉瘤直肠癌前列腺癌卵巢癌等
主要创新采用回旋与同步组合的独特治癌专用机器模式打破了国外相关行业对我国的专利禁锢
2008-2011 利用物理实验的间隙 实现笔形束点扫描
达到适形治疗
80
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
ProducerWuxi EL PONT Accelerator Research Institute 无锡爱邦httpwwwelpontnetabfsENHV High Voltage Engineering Europa BV
httpwwwhighvoltengcomNational Electrostatics Corporation (NEC) httpwwwpelletroncomindexhtmlKobelcohttpwwwkobelcocojpenglishmachineryproductsfunctionhrbsindexhtmlIBAhttpwwwiba-industrialcome-beam-accelerators
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
Accelerators do not operate on their own
A team is needed to manage the accelerator operations
All accelerators facilities have a wide-range of staff at all levels
There are also many jobs connected to the usage of accelerators
New machines bring new challenges and there are many opportunities for graduate studies in Accelerator science
Jobs and graduate studies
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
bull Timothy Koethbull Physics Oxford Universitybull www-w2kgsidecharmsTalksCHARMSbull Greg LeBlancbull 盛丽娜bull 刘波
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