Chapter 1 Sections 1.1 1.3 Dr. Iyad F. Jafar Introduction
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Outline Introduction History Classes of Computers Components of
Computer Technology Trends Moores Law Elements of Computer Design
What Will You Learn? A Sea of Change 2
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Introduction 3 The first use of the word "computer" was
recorded in 1613 in a book called "The yong mans gleanings" by
Richard Braithwait to refer to a person who carries out
calculations, or computations. The use of the word has evolved to
refer to a machine that carries out computations. A computer is a
general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a finite
set of arithmetic or logical operations.
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History 4 Abacus Slide Rule Mechanical Calculators AKAT-1
Analog Computer ELWAT Analog Computer
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History Size Power Perf. Memory Price YearName(ft 3
)(watts)(adds/sec)(1996 $) 1996Pentium0.5500400,000,00016 MB$4,400
Pro 200 1981IBM PC1150240,000256 KB$4,081
1976Cray-15860,000166,000,00032 MB$8,459,712 1965PDP-88500330,0004
KB $66,071 1964IBM 6010,000500,00064 KB $4,140,257 S360/50
1951Univac 11000124,5001,90048 KB$4,996,749 2009Core
20.540018,000,000,0008 GB $500 Duo E6850
2011i7-8700.540090,000,000,00016 GB $500
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Classes of Computers 6 Desktop computers General purpose,
variety of software Largest market in dollar terms Spans low-end to
high-end systems The key point in the desktop market is to optimize
price-performance Server computers High capacity, performance,
reliability Range from small servers to building-sized Most
expensive and powerful Network based Embedded computers Hidden as
components of systems Largest class of computers with widest range
of applications Real-time performance is required Combine the
optimal performance with cost/power limitations
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Processor Market 7 Millions of Computers This chart does not
include the low-end 8-bit and 16-bit embedded processors that are
everywhere
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Components of Computer 8 Processor Memory Devices Datapath
Control Store Programs and Data Input Output Keyboard, Mouse,
Scanner, Printer, Speaker, monitor Coordination for proper
operation Information processing and flow Computer
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Components of Computer 9 Inside the box
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Components of Computer 10 Read Section 1.3
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Components of Computer 11 A Motherboard
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Components of Computer 12 Inside the Processor Cache memory
Small fast SRAM memory for immediate access to data
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Technology Trends 13 Increased capacity and performance Reduced
cost YearTechnologyRelative performance/cost 1951Vacuum tube1
1965Transistor35 1975Integrated circuit (IC)900 1995Very large
scale IC (VLSI)2,400,000 2005Ultra large scale IC
(ULSI)6,200,000,000
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Moores Law 14 Moore's law is the observation that the number of
transistors on integrated circuits doubles every 18 to 24 months
(exponential growth) The capabilities of many digital electronic
devices are strongly linked to Moore's law: processing speed,
memory capacity, All of these are improving at (roughly)
exponential rates as wellprocessing speedmemory
capacityexponential
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Moores Law 15 SUN-4/260MIPS M/120 MIPS M2000 IBM RS6000 HP
9000/750 DEC AXP/500 IBM POWER 100 DEC Alpha 4/266 DEC Alpha 5/500
DEC Alpha 21264/600 DEC Alpha 5/300 DEC Alpha 21264A/667 Intel
Xeon/2000 Intel Pentium 4/3000
Elements of Computer Design 17 Instruction Set Architecture
(ISA) Computer Organization Hardware Implementation All what is
needed to write machine language programs that run correctly. This
includes instructions, registers, memory access, I/O,. Includes the
high-level aspects of a computer design; memory system, bus
structure, and the internal CPU design Refers to the specifics of
the machine in terms of logic and circuit design, and fabrication
and packaging technology. Computer Architecture (Covers all aspects
of computer design) Abstraction !
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What Will You Learn? 18 Processor Architecture Instruction Set
Architecture CPU Design Datapath Control Processor Performance
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A Sea of Change 19 Technology is continuously changing! Will
everything you learn in this course be obsolete next year? NO! (at
least not everything) Basic concepts stay the same CPU/Memory
interface Instruction execution Instruction sets Memory hierarchy
Even the details dont change too fast Caches, Virtual memory,
Pipelines all look similar to the way theyve always looked The
technology changes, the concepts remain
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The Sea of Change Section 1.6 Manufacturing the AMD Optron X4
Section 1.7 Further Reading 20