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CHAPTER 3ANTHROPOMETRY
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ANTHROPOMETRICS The term anthropometrics is derived from the
Greek word :Anthropos = person / human being
Metron = measure / limit / extendAnthropometrics = measurement of a
person Measurement of the dimensions of the body
and other physical characteristics Two types of measurement : static and
dynamics
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STRUCTURAL (static anthropometry)
Characteristics Measures distance of bones between
joint centers including some soft tissue measures in contour dimensions (includes the wobbly stuff that covers our body – muscle, fat, skin)
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STRUCTURAL (static anthropometry)
Statics dimensions Measurement taken when the human
body is in a fixed position, which involves standing and sitting.
Statics dimensions are related to other factors such as gender, ethnicity, occupation, percentile within specific population group and historical period.
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Measurement Techniques
Body measurements are usually defined by the two endpoints of the distance measured.
For measurement of stature, the subject assumes one of four customary positions:1) standing naturally upright2) standing stretched to maximum height3) leaning against a wall with the back flattened and the buttock, shoulders, and back of head touching the wall4) lying on the back
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Height = straight line, point to point vertical measurement
Breadth = straight line, point to point horizontal measurement running across the entire body or a body segment
Depth = straight line, point to point horizontal measurement running for and aft the body
Distance = straight line, point to point measurement between landmarks on the body.
Curvature = point to point measurement following a contour
Circumference = closed measurement follows a body contour
Reach = point to point measurement following the long axis of the arm or leg.
Standardization of Measurement
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Anthropometry Terms and Measuring Planes
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Anatomical Landmarks
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Measuring InstrumentsAnthropometer A graduated rod with a sliding edge at a right angle.Spreading caliper Consists of two curved branches joined in a hinge. The distance between the tip of the branches joined is read
from a scale.Small sliding caliper For short measurements, such as finger thickness or finger
length.Tapes Used to measure circumferences and curvatures.Scale To measure the weight of the body.
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Anthropometric data are usually distributed in a normal distribution
N = sample size, Nm = mean / average
SD = standard deviation The range indicates extreme smallest to
largest value
Anthropometric statistics
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Percentile
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Percentile
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Range
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FUNCTIONAL (dynamic anthropometry)
Measurements are taken when the body is in motion or engaged in a physical activity.
Used to match the dynamic characteristics of controls to the user
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Individual body members function mostly in an activity i.e. all parts are affected together, at the
same time e.g. limit of arm reach involves
arm length, but also: shoulder movement trunk rotation (possible) back bending (possible) hand function
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Hands & Fingers Basic Motions
Flexion - Bending movement that decreases the angle between two parts
Extension -The opposite of flexion; a straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts.Pronation -A rotation of the forearm
that moves the palm from an anterior-facing position to a posterior-facing position, or palm facing down.
Supination - the rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly, or palm facing up.
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Abduction Adjusting relation to mid-line of body A motion that pulls a structure or part away from the midline of the body (or, in
the case of fingers and toes, spreading the digits apart, away from the centerline of the hand or foot)
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Adduction Adjusting relation to mid-line of body A motion that pulls a structure or part Towards the midline of the body, or
towards the midline of a limb.
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Envelopes
Work, walking, turning, bending. boundaries, etc.
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Anthropometric Design Principles
Design for the extremes Design for adjustability Design for average
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Designs for the Extreme Individuals
Design meant to fit the axial extremes: Tallest & shortest Thinnest & Widest Lightest & heaviest May result in waste, but allows
maximum user’s age
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Designing for Extreme Individuals
designs should try to accommodate everyone a single design dimension can be:
limiting factor restricting use of facility for some a dictate for max./min. value of variable in question
designing for max. population value: used if given max/high value of some design feature should
accommodate –almost- all users examples: heights of doorways, strength of supporting
devices (e.g. rope ladder, workbench,) designing for min. population value:
used if given min/low value of some design feature should accommodate –almost- all users
examples: distance of control button from operator; force required to operate the control
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Designs for Adjustability
Design to fit 5th to 95th percentiles of the population
User/operator can adjust to their physical capabilities.
E.g. adjustable chairs and seats
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Design for the Average24
Designed to accommodate the selected portion of the population
Problem : May eliminate the use by more users/operators
Solution: Predetermine physical requirements of operators
E.g. Fire fighting equipment & fire fighters
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Designing for Motion Select the major body joints involved Adjust your measured body dimensions to
real world conditions e.g. relaxed standing/sitting postures, shoes,
clothing, hand tool reach, forward bend, etc. Select appropriate motion ranges in the
body joints, e.g. knee angle between 60-105 degrees, or as a motion envelope. Avoid twisting, forward bending, prolonged
static postures, and holding the arms raised.
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Procedure for Anthropometric Design
Step 1: Characterize user population Identify who will be involved or interact with
the tool/equipment or process Identify the job that they’re doing
Step 2: Determine important body dimension
Not all body parts will be involved in the operation. Which ones are?
What are the important dimensions?
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Step 3: Apply Anthropometric Principles
Based on the Anthropometric Principles, select one to apply
Step 4:Determine percentile range Which percentile range are the target
from? What measurements adequately fit these
operators?
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Step 5: Anthropometric Measures Which measures correspond with your
target? Are they: Male or female or both?� Under 160cm, 160-170cm or over 170cm �
²or otherrelevant height? Are they Asian, Caucasian, African?� Are they fit, obese, lean?� Etc.�
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Step 6: Appropriate allowance Will the operator/worker wear clothing or
use other equipment that we should consider?
What is the work environment the operator will be in like? Is there wide space for movement? Will it be confined?
Step 7: Test & Feedback Test the design Obtain operator’s feedback
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