UNIT KEJURUTERAAN ALAM SEKITAR UNIT KEJURUTERAAN ALAM SEKITAR JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN AWAM
POLITEKNIK SULTAN IDRIS SHAH
CHAPTER 2CHAPTER 2INDOOR AND OUTDOOR
AIR POLLUTION
2
Upon completion of this course, student should be able to : Identify the origin of indoor and outdoor air pollution Explain the pollutants that contribute to indoor and
outdoor air pollution. Justify the sources of indoor and outdoor air
pollution Identify the passages of air pollutants to human and
environment. Explain indoor and outdoor pollution standard and
guidelines. Adapt the indoor and outdoor standard and
guidelines used in Malaysia and other countries. Analyze Air Pollution Index System in Malaysia.• Calculate the Air Pollution Index.
Air Quality Standards Achievement
Pre-Industrial Era
Early-Industrial Era
Early 20th Century
Late 20th Century
Eras of Air Pollution
Early 21st Century
Chemical Composition of Dry Air
OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION
Outdoor Air Pollution: History Not a “new” problem, but
scale has changed during industrial revolution.
London “smog” killed 2,000 in 1880, 1,000 in 1911 and between 4,000 and 12,000 in 1952
1948 Donora 6,000 sick 1963 NYC 300 killed 1970, ’77, ’90 CAA
Sources:
Forest fires-ash, particulates, carbon dioxide Volcanoes- ash, acid mist, hydrogen sulfide Decaying vegetation- sulfur cmpds Trees & bushes- Volatile Organic compounds
(VOC’s) give Blue Ridge Mtns. their blue hue Pollen Spores Viruses Bacteria Dust- from storms in arid regions Gut bacteria- methane gas
Natural Sources
Primary PollutantsPrimary Pollutants
Secondary PollutantsSecondary Pollutants
SourcesSourcesNaturalNatural StationaryStationary
COCO COCO22
SOSO22 NONO NONO22
Most hydrocarbonsMost hydrocarbonsMost suspendedMost suspended
particlesparticles
SOSO33
HNOHNO33 HH22SOSO44
HH22OO22 OO33 PANsPANsMostMost andand saltssaltsNONO33––
MobileMobile
SOSO4422––
Primary vs. Secondary Pollutants Primary- put directly
into air from polluting source.
Secondary- when primary combines with other substances in air and creates something more hazardous (acid rain, smog)
Sun often provides energy for these reactions.
Major Sources of Primary PollutantsStationary Sources Combustion of fuels for power and heat –
Power Plants Other burning such as wood & crop burning
or forest fires Industrial/ commercial processes Solvents and aerosolsMobile Sources Highway: cars, trucks, buses and motorcycles Off-highway: aircraft, boats, locomotives,
farm equipment, RVs, construction machinery, and lawn mowers
Outdoor Air PollutionSources:
Mobile or Stationary
Most urban area pollution source is burning fossil fuels.
Criteria Air Pollutants
EPA uses six "criteria pollutants" as indicators of air quality1. Sulfur Dioxide: SO2
2. Nitrogen Dioxide: NO2
3. Carbon monoxide: CO4. Lead: Pb5. Particulate Matter: PM10 (PM 2.5) 6. Ozone: ground level O3
Outdoor Air Pollution Carbon Monoxide: colorless, odorless, deadly gas
Sources: motor vehicles, cigarettesImpacts: reduces ability of blood to carry oxygen
Nitrogen Dioxide: reddish-brown chemical found in smogSources: burning fossil fuels and industrial processesImpacts: lung irritation, aggravates asthma, reduces visibility,
Outdoor Air PollutionSulfur Dioxide: colorless gas, major source of
acid depositionSources: coal burning power plantsImpacts: acid deposition, breathing problems, property damage, soil, aquatic life damage
Particulate Matter: particles in the air, range from small to largeSources: burning fossil fuels (diesel), agriculture, fires, unpaved roadsImpacts: lung damage, asthma, reduced life
Categorized by source:
Primary particles – natural and human activities (soil and dust, sea salt, construction, fossil fuel)
Secondary particles - conversion of SOx, NOx, ammonia and organic compounds in atmospheric chemical reactions to sulfates, nitrates and ammonium compounds, and non-volatile organics
Standard/guidelines Agency Averaging times
PM10 (g/m3) PM2.5 (g/m3)
National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) [1] US EPA
24-hour 150 35
Annual - 15
Revised Air Quality Guidelines (AQG) [2] WHO
24-hour 50 25
Annual 20 10
Recommended Malaysia Ambient Air Quality
Guidelines 1989 (RMAAQG)[3]
Department of Environment (DOE),
Malaysia
24-hour 150 -
Annual 50 -
National Environment Agency (NEA), Singapore24-hour 150 35Annual 50 15
Ambient Air StandardPollution Control
Department (PCD), Thailand
24-hour 120 50
Annual 50 25
1. US EPA. 2010, National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html 2. Krzyzanowski, M. and Cohen, A., Update of WHO Air Quality Guidelines, Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2008, pp. 7-13.
DOI: 10.1007/s11869-008-0008-93. Department of Environment, Malaysia, Malaysia Environmental Quality Report 2006. Publication Section, Strategic Communications Division
Department of Environment, Malaysia, 2007
Outdoor Air Pollution
Ozone: highly reactive gas with an unpleasant odor, commonly known as smog in troposphere “Bad Ozone”Sources: chemical reaction with VOCs and NOx from cars.Impacts: breathing problems, eyes, nose , mouth irritation, lung disease, crop damage, visability.
Lead: solid metal and compounds emitted as PMSources: paint, smelters, battery storage, leaded gasImpacts: neurological problems, carcinogen
Other Air Pollutants Carbon dioxide- natural source from Carbon dioxide- natural source from
photosynthesis & respiration; human caused from photosynthesis & respiration; human caused from fossil fuels & deforestationfossil fuels & deforestation
CChlorohloroFFluoroluoroCCarbons (CFC’s)- from refrigerants, arbons (CFC’s)- from refrigerants, aerosols, Styrofoamaerosols, Styrofoam
Formaldehyde- building materials & household Formaldehyde- building materials & household productsproducts
Benzene- paintBenzene- paint Asbestos- car brakes, building materialsAsbestos- car brakes, building materials Dioxins- pesticidesDioxins- pesticides Cadmium- smelting, batteries, plastics industryCadmium- smelting, batteries, plastics industry
Formation & Intensity of Pollutant is influenced by…
Local climate (inversions, air pressure, temperature, Local climate (inversions, air pressure, temperature, humidity)humidity)
Topography (hills and mountains)Topography (hills and mountains) Population densityPopulation density Amount of industryAmount of industry Fuels used by population and industry for heating, Fuels used by population and industry for heating,
manufacturing, transportation, powermanufacturing, transportation, power Weather: rain, snow,windWeather: rain, snow,wind Buildings (slow wind speed)Buildings (slow wind speed) Mass transit usedMass transit used
What is photochemical smog?
Secondary PollutantVOCs + NOx + heat + Sunlight = Ground Level
Ozone (O3)Complex series of chemical reactions
SMOG (smoke + fog)
What is photochemical smog?All modern cities have
smog, but it is more common in hot, sunny, warm climates with a lot of motor vehicle traffic.
What time of year do you think it is most common?
Los Angeles Denver Mexico City Houston Beijing China
What is photochemical smog?Industrial Smog: a
mixture of SO2, droplets of sulfuric acid and suspended PM from burning coal and oil.
More of a problem today in developing counties.
Coal burning HUGE issue.
Health Impacts of Smog
Smog Impacts: Breathing Problems Coughing, Eye Irritation Aggravates asthma,
heart problems Speeds up aging of
lung tissue Damage plants Reduce Visibility
Factors Influencing Smog Formation
Smog Levels Are Influenced By:
Local climate Topography Population Density Amount of industry Transportation
Factors Influencing Smog FormationNatural Factors Can
Reduce Smog:1) Rain or snow can
“wash” air2) Salty Sea Spray can
also “wash” air3) Winds can push
pollutants elsewhere
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
Indoor Air PollutionFig. 20-13 p.450
What are some sources of indoor air pollution?1. Cigarette smoke
Deadliest indoor air pollutant
Contain formaldehyde, carbon monoxide
Causes lung cancer, emphysema
Second hand smoke may be worse due to particulates that come from tip.
What are some sources of indoor air pollution?
2. Mold Moisture in
vents, carpets Allergy
symptoms, breathing problems, headache, fatigue
What are some sources of indoor air pollution?
3. Carbon monoxide Malfunctioning
furnace, gas appliances, cars
Blood cannot carry oxygen
Feel sleepy, nausea, dizzy, cause death.
What are some sources of indoor air pollution?4. Radon
Colorless, odorless, radioactive gas
Comes from soil under basements
Long term exposure can cause lung cancer
Fix cracks in floor or walls to prevent influx of radon
Install ventilation fan in basement to blow radon out.Zone 1 (purple) high levels of radon
Zone 3 (yellow) low levels of radon
Radon Radioactive radon-
222 Lung cancer threat
Occurs in certain areas based on geology
Associated with uranium and organic material in rock
Fig. 20-14 p. 451
What are some sources of indoor air pollution?5. Asbestos
Roofing, flooring, insulation, brakes
OK… unless disturbed or deteriorates
Can cause asbestosis (scarring of lungs) and mesothelioma (type of lung cancer)
Plaque build up (scarring) in lung w/asbestosis
What are some sources of indoor air pollution?6. Lead
Old homes, toys, lead crystal dishes
Causes behavior & learning problems, slow growth, hearing problems, headaches
What are some sources of indoor air pollution?
7. Formaldehyde Pressed wood,
paneling, particle board, glue, deodorizers
Respiratory irritation, fatigue, skin rash, known to cause cancer
What are some sources of indoor air pollution?
8. VOC’s Paradichlorobenzene-
mothballs, insecticides PERC- dry cleaned
clothes Benzene- paints,
cigarettes Causes respiratory
problems, headaches, loss of coordination, nausea, organ damage, cancer
Standard and Guidelines Indoor Air Quality
Sources involved in IAQ problems
Problem Origin Percent Typical Sources
Inadequate Building Ventilation Systems 53%
Lack of outside air, poor air distribution, uncomfortable temperature and humidity, contaminant sources inside the system
Contaminants Originating Inside Building 15% Solvent vapors, dusts, formaldehyde,
building materials, furnishings
Building Products 4% Concrete, wood, furnishings.
Unknown Causes 13% Unidentified sources
Outdoor Contaminants Entering Building 10% Motor vehicle exhaust, pollen, fungi,
smoke, construction
Microbiological Agents 5% Bioaerosols, Legionella
Evaluations by National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) for studies on more than 500 Indoor Air quality health hazard cases
Reasons of IAQ Problems based on NIOSH study
Inadequate Ventilation
53%
Bioaerosols5%
Outside Contamination
10%
Building products
4%
Unknown causes
13%
Inside contamination
15%
POLLUTANT CONCENTRATION REMARKS
• Asbestos • 40 CFR• 0.2-2
fibers/cucm
• EPA• OSHA Standard (8hr
TWA)
• Carbon Dioxide
• 1000 ppm • 5000 ppm
• ASHRAE Standard • Ministry of Labor
Standard(TWAEV)
• Carbon Monoxide
• 9 ppm • 50 ppm • 9 ppm • 35 ppm
• EPA• OSHA Standard for 1hr• ASHRAE-Average over 8
hr• NIOSH standard for 1hr
Guidelines for IAQ pollutants
POLLUTANT CONCENTRATION REMARKS
• Formaldehyde • 0.4 ppm • 0.75 ppm
• ASHRAE Standard • OSHA (8 hr TWA)
• Nitrogen Dioxide
• 5 ppm• 3 ppm
• 0.053 ppm
• OSHA• Ministry of Labor Standard
(TWAEV) • Annual National Ambient Air
Quality Standard (USA)
• Ozone • 0.05 ppm• 0.1ppm• 0.08 ppm
• WHO• OSHA (8hr TWA)• WHO-Criteria Document
• Particulates • 260 µg/cum
• 150 µg/cum
• National Ambient Air quality Standard-24 hr geometric mean
• EPA, 24 hr annual geometric mean
Guidelines (contd.)
POLLUTANT CONCENTRATION REMARKS
• Radon • 4 picoCuries/L • 4 WML radon
progeny calendar year
• ASHRAE Standard • Mine Safety and Health
Administration
• Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
• 1-5 mg/cum
• 3 mg/cum
• US Environmental Protection Agency Guidelines
• Molhave, 1990
• Microbial fungi
• <50 CFU/cum • <150 CFU/cum • <500 CFU/cum
• 2 Species • 3 Species • Agriculture Canada Standard
Guidelines (contd.)
Strategies to improve Indoor Air Quality
Pollutant Source Control
Increased Ventilation
Dehumidification
Use of Air Cleaners Dust collectorsFilters
Standard and Guidelines Outdoor Air Quality
Environmental Quality Act , 1974Laws OF Malaysia
Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulation 1978
Environmental Quality (Control of Emission From Motorcycles) Regulations 1978
Environmental Quality (Control of Emission From Diesel Engines) Regulations 1996
Environmental Quality (Control of Emission From Petrol Engines) Regulations 1996
Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Open Burning) Order 2000
Environmental Quality (Dioxin and Furan) Regulations 2004
Air quality assessment
The assessment of air quality is usually based on monitoring data. Regular, continuous measurement are mandatory in most countries for ambient air quality
1955 Air Pollution Control Act1963 Clean Air Act of 19631967 The Air Quality Act of 1967 (Precursor to the 1970
Clean Air Act)1970 A turning point…
• National Environmental Policy Act (January 1) • First Earth Day (April 22) • Formation of Environmental Protection Agency
(July 9) • Clean Air Act of 1970
– National Air Quality Standards1987 Standards strengthened for particulate matter
(PM10)1990 Clean Air Act of 19902002 New PM standards (PM2.5)
History of Air Pollution: Regulations (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA))
Comparison of Indoor with Outdoor Standards
Table 9.4
Indoor 8-h OutdoorPEL and Outdoor CaliforniaTWA-TLV NAAQS Standard
Gas (ppmv) (ppmv) (ppmv)
Carbon monoxide 35 9.5 (8-h) 9 (8-h)
Nitrogen dioxide 1 (15-m) 0.053 (annual) 0.25 (1-h)
Ozone 0.1 0.08 (8-h) 0.09 (1-h)
Outdoor standards tougher to protect entire population. Outdoor standards for NO2(g) tougher since ozone forms outdoors, but not indoors, from NO2(g).
Air Quality IndexLevels of Health
ConcernNumerica
lValue
Meaning
Good 0-50Air quality is considered satisfactory, and air pollution poses little or no risk.
Moderate 51-100Air quality is acceptable; however, for some pollutants there may be a moderate health concern for a very small number of people who are unusually sensitive to air pollution.
Unhealthy for sensitive groups 101-150
Members of sensitive groups may experience health effects. The general public is not likely to be affected.
Unhealthy 151-200Everyone may begin to experience health effects; members of sensitive groups may experience more serious health effects.
Very Unhealthy 201-300 Health alert: everyone may experience more serious health effects.
Hazardous >300 Health warnings of emergency conditions. The entire population is more likely to be affected.
Air Pollutant Index ( Station)
Nota / Note * = Habuk Halus (PM10) c = Ozon (O3) a = Sulfur Dioksida (SO2) d = Karbon Monoksida (CO) b = Nitrogen Dioksida (NO2) & = Lebih daripada satu pencemar .
Pengiraan IPU Nilai IPU dikira berdasarkan kepekatan purata setiap pencemar udara iaitu SO2, NO2, CO, O3 dan PM10. Pencemar udara yang dominan dengan kepekatan tertinggi diambilkira sebagai pencemar yang akan menentukan nilai IPU. Pada lazimnya, kepekatan habuk halus (PM10) adalah yang tertinggi berbanding dengan pencemar yang lain dan ini menentukan bacaan IPU.
QUIZWhat are the major types and sources of air pollution?
What are primary and secondary pollutants? Mobile and Stationary sources?
What is the history of air pollution?Should carbon dioxide be classified as an air pollutant?
QUIZWhat is photochemical smog? How does smog form? How big of a problem is it?
How is the smog problems different in developing and developed countries?
What factor influence the formation of smog? What are temperature inversions?
Take away assignment In a group of 8 students, you are require to prepare
a slide of disaster/accident/incident that are related with air pollution.
Eg: Bhopal/London smog/Malaysia haze/smog in cairo Use prezi@sparkol@video scribe only. (google) Submit before 14th jan 2016 Soft copy only. More picture entitle you to gain more marks. Use your creativity to discover the world. Good luck.
Current and Historical Air Quality
http://airnow.gov/U.S. Government Web Site With Up To Minute Air
Quality Data From Monitors Across the countryhttp://www.epa.gov/air/data/geosel.html
U.S. EPA Air Quality Data: Tons of data regarding air quality across the U.S.
http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/EPA report on air trends in U.S.
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