Chapter 2 Chapter 2 EcologyEcology
BIO Q.O.D.BIO Q.O.D.
•Define symbiosisDefine symbiosis
BIO Q.O.D.BIO Q.O.D.
•How is the growth rate How is the growth rate of a country of a country calculated?calculated?
What is Ecology?What is Ecology?•Study of Study of relationshipsrelationships & & interactionsinteractions among among organisms with each organisms with each other & environmentother & environment
Ecology – Why Study Ecology – Why Study it?it?
•The environment The environment is changing is changing
Global Warming
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1875 Pasterze
Glacier Austria
2004
Connection to usConnection to us
•40 million acres 40 million acres lost / year to lost / year to deforestation deforestation
•The US uses 20.7 million The US uses 20.7 million barrels of oil / daybarrels of oil / day
China uses China uses 6.5 million 6.5 million
Current PopulationCurrent Population
U.S. 311,345,590
China 1,339,724,852
India 1,210, 193,422
World 6,918,179,7785/13/11 http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html
History of Human Population History of Human Population TrendsTrends
1347-1351: Bubonic plaque killed 75 million people 1/3 of Europe’s Population
1800: Industrial Revolution = population explosion
1939-1945: 58 million people killed during WWII
1918: Spanish Flu killed 20-40 million people
2006: 2.9 million people die as a result of AIDS in Africa
1940-1950: Baby Boom in US
Growth Rates of Growth Rates of CountriesCountries
CountryCountry Growth RateGrowth RateAfghanistanAfghanistan 4.774.77BrazilBrazil 1.061.06PortugalPortugal 0.10.1United StatesUnited States 0.920.92KenyaKenya 2.562.56GermanyGermany 00
What affects population size?
IncreaseIncrease• ImmigrationImmigration•High birth High birth
ratesrates
DecreaseDecrease•EmigrationEmigration•CompetitionCompetition•PredationPredation•High death High death
ratesrates•DiseaseDisease
Limiting Factors
Levels of Levels of OrganizationOrganization
ss
Key Ecology TermsKey Ecology Terms
•Population:Population: Group of Group of same species living in an same species living in an areaarea
•Community:Community: All living All living things in an areathings in an area
•NicheNiche: an organism’s role : an organism’s role within the communitywithin the community
Key Ecology Terms (cont.)Key Ecology Terms (cont.)
•EcosystemEcosystem: biological : biological communitycommunity
•Habitat:Habitat: Where Where organisms liveorganisms live
•Biome:Biome: Group of Group of ecosystemsecosystems
How are we How are we connected?connected?
•Environment has many Environment has many interconnected factorsinterconnected factorsBiotic:Biotic: living factors living factorsAbiotic:Abiotic: nonliving nonliving factorsfactors
Community Community InteractionInteraction
SymbioticSymbiotic relationships relationships
1.1. Competition for Competition for resourcesresources
2. Predation: Predator 2. Predation: Predator
PreyPrey
3. Mutualism3. Mutualism
•Both organisms Both organisms benefitbenefit
Example:Example:Protists live inProtists live intermite gut & termite gut & helphelp
it digest woodit digest wood
Mutualism ExamplesMutualism Examples
4. Commensalism4. Commensalism• One organism benefits One organism benefits
other not affectedother not affectedExample:Example:Remora rides on Remora rides on sharks & sharks & eats food eats food scrapsscraps
Commensalism Commensalism ExamplesExamples
Barnacles on a whaleBarnacles on a whale
5. Parasitism5. Parasitism• One organism One organism
(parasite) benefits & (parasite) benefits & other (host) is harmedother (host) is harmed
• Parasite usually Parasite usually doesn’t kill hostdoesn’t kill hostExample:Example:Flea & DogFlea & Dog
Parasitism ExamplesParasitism Examples
Tick
“Myxi” disease
HIV
Other RelationshipsOther Relationships• Keystone SpeciesKeystone Species::
niche affects many niche affects many othersothers
• Invasive SpeciesInvasive Species:: introduced species introduced species can affect can affect native speciesnative species
Invasive Invasive SpeciesSpecies
Flow of Energy in Flow of Energy in EcosystemsEcosystems
•Energy Energy limits limits ecosystem ecosystem size and size and biodiversitybiodiversity
How Does Energy How Does Energy Flow?Flow?
1. Sun 1. Sun 2. Producers 2. Producers (Autotrophs)(Autotrophs)
– Photosynthesize Photosynthesize – Ex) plants, Ex) plants, algae algae
Review: AutotrophReview: Autotroph•AutoAuto means self means self
•TrophTroph means energy means energy
Autotrophs Autotrophs make own make own energy energy
Energy Flow (cont’d)Energy Flow (cont’d)
3. Energy goes to 3. Energy goes to consumers consumers
Aka. heterotrophsAka. heterotrophs•Can’t make own food, Can’t make own food, must eat other must eat other organismsorganisms
Types of ConsumersTypes of Consumers
•Primary ConsumerPrimary Consumer
herbivore:herbivore: •plant eatersplant eaters•Secondary ConsumerSecondary Consumer carnivore or omnivorecarnivore or omnivore
Types of Consumers Types of Consumers (cont)(cont)
•Carnivore:Carnivore: eat eat animalsanimals
•Omnivore:Omnivore: eat eat plants and plants and animalsanimals
Energy Flow (cont’d)Energy Flow (cont’d)
4. Last step of energy chain 4. Last step of energy chain decomposersdecomposers
•AKA detritivoresAKA detritivores
•Feed on dead & decaying Feed on dead & decaying mattermatter
Ex. bacteria, fungi -Ex. bacteria, fungi -
molds, mushrooms, wormsmolds, mushrooms, worms
Trophic LevelsTrophic Levels•11stst level level: producers: producers •22ndnd level level: primary : primary consumers consumers
•33rdrd level level: : secondary secondary consumersconsumers
Energy PyramidEnergy Pyramid
•Energy loss diagram Energy loss diagram •Greatest amount of Greatest amount of energy is available at energy is available at bottombottom
Energy Pyramid Energy Pyramid (Cont)(Cont)
•10% of energy is 10% of energy is transferred to next transferred to next levellevel
Food ChainFood Chain•Pathway of energy Pathway of energy through a communitythrough a community
Producers Producers Primary ConsumersPrimary Consumers Secondary ConsumersSecondary Consumers
DecomposersDecomposers
Food WebFood Web•Food chains Food chains connectedconnected in in a communitya community
Nutrient Cycles Nutrient Cycles within within
EcosystemsEcosystems
Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen Cycle
1. Animal waste & 1. Animal waste & decomposition put decomposition put nitrogen into soilnitrogen into soil
2. Bacteria in soil “fix” 2. Bacteria in soil “fix” nitrogen gas by converting nitrogen gas by converting it into ammoniait into ammonia
Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen Cycle
3. Ammonia is absorbed 3. Ammonia is absorbed by plants and used to by plants and used to make proteinsmake proteins
Water CycleWater Cycle
1. Evaporation & 1. Evaporation & transpiration put water transpiration put water into atmosphereinto atmosphere
2. Precipitation replaces 2. Precipitation replaces water that has water that has evaporatedevaporated
Water CycleWater Cycle
Oxygen & Carbon Oxygen & Carbon CycleCycle
•Photosynthesis & Photosynthesis & Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
•Producer - Producer - Consumer Consumer connectionconnection
Oxygen & Carbon Oxygen & Carbon CycleCycle
•COCO22 released into released into atmosphere by:atmosphere by:
•ConsumersConsumers•DecomposersDecomposers•Burning Burning fossils fuelsfossils fuels
Carbon CycleCarbon Cycle
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