Chapter 17Chapter 17Chapter 17Chapter 17
Key QuestionsKey Questions
1. How do we1. How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the
Union?Union?
1. How do we1. How do webring the Southbring the Southback into the back into the
Union?Union?
2. How do we 2. How do we rebuild the rebuild the
South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction
during the war?during the war?
2. How do we 2. How do we rebuild the rebuild the
South after itsSouth after itsdestruction destruction
during the war?during the war?
3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated
black freedmen?black freedmen?
3. How do we3. How do weintegrate andintegrate andprotect newly-protect newly-emancipatedemancipated
black freedmen?black freedmen?
4. What branch4. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of
Reconstruction?Reconstruction?
4. What branch4. What branchof governmentof governmentshould controlshould controlthe process ofthe process of
Reconstruction?Reconstruction?
Key Constitutional Question !!
13th Amendment13th Amendment Ratified in December, 1865.
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
President Lincoln’s PlanPresident Lincoln’s Plan10% Plan
A state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of voters (as counted in the presidential election of 1860) had taken an oath of allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation.
Proclamation of Amnestyand Reconstruction(December 8, 1863)
1864 “Lincoln Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR.
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Required 50% of the
number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).
Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials.
Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties.
SenatorBenjamin
Wade(R-OH)
Congr.Henry
W. Davis(R-MD)
Wade-Davis Bill (1864)Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
“Iron-Clad” Oath.
“State Suicide” Theory.
“Conquered Provinces” Position.
PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln
PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln
Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill
Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill
PocketPocketVetoVeto
PocketPocketVetoVeto
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.
Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.
Purpose of the Freedmen’s Purpose of the Freedmen’s BureauBureau• At the end of the war, the Bureau's main At the end of the war, the Bureau's main
role was providing emergency food, role was providing emergency food, housing, and medical aid to refugees, housing, and medical aid to refugees, though it also helped reunite families. though it also helped reunite families.
• Later, it focused its work on helping the Later, it focused its work on helping the freedmen adjust to their conditions of freedmen adjust to their conditions of freedom. Its main job was setting up work freedom. Its main job was setting up work opportunities and supervising labor opportunities and supervising labor contracts. contracts.
• It soon became, in effect, a military court It soon became, in effect, a military court that handled legal issues. that handled legal issues.
Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes
Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes
Plenty to eat and nothing to do.
Freedmen’s Bureau School
Freedmen’s Bureau School
*Biggest accomplishment of FB = Education!!!
President Andrew Johnson
President Andrew Johnson Jacksonian
Democrat.
Anti-Aristocrat.
White Supremacist.
Agreed with Lincolnthat states had neverlegally left the Union.
Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!
President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)
President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except
Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson)
In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.
Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.
EFFECTS?
1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations.3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!
Growing Northern Alarm!
Growing Northern Alarm! Many Southern state
constitutions fell short of minimum requirements.
Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons.
Revival of southern defiance.
BLACK CODES BLACK CODES
Black CodesBlack Codes Purpose:
* Guarantee stable labor
supply now that blacks
were emancipated.
* Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race relations.
Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].
Slavery is Dead?Slavery is Dead?
SharecroppingSharecropping
Tenancy & the Crop Lien System
Tenancy & the Crop Lien SystemFurnishing
MerchantTenant Farmer Landowner
Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.
Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncredit from merchant until the harvest.
Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.
Plants crop, harvests in autumn.
Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.
Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt.
Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.
14th Amendment14th Amendment Ratified in July, 1868. (Permanent fix
for Civil Rights?)
* Defined national citizenship to include former slaves (all persons born or naturalized in the US)
* Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people.
Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!
The 1866 Bi-ElectionThe 1866 Bi-Election
Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle”
A referendum on Radical Reconstruction.
Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around the country to push his plan.
Republicanswon a 3-1majority in bothhouses andgained controlof everynorthern state.
Waving the Bloody Shirt!Waving the Bloody Shirt!
Republican “Southern Strategy” – Remind the
voters of Southern treachery
Congress Breaks with the President
Congress Breaks with the President Congress bars Southern
Congressional delegates.
Joint Committee on Reconstruction created.
February, 1866 Presidentvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill.
March, 1866 Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.
Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1st in U. S. history!!
Quick Recap – Write this!!!Quick Recap – Write this!!!
• Summarize the main issue between Summarize the main issue between the Presidents and Congress the Presidents and Congress regarding Reconstructionregarding Reconstruction
• Summarize the 13Summarize the 13thth amendment amendment• Summarize purpose of the black Summarize purpose of the black
codescodes• Summarize sharecroppingSummarize sharecropping• Summarize the 14Summarize the 14thth amendment amendment
Congressional Reconstruction & Congressional Reconstruction & Legacy of ReconstructionLegacy of Reconstruction
Pages 575-584Pages 575-584
• Radical Plans for ReadmissionRadical Plans for Readmission• Impeaching the President?Impeaching the President?• Election of 1868Election of 1868• 1515thth Amendment Amendment• SharecroppingSharecropping• African American PoliticsAfrican American Politics
Radical Plan for Readmission
Radical Plan for Readmission Civil authorities in the territories
were subject to military supervision.
Required new state constitutions, including black suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments.
In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
Military Reconstruction Act
Command of the Army Act
Tenure of Office Act
Military Reconstruction Act
Military Reconstruction Act
The Tenure of Office ActThe Tenure of Office Act
Edwin Stanton
The Senate must approve any presidential dismissal of a cabinet official or general of the army.
Designed to protect radical members of Lincoln’s government.
Question of the constitutionality of this law.
President Johnson’s Impeachment
President Johnson’s Impeachment Johnson removed Stanton in February,
1868.
Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.
The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!
The Senate TrialThe Senate Trial
11 week trial.
Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).
Johnson the Martyr / Samson
Johnson the Martyr / SamsonIf my blood is to be shed If my blood is to be shed
because I vindicate the because I vindicate the Union and the Union and the preservation of this preservation of this government in its government in its original purity and original purity and character, let it be shed; character, let it be shed; let an altar to the Union let an altar to the Union be erected, and then, if be erected, and then, if it is necessary, take me it is necessary, take me and lay me upon it, and and lay me upon it, and the blood that now the blood that now warms and animates my warms and animates my existence shall be existence shall be poured out as a fit poured out as a fit libation to the Union.libation to the Union. (February 1866) (February 1866)
The Election of 1868The Election of 1868
The 1868 Republican Ticket
The 1868 Republican Ticket
The 1868 Democratic Ticket
The 1868 Democratic Ticket
1868 Presidential Election
1868 Presidential Election
President Ulysses S. GrantPresident Ulysses S. Grant
“Grant Our Citizen”
Galena, Illinois
Grant, Edwin Stanton (WarSecretary), and Lincoln
Grant’s Home – Galena Grant’s Home – Galena IllinoisIllinois
GrantGrantJulia Grant
Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South
Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South
Blacks in Southern PoliticsBlacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans.
Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867.
The 15th Amendment guaranteedfederal voting.
15th Amendment15th Amendment Ratified in 1870.
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!
The Balance of Power in Congress
The Balance of Power in Congress
StateWhite Citizens
Freedmen
SC 291,000 411,000
Miss 353,000 436,000
Louis 357,000 350,000
GA 591,000 465,000
AL 596,000 437,000
VA 719,000 533,000
NC 631,000 331,000
Black Senate & House Delegates
Black Senate & House Delegates
Colored Rule
in the South?
Colored Rule
in the South?
The “Invisible Empire of the South”
The “Invisible Empire of the South”
Enforcement Acts of 1870 & 1871 [also known as the KKK Act]
• The The Enforcement ActsEnforcement Acts were four acts were four acts passed from 1870 to 1871 that were passed from 1870 to 1871 that were meant to protect rights of all blacks meant to protect rights of all blacks following ratification of the Fourteenth following ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment, which entitled freedmen and Amendment, which entitled freedmen and all others born in the United States to full all others born in the United States to full citizenship. citizenship.
The Failure of Federal Enforcement
The Failure of Federal Enforcement Enforcement Acts of 1870 &
1871 [also known as the KKK Act]. Initially
successful but difficult to maintain enforcement….
Ideals
Supreme Court challenges
End of ReconstructionEnd of ReconstructionPages 585-598Pages 585-598
• Political IssuesPolitical Issues• Legal Challenges to 14Legal Challenges to 14thth/15/15thth
AmendmentsAmendments• Election of 1872Election of 1872• Panic of 1873Panic of 1873• Election of 1876Election of 1876• End of Reconstruction?End of Reconstruction?
Northern Support WanesNorthern Support Wanes “Grantism” & corruption.
Panic of 1873 [6-yeardepression].
Concern over westwardexpansion and Indian wars.
Key monetary issues:
* should the government retire $432m worth of “greenbacks” issued during the Civil War.
* should war bonds be paid back in specie (hard money) or greenbacks.
Legal ChallengesLegal Challenges The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)
Did the creation of the monopoly violate the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments?
No. The involuntary servitude claim did not forbid limits on the right to use one's property.
The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)
• The Slaughterhouse Cases, resolved by the U.S. The Slaughterhouse Cases, resolved by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1873, ruled that a citizen's "privileges Supreme Court in 1873, ruled that a citizen's "privileges and immunities," as protected by the Constitution's and immunities," as protected by the Constitution's Fourteenth Amendment against the states, were limited Fourteenth Amendment against the states, were limited to those spelled out in the Constitutionto those spelled out in the Constitution and did not and did not include many rights given by the individual states.include many rights given by the individual states. Thus, Thus, a state may grant business monopolies to some of its a state may grant business monopolies to some of its citizens but not to others without running afoul of the citizens but not to others without running afoul of the Constitution. Slaughterhouse was the Court's first Constitution. Slaughterhouse was the Court's first interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment, arguably interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment, arguably the most important addition to the Constitution after the the most important addition to the Constitution after the Bill of Rights.Bill of Rights.
Grant Administration Scandals
Grant Administration Scandals Grant presided over an era of
unprecedented growth and corruption.
The Election of 1872The Election of 1872 Rumors of corruption
during Grant’s first term discredited Republicans.
Horace Greeley runsas a Democrat/LiberalRepublican candidate.
Greeley attacked as afool and a crank.
Greeley died on November 29, 1872!
1872 Presidential Election
1872 Presidential Election
Popular Vote for President: 1872
Popular Vote for President: 1872
The Panic of 1873
The Panic of 1873
Caused by?
Commercial overspeculation
It raises “the moneyquestion.”
* debtors seek inflationarymonetary policy bycontinuing circulation of greenbacks.
* creditors, intellectuals support hard money. 1876 Greenback Party formed & makes gains in
congressional races The “Crime of ’73’!
And They Say He Wants a Third Term
And They Say He Wants a Third Term
1876 Presidential Tickets1876 Presidential Tickets
“Regional Balance?”“Regional Balance?”
1876 Presidential Election
1876 Presidential Election
The Political Crisis of 1877
The Political Crisis of 1877
“Corrupt Bargain”Part II?
COMPROMISE???COMPROMISE???• Compromise essentially stated that Southern Democrats Compromise essentially stated that Southern Democrats
would acknowledge Hayes as President, but only on the would acknowledge Hayes as President, but only on the understanding that Republicans would meet certain understanding that Republicans would meet certain demands. demands.
• REPUBLICANS WOULD:REPUBLICANS WOULD:– Remove all federal troops from the former Confederate Remove all federal troops from the former Confederate
States. States. – Appoint at least one Southern Democrat to Hayes's Appoint at least one Southern Democrat to Hayes's
cabinet. cabinet. – Construct another transcontinental railroad using the Construct another transcontinental railroad using the
Texas and Pacific in the South Legislation to help Texas and Pacific in the South Legislation to help industrialize the South.industrialize the South.
• DEMOCRATS WOULD:DEMOCRATS WOULD:– Accept Hayes's presidency. Accept Hayes's presidency. – Respect blacks' rights.Respect blacks' rights.
Hayes PrevailsHayes Prevails
Alas, the Woes of Childhood…
Alas, the Woes of Childhood…
Sammy Tilden—Boo-Hoo! Ruthy Hayes’s got my Presidency, and he won’t give it to me!
A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877
End (death?) of Reconstruction
Success or Failure?Success or Failure?
How would you defend both sides?How would you defend both sides?Summarize successes and Summarize successes and
failures!!! List and explain at least failures!!! List and explain at least three of each for Monday.three of each for Monday.
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