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Chapter 15Psychological Disorders
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Defining/Explaining Abnormal Behavior Anxiety Disorders Mood Disorders Dissociative Disorders Schizophrenia Personality Disorders Psychological Disorders and Health and
Wellness
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Abnormal Behavior
Behavior that is…
deviant (atypical) maladaptive (dysfunctional) personally distressing (despair)
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Theoretical Approaches
Biological Approach: Medical Model disorders with biological origins
Psychological Approach experiences, thoughts, emotions, personality
Sociocultural Approach social context
Biopsychosocial Model interaction of biological, psychological and
sociocultural factors
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DSM-IV Classification System
Advantages provides a common basis for communication helps clinicians make predictions naming the disorder can provide comfort
Disadvantages stigma (shame, negative reputation) medical terminology implies internal cause focus on weaknesses ignores strengths
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DSM-IV-TR Axes
Multiaxial System
Axis I and II: Psychological Disorders Axis III: General Medical Conditions Axis IV: Psychosocial/Environmental Problems Axis V: Current Level of Functioning
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DSM-IV-TR Axes
Multiaxial System
Axis I: 312.9 Disruptive Behavior Disorder
305.20 Cannabis Abuse Axis II: V71.09 No Diagnosis Axis III: Asthma, Diabetes Axis IV: Ecomonic, Education, Single mx Axis V: 51
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Global Assessment of Functioning
100-91 No symptoms
90-81 Absent or minimal symptoms (e.g., mild anxiety)
80-71 Expectable symptoms, slight impairment
70-61 Some mild symptoms/mild difficulty functioning
60-51 Moderate symptoms/moderate difficulty functioning
50-41 Serious impairment in functioning
40-31 Some impairment in reality testing/major impairment in many areas
30-21 Inability to function in most areas, hallucinations, delusions
20-11 Some danger of hurting self, impairment in communication
10-1 Persistent danger of hurting self, inability to function
0 Inadequate information
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Anxiety Disorders
…uncontrollable fears that are
disproportionate and disruptive
generalized anxiety disorder panic disorder phobic disorder obsessive-compulsive disorder post-traumatic stress disorder
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Diagnosis and Symptoms persistent anxiety for at least 6 months inability to specify reasons for the anxiety
Etiology biological factors
- genetic predisposition, GABA deficiency, respiration
psychological and sociocultural factors- harsh self-standards, critical parents, negative
thoughts, trauma
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Panic Disorder
Diagnosis and Symptoms recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror that
often occur without warning
Etiology biological factors: genetic predisposition psychological factors: misinterpret arousal sociocultural factors: gender differences
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Phobic Disorder
Diagnosis and Symptoms an irrational, overwhelming, persistent
fear of a particular object or situation (e.g., social phobia)
Etiology biological factors: genetic disposition psychological factors: learned
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Examples of Phobic Disorders
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Social Phobias in the U.S.
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Diagnosis and Symptoms persistent anxiety-provoking thoughts and/or
urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce a situation
Etiology biological factors: genetic predisposition psychological factors: life stress
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Diagnosis and Symptoms
Symptoms develop as a result of exposure to a
traumatic event, oppressive situation, natural or
unnatural disasters
- flashbacks
- constricted ability to feel emotions
- excessive arousal
- difficulties with memory and concentration
- feelings of apprehension
- impulsive outbursts
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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Etiology trauma
- combat and war-related
- sexual abuse and assault
- natural and unnatural disasters vulnerability
- previous history of trauma
- genetic predispositions
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Mood Disorders
…disturbance of mood that affects entire emotional state
Symptoms may include cognitive, behavioral, or physical symptoms interpersonal difficulties
Types major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder bipolar disorder
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Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Diagnosis and Symptoms
significant depressive episode that lasts for at least two weeks
defined by presence of at least 5 out of 9 symptoms
daily functioning is impaired
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Dysthymic Disorder (DD)
Diagnosis and Symptoms
chronic depression- unbroken depressed mood lasting at least two
years (adult) or one year (child)
fewer symptoms than MDD- defined by presence of 2 out of 6 symptoms
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Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Etiology biological factors: genetic disposition
- underactive prefrontal cortex
- regulation of neurotransmitters psychological factors:
- learned helplessness
- ruminating on negative, self-defeating thoughts
- pessimistic attribution sociocultural factors
- poverty
- gender differences
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Bipolar Disorder
Characterized by extreme mood swings Bipolar I and Bipolar II
Frequency and separation of episodes usually separated by 6 months to a year
Etiology strong genetic component swings in metabolic activity in cerebral
cortex levels of neurotransmitters
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Suicide
Prevalence
over 32,000 in year 2004
one completion for every 8 to 25 attempts
3rd leading cause of death in early adolescence
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Suicide
Biological factors low levels of serotonin poor health
Psychological Factors mental disorders trauma (recent/immediate and highly stressful) substance abuse
Sociocultural Factors chronic economic hardship cultural and religious norms gender differences
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When Someone is Threatening Suicide
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Dissociative Disorders
…sudden loss of memory or change in identity
Dissociation protection from extreme stress or shock problems integrating emotional memories
Types dissociative amnesia dissociative fugue dissociative identity disorder (DID)
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Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Amnesia individuals experience extreme memory
loss caused by extensive psychological stress
Dissociative Fugue individuals experience amnesia,
unexpectedly travel away, and sometimes assume a new identity
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Dissociative Identity Disorder
Diagnosis and Symptoms the same individual possesses two or more distinct personalities each personality has unique memories, behaviors, and
relationships only one personality is dominant at a time personality shifts occur under distress
Etiology extraordinarily severe abuse in early childhood social contagion mostly women runs in families
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Schizophrenia
highly disordered thought
split from reality (psychotic)
typically diagnosed in early adulthood
high suicide risk
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Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Positive Symptoms hallucinations and delusions thought disorders and disorders of movement
Negative Symptoms flat affect
Cognitive Symptoms attention difficulties and memory problems impaired ability to interpret information and
make decisions
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Etiology of Schizophrenia
Biological Factors genetic predisposition structural brain abnormalities regulation of neurotransmitters
Psychological Factors diathesis-stress model
Sociocultural Factors influence how disorder progresses
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Personality Disorders
Cluster A Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal
odd and eccentric Cluster B
Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic dramatic, emotional, or erratic
Cluster C Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive
anxious or fearful
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Personality Disorders
…chronic maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Diagnosis and Symptoms
- guiltless lawbreaking, violence, deceit
- impulsive, irritable, reckless, irresponsible
Etiology
- biological factors (genetic, brain, and ANS differences)
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Personality Disorders
Borderline Personality Disorder
Diagnosis and Symptoms instability in interpersonal relationships & self-image impulsive, insecure, unstable & extreme emotions
Etiology genetic childhood abuse irrational belief one is powerless, unacceptable, and that
others are hostile
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Psychological Disorders andHealth and Wellness
Stereotypes and Stigma
Rosenhan’s study - fake psychiatric patients
negative attitudes toward mentally ill
physical health risk
successfully functioning individuals with mental illness reluctant to “come out”
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Chapter Summary
Discuss the characteristics, explanations, and classifications of abnormal behavior.
Distinguish among the various anxiety disorders. Compare the mood disorders and specify risk
factors for depression and suicide. Describe the dissociative disorders. Characterize schizophrenia. Identify behavior patterns typical of personality
disorders. Explain the impact of the stigma associated with
mental illness.
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Chapter Summary
Abnormal Behavior deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressing
Theoretical Approaches biological, psychological, and sociocultural biopsychosocial
Classifying Abnormal Behavior DSM-IV-TR Axes advantages and disadvantages
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Chapter Summary
Anxiety Disorders
generalized anxiety disorder panic disorder phobic disorder obsessive-compulsive disorder post-traumatic stress disorder
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Chapter Summary
Mood Disorders major depressive disorder dysthymic disorder bipolar disorder suicide
Dissociative Disorders dissociative amnesia dissociative fugue dissociative identity disorder
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Chapter Summary
Schizophrenia positive, negative and cognitive symptoms etiology (biological, psychological, sociocultural)
Personality Disorders antisocial personality disorder borderline personality disorder
Psychological Disorders and Health & Wellness stigmas and stereotypes
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