CHAPTER 1
OCCUPATIONAL ANALYSIS OF OIL & GAS INDUSTRY
1.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter explains problem statement of the Occupational Analysis (OA),
objectives and scope of the study. The background of OA and its functions in
skills training and curriculum development is also elaborated in this chapter.
1.2 INTRODUCTION TO OCCUPATIONAL ANALYSIS DEVELOPMENT
An Occupational Analysis (OA) is the process of identifying sub-sectors, job
areas and job titles for a particular industry in the form of Occupational
Structure (OS). It highlights other elements as well such as common job titles,
levels of competency and occupational descriptions of each job title. Every job
title is identified according to its level according to the Malaysian
Occupational Skills Qualification Framework (MOSQF) definition. However,
the occupational structure does not reflect the Organizational Structure but
rather the competency levels and possible career path for personnel under a
particular sector or industry.
The OA requires input from stakeholders especially industry players, statutory
bodies, training institutions among others. Job titles which are the OA findings
are useful information as a reference for the National Occupational Skills
Standard (NOSS) development. NOSS specifies standard of performance that
people are expected to achieve in their work, and the knowledge and skills
they need to perform effectively. The NOSS is developed as a resource for
individuals and organisations to improve their capacity and capability and can
be used to define job roles, measure staff performance and identify and
develop routes for progression and professional development.
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By developing NOSS, personnel in the industry can be certified through three
(3) methods of skills training certification. The first of the three methods is
certification through full time training from a minimum of 3 months for entry
level certificates (Malaysia Skills Certificate 1,2, and 3) or up until over a year
for Malaysian Skills Diploma or Advanced Diploma. The second method is via
the apprenticeship scheme which is called the National Dual Training System
(NDTS) where the candidate can undergo training for a certain block of time
then be attached to a company in the related industry as approved by the
Department of Skills Development, Ministry of Human Resources. The third
method is via Accreditation of Prior Experience where the candidates that
possess working experience may be able to be certified based on duration of
experience and proof of work. Therefore, the development of the OA and
subsequently the development of NOSS would provide wider opportunities
for personnel to be trained and certified. FIGURE 1.0 shows the significance of
the OA for policy and NOSS development in Malaysian skills training.
FIGURE 1.1: A COMPETENCY BASED MODEL FOR SKILLS TRAINING
IN MALAYSIA
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1.3 MALAYSIA OCCUPATIONAL SKILL QUALIFICATION FRAMEWORK (MOSQF)
MOSQF is a framework which describes skills qualifications awarded by the
Malaysian Skills Certification System. It is an 8-tier framework that consists of
8 levels which reflect skills competencies in an occupational area (FIGURE 1.2).
However, for training purposes, only the first 5 levels are being implemented
through skills qualifications, namely, Malaysian Skills Certificate (MSC) Level 1,
MSC Level 2, MSC Level 3, Malaysian Skills Diploma (MSD) Level 4 and
Malaysian Skills Advance Diploma (MSAD) Level 5.
LEVEL 8
Achievement at this level reflects the ability to develop original understanding and extend an area of knowledge or professional practice. It reflects the ability to address problematic situations that involve many complexes, interacting factors through initiating, designing and undertaking research, development or strategic activities. It involves the exercise of broad autonomy, judgement and leadership in sharing responsibility for the development of a field of work or knowledge, or for creating substantial professional or organisational change. It also reflects a critical understanding of relevant theoretical and methodological perspectives and how they affect the field of knowledge or work.
LEVEL 7
Achievement at this level reflects the ability to reformulate and use relevant understanding, methodologies and approaches to address problematic situations that involve many interacting factors. It includes taking responsibility for planning and developing courses of action that initiate or underpin substantial change or development, as well as exercising broad autonomy and judgment. It also reflects an understanding of theoretical and relevant methodological perspectives, and how they affect their area of study or work
LEVEL 6
Achievement at this level reflects the ability to refine and use relevant understanding, methods and skills to address complex problems that have limited definition. It includes taking responsibility for planning and developing courses of action that are able to underpin substantial change or development, as well as exercising broad autonomy and judgment. It also reflects an understanding of different perspectives, approaches of schools of thought and the theories that underpin them
LEVEL 5
Competent in applying a significant range of fundamental principles and complex techniques across a wide and often unpredictable variety of contexts. Very substantial personal autonomy and often significant responsibility for the work of others and for the allocation of substantial resources features strongly, as do personal accountabilities for analysis, diagnosis, planning, execution and evaluation.
LEVEL 4
Competent in performing a broad range of complex, technical or professional work activities, performed in a variety of contexts, and with substantial degree of personal responsibility and autonomy. Responsibility for the work of others and allocation of resources is often present.
LEVEL 3 Competent in performing a broad range of varied work activities, performed in a variety of contexts, most of which are complex and non-routine. There is considerable responsibility and autonomy, and control or guidance of others is often required.
LEVEL 2 Competent in performing a significant range of varied work activities, performed in a variety of contexts. Some of the activities are non-routine and required individual responsibility and autonomy.
LEVEL 1
Competent in performing a range of varied work activities, most of which are routine and predictable.
FIGURE 1.2: MALAYSIA OCCUPATIONAL SKILLS QUALIFICATION FRAMEWORK
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MOSQF serves as an instrument to recognise and award skills qualifications in
Malaysia based on a set of criteria according to National Skills Development
Act 2006 (Act 652). It is benchmarked against international good practices in
defining its level description and it was developed in line with the Malaysian
Qualifications Framework (MQF) as shown in FIGURE 1.3.
Qualification
Levels
SECTOR Life Long Learning
SKILLS Vocational & Training
Higher Education
8
Malaysian Skills Higher Meister
Doctoral Degree
Re
cogn
ition
Prio
r Lea
rnin
g (P
PT)
7
Malaysian Skills
Meister
Master's Degree
Postgraduate Certificate & Diploma
6
Malaysian Skills
Higher Advanced Diploma
Bachelor's Degree
Graduate Certificate & Diploma
5
Malaysian Skills Advanced Diploma
Advanced Diploma
Advanced Diploma
4
Malaysian Skills Diploma
Diploma
Diploma
3
Malaysian Skills Certificate 3
Vocational & Technical Certificate
Certificate
2
Malaysian Skills Certificate 2
1
Malaysian Skills Certificate 1
FIGURE 1.3: MALAYSIAN QUALIFICATIONS FRAMEWORK (MQF)
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1.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The existing OA was conducted in 2010 which included Petrochemical as part
of the industry. However, recently the Department of Skills Development has
re-categorised industries’ definition and based on the new definition,
Petrochemical is part of Chemical Industry. Further, the existing OA has also
included other industries which support Oil & Gas industry. As a result, the OA
did not really reflect the Oil & Gas Industry. The support industries are:
i. NDT
ii. Heating, Ventilation Air Conditioning (HCAV)
iii. Welding
iv. ICT
v. Telecommunication I
vi. Retails
vii. Logistic
viii. Chemical
ix. Tourism & Hospitality
x. Procurement
xi. Human Resources Job Area
xii. Occupational Safety, Health & Environment (OSHE)
In line with the government effort to develop Oil & Gas industry, the OA need
to be revised to represent current development status of the industry. The
need to revise the current OA is significant as the industry grows rapidly for
the last five years that change the occupational structure and occupational
area structure.
Various initiatives from government and private entities have influenced the
industry’s occupational structure. One of the prominent initiatives is Economy
Transformation Program which aims to transform Malaysia to become a
regional oil and natural gas storage, trading and development hub. This
programme attracts technical expertise especially Midstream services to
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participate in the industry grow. Therefore the need for the latest OA which
reflect the Oil & Gas industry is significant.
1.5 OBJECTIVES OF OIL & GAS INDUSTRY OCCUPATIONAL ANALYSIS
This study aims to review the current Occupational Analysis of Oil, Gas &
Petrochemical Industry that was conducted in 2010.
The specific objectives of this OA are:
i. To identify the Occupational Structure (OS) and job titles available in
the Oil & Gas industry
ii. To identify the levels of competency required at the entry levels until
the highest level of competency
iii. To identify the job scope, job area and role of each identified job title
including the possibility of multi-skilling between different areas as to
increase employability
iv. To identify the specific job titles that are considered critical and
require immediate development of Standards and Curriculum
1.6 SCOPE OF OCCUPATIONAL ANALYSIS
The OA focuses on the Oil & Gas Industry and all areas that are defined under
the Oil & Gas Industry. It covers activities related to Oil & Gas production from
exploration, until transportation of Oil & Gas to the refinery of petroleum
distillation. However processing activities in the refinery plants are NOT
INCLUDED in the OA, as refinery process has been covered and included in
Chemical OA. Detail scope as shown in FIGURE 1.4.
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This analysis will NOT INCLUDE industries or Job Area that supports Oil & Gas
as listed below:.
i. NDT
ii. Heating, Ventilation Air Conditioning (HCAV)
iii. Welding
iv. ICT
v. Telecommunication I
vi. Retails
vii. Logistic
viii. Chemical
ix. Tourism & Hospitality
x. Procurement
xi. Human Resources Job Area
xii. Occupational Safety, Health & Environment (OSHE)
The analysis findings are presented in the following scope:
i. Industry sub sector
ii. Occupational Structure (OS)
iii. Entry Level and Pathway
iv. Critical Job Titles
v. Occupational Area Structure (OAS)
vi. Occupational Description
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FIGURE 1.4: BOUNDARY OF UPSTREAM, MIDSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM ACCORDING TO ACTIVIIES
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1.7 THE SIGNIFICANT OF THE OIL & GAS OCCUPATIONAL ANALYSIS
In the light of recent intense development plans to make Malaysia as an
attractive market for higher-value services of Oil & Gas industry, the demand
for sufficient skilled personnel has increased and focused development of
skilled manpower is timely. With the clearly defined Occupational Structure,
the industry stakeholders will be able to identify areas that require more
intensive efforts in human capital development. Although there have been
past efforts in National Standards Development for the industry, the need for
an OA is required to determine the overall areas that have not been focused
on. The OS which is one of the analysis finding shall be used as a manpower
planning blueprint of the Oil & Gas Industry. Besides that, individuals and
general public may use the OA to plan their career in the industry.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 DEVELOPMENT OF OIL & GAS INDUSTRY IN MALAYSIA
2.1.1 Introduction
The global energy markets are constantly growing with the evolution of Oil
& Gas exploration, production, refining and petrochemical. A large quantity
of Oil & Gas is exported from regions, including Malaysia to different parts
of the world. There are many activities involved in the Oil & Gas industry.
This includes Oil & Gas exploring, drilling, developing, completing,
producing, field gathering, storing, transporting, refining, distributing, and
other supporting activities of the petroleum products.
2.1.2 Industry background
Petroleum exploration in Malaysia started at the beginning of the 20th
century in Sarawak when oil was first discovered in 1909 and first produced
in 1910. With the enactment Petroleum Development Act 1975, Petroliam
Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) was formed to carry out the role of the
custodian of petroleum resources, with rights to explore and produce
resources. Since then the industry has flourished to become one of the most
important economic sectors in Malaysia. In fact, the industry currently
contributes about 20 percent to Malaysia’s GDP (EPU, 2014) and has been
identified as a sector that will feature prominently in her future.
Malaysia’s oil reserves are the fifth largest in the Asia-Pacific region and one
of the 30 largest reserves in the world. Malaysia has proven oil reserves of
2.83 billion barrels and proven natural gas reserves of 37.16 Trillion Cubic
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Feet (TCF), as of January 2014. This represents 1.2 per cent of the world’s
natural gas reserves (2.35 trillion cubic metres). Malaysia was the second
largest exporter of liquefied natural gas after Qatar in 2012 (Source: World
LNG Report 2013).
The Government’s main objective is to increase aggregate production
capacity by five percent (5%) yearly up to the year 2020 to meet domestic
demand growth while sustaining crude oil and LNG exports to overseas
markets. In the Asia Pacific region, Malaysia aims to be the number one Oil
& Gas hub by 2017, taking advantage of its strategic location at key shipping
lanes as well as strong economic fundamentals in China, India and within
Southeast Asia.
Oil, Gas and Energy (OGE) was identified as one of the 12 National Key
Economic Areas (NKEAs) under the Economic Transformation Programme
(ETP) that was launched in 2011. The ETP formulated three-pronged
approaches that are
i) Sustain the production of O&G by spurring deep-water exploration
and Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) techniques as well as the
development of marginal fields
ii) Encourage continued downstream activities by making Malaysia a
regional storage and trading hub and unlocking premium gas
demand
iii) Growing O&G industry supporting services for both upstream and
downstream industries
The ETP has identified 12 Entry Point Projects (EPPs), as well as business
opportunities within the sector and these EPPs are expected to contribute
RM47.1 billion to Gross National Income (GNI) to meet the 2020 target.
Therefore, the NKEA is expected to deliver RM131.4 billion GNI impact and
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consequently, create additional 52,300 jobs within the sector. A significant
proportion of these jobs will be highly-skilled, with an estimation of 21,000
(40%) for qualified professional, e.g. engineers and geologists.
This focused and aggressive Malaysia Government’s initiative can only
succeed if the exploding rate of growth in industry is equally matched by a
similar exploding rate of Malaysian human capital knowledge, skills and
robustness to successfully deliver and effectively operate and maintain
these state-of-the-art infrastructures, plants and installations.
It is acknowledged that currently, there is a disturbing gap between the
needs of the Industry and the skills of the people that are supposed to
satisfy the Industry need. This disconnect is the main concern of this
Occupational Analysis, which is developed to bridge the needs of the
industry and the focus of governmental policies. The resulting analysis is an
occupational framework covering the three sectors of the Oil & Gas
industry; upstream, midstream and downstream.
With a clear vision in mind and being a cost –competitive environment, the
Malaysian Oil & Gas industry has fostered a sturdy culture of technical
excellence, entrepreneurial drive and innovation mind-set. This effort has
ensured the supply of a competent workforce with the requisite skills, to
cater not just for local but international market.
Definition of Oil & Gas Industry
The scope of the analysis presented in this document is the main value chain
and activities as defined in the Occupational Analysis Scope in Chapter 1, i.e
from exploration, production, until the processing of petroleum distillation
to become polymer product or known as cracker.
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Oil & Gas is defined as:
i. Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons that exists as a liquid in
natural underground reservoirs and remains a liquid when brought
to the surface. It consists of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of
various molecular weights, alongside other organic compounds.
ii. Natural gas is an odorless and colorless gas consisting primarily of
methane. Natural gas is often informally referred to as simply gas,
especially when compared to other energy sources such as oil or
coal. Gas can be associated with oil, or found alone.
iii. Liquefied Natural gas (LNG) is natural gas which has been converted
to liquid form for ease of storage or transport. It takes up about
1/600th the volume of natural gas in the gaseous state. It is odorless,
colorless, non-toxic and non-corrosive.
2.1.3 Industry Growth
a) Oil & Gas Production
To date, there have been discoveries of 163 oil fields and 216 gas fields
(Figure 3.0), which are covered by Production Sharing Contracts (PSCs). The
upstream activities (FIGURE 2.1) by 27 PSC Contractors created jobs for
20,000 people, while the scheme created business opportunities for more
than 4,000 Oil & Gas services companies in Malaysia.
U.S. Energy Information Administration estimates that in 2014, the increase
in the global supply of petroleum and other liquid fuels was almost twice
the increase in consumption, driven by Asia Pacific and the United States.
On the other hand, global demand for natural gas is expected to have risen
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by 2.2 percent per year by the end of 2019, according to the International
Energy Agency.
FIGURE 2.1 OIL & GAS FIELD BLOCK LOCATIONS IN MALAYSIA
Among the factors that contribute to the positive outlook is Malaysia’s
proximity to and increasing economic inter linkages with energy hungry
nations such as China, India and Japan and the robustness of local service
companies with competitive rates. According to data revealed by the
Finance Ministry, Malaysia’s net exports of crude oil have been on a
declining trend in the last 10 years. In 2005, Malaysia produced 60,000
barrels per day (bpd) and between January and November 2014 it was down
to 48,000 bpd. This is due to the normal maturation of existing reservoirs
and that most of the economically attractive fields are likely to have been
found and developed. Malaysia's domestic oil consumption has risen while
production has been falling over the past decade, leaving smaller volumes of
oil available for exports.
Steady declines in oil production has led to government efforts to
encourage investments in enhancing output from existing fields through
enhanced oil recovery. Malaysia is working on attracting new investments
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opportunities and reverse production declines via development of small
fields in developing small, marginal fields through Risk Service Contracts
(RSCs), and tapping into new oil and natural gas discoveries in deep water
offshore areas of Sarawak and Sabah basins.
Tapis Oil Field is one of seven mature fields offshore Peninsular Malaysia
that ExxonMobil and PETRONAS have developed as part of a 25-year
production-sharing contract. Under the agreement, which includes
provisions for the deployment of EOR, work is being carried out on seven
fields that are part of the Tapis Blend Crude Oil.
Oil & Gas production during the Tenth Malaysian Plan was sufficient to meet
the domestic demand growth. Domestic reserves have increased due to
continuous investments in the upstream sector. A string of prolific
discoveries and major projects set to come online between 2014-2018
would see local gas production continue on an upward trend. Nearly all of
these new projects are off the coast of Sarawak, East Malaysia, which will in
turn support LNG production growth at PETRONAS' LNG complex. The
power sector consumes about 74 percent of the Malaysia's natural gas
market sales, and demand for power especially in Peninsular Malaysia is
expected to increase. Rising domestic demand and LNG export contracts
place pressure on the gas supply, and Malaysia is actively investing in
reservoir development to meet these needs. Main export destinations of
our Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) are Japan, the Republic of Korea and
Chinese Taipei
Malaysia is now well on track to become the fourth deepwater Oil & Gas
hub in the world after Houston, Rio de Janeiro and Europe. Malaysia's
deepwater industry is largely developed and soon to be one of the four
deepwater hubs in the world. In the past two or three years, demand for
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deepwater in Asia Pacific has been great and Malaysia is focused in
developing this industry. There are supported by a number of fabrication
works for Malaysia's deepwater oilfields, namely Kikeh and Gumusut
including the manufacturing of flexible and umbilical pipes, spar and semi-
submersible, installations of vessels as well as manufacturing of subsea
well.
Key players in deepwater E&P include Technip, Malaysian Marine Heavy
Engineering, Sapura and Aker Kvaerner. Some of the major projects include
the Gumusut-Kakap oil development and the Kebabangan Northern Hub
development project (KBB) in Sabah. With an annual peak production of
135,000 barrels per day, the Gumusut-Kakap floating platform supplies up
to 25% of the Malaysia’s oil output. Meanwhile, Kebabangan (KBB) is an
integrated Production facility designed and built as a hub with gas,
condensate and crude oil processing facilities to cater for production from
the KBB Cluster fields and future tie-ins from other nearby deepwater
fields. Hydrocarbons from the platform will then be transported through a
pipeline to the Sabah Oil and Gas Terminal located onshore Kimanis,
Sabah.
b) Midstream and Downstream
The regional midstream logistics and downstream sectors (Figure 2.2) also
offer a positive growth outlook, as crude oil consumption in the Asian region
is expected to grow by 420 thousand barrels per day in each year from 2010
to 2015. The increased flow of hydrocarbons in the region will require
additional storage capacity (for shipment, sales and marketing and trading
purposes). At the same time, the region’s existing trading hub, Singapore, is
nearing full utilisation.
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Downstream processing (petrochemicals and refining) and marketing
industries are likely to also show at least modest growth levels. The
opportunity to expand the large installed petrochemical complexes in
Malaysia will depend on regional supply and demand balances as well as on
the opportunity to introduce process and product innovations. Likewise, the
pace of potential refinery expansion will be driven by regional supply-
demand balances.
Under the 11th Malaysia Plan, the downstream subsector development will
be anchored by the Pengerang Integrated Petroleum Complex (PIPC Project)
is expected to be operational by 2019. National petrochemical production
will be increased to 19.8 mtpa and refining capacity to 1.2 million bpd,
requiring investment worth RM125 billion. Investments in PIPC will include
development in refineries, petrochemical plants, crude oil and petroleum
products storage as well as trading. In addition, the complex will have a
1,220 MW co-generation power plant of which 620 MW will be utilised by
Refinery and Petrochemicals Integrated Development (RAPID) project
expected start-up mid-2016, and the remaining 600 MW exported to the
grid. The Government will provide support to construct essential
infrastructure such as roads, drainage, and utilities for this development.
The third project will be secured by the Johor Petroleum Development
Corporation during the Eleventh Plan to complement existing investments
by DIALOG-Vopak and PETRONAS. In addition, expansion of LNG liquefaction
plant in Bintulu, Sarawak is scheduled to be ready for operation in 2016.
In tandem with the Eleventh Plan, concerted efforts will be undertaken to
increase and enhance security of gas supply as follows:
i. Construction of additional pipeline from JDA to the gas receiving
terminal in Kerteh, Terengganu;
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ii. Development of RGT-2 in Pengerang, Johor;
iii. Commissioning of two floating LNG units offshore Sabah and
Sarawak;
iv. Continuous application of advanced technology to extract Oil & Gas
from matured and marginal fields;
v. Additional pipeline connections from offshore fields to the demand
centres in Kimanis and Kota Kinabalu, Sabah as well as Federal
Territory (FT) Labuan;
vi. Provision of alternative bypass through multiple links in the event of
any platform shutdown;
vii. Establishment of a pipeline connection between SSGP and FT
Labuan; and
viii. Strengthening of National Strategic Reserve to reduce risk of gas
curtailment during unplanned events through the following
measures:
A swing field from offshore Peninsular Malaysia will provide 10%
buffer of total supply volume between 100-200 mmscfd into gas
processing plant in Kerteh, Terengganu to cater for east coast
and southern Peninsular Malaysia demand;
RGT-1 to have a 15% buffer of storage capacity to cover west
coast Peninsular Malaysia demand centres.
Distribution of natural gas to scattered demand areas in Peninsular Malaysia
and Sabah will be improved through the virtual pipeline, which is the
distribution of natural gas from city gate to consumers using trucks. A total
of 41 prime mover trucks and 102 trailers are expected to be in service for
this purpose. Industrial users in these areas are expected to be able to
produce products at a lower energy cost. Alternative distribution methods,
which are safe and economic, will also be explored.
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c) Oil Field Services and Equipment (OFSE)
The Asian market for oil field services has grown by approximately 20
percent per year over the last decade, primarily driven by the shift towards
more technically challenging fields, e.g. deepwater, and increases in the
price of oil, which has boosted industry margins. The sector outlook
continues to be bright, driven by the upbeat outlook for offshore
exploration activity in Southeast Asia, tight gas developments across Asia
and the liquefied natural gas (LNG) boom in Australia.
The market for OFSE in the region is quite fragmented, with most of the
players setting up operations in Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and
Thailand. This is unlike Europe and America, where OFSE activities are
centred around hubs such as Aberdeen, Stavanger and Houston. This
presents an opportunity for Malaysia, as most of Malaysia’s offshore
producing fields are more mature than those of our Southeast Asian
neighbours (i.e., Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam). This means that there
will be significant opportunities for maintenance and replacement of
assets, in addition to development of new fields, which will continue to
drive growth in this subsector.
There are more than 3500 local companies serving 40 different activities in
the domestic Oil & Gas industry. Approximately 90% of the turnover for the
local services companies is derived from domestic jobs of which 84% of the
total turnover is from services and 16% from manufacturing. Many major
global machinery & equipment (M&E) manufacturers have set up bases in
Malaysia to complement home-grown M&E companies, while other
Malaysian Oil & Gas companies are focused on key strategic segments such
as marine, drilling, engineering, fabrication, offshore installation and
operations and maintenance (O&M).
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With a mature upstream hydrocarbons industry, the country possesses a
strong ecosystem of services and equipment companies that support the
needs of the Oil & Gas value chain, both domestically and regionally. The
period between 2011 and 2014 saw a significant increase in capital
expenditure directed toward enhanced oil recovery and marginal field
developments. Throughout this period, there is a clear trend of services
and equipment companies acquiring assets while also expanding their
services capabilities.
2.1.4 Industry players
In 1974, under the ambit of the Petroleum Development Act 1974 (“PDA”),
the Government of Malaysia proposed the creation of a national oil
company to safeguard the country’s Oil & Gas resources. Petroliam Nasional
Berhad (PETRONAS) was formed on September 6, 1974,and all petroleum
resources in the country came under the responsibility of PETRONAS to
develop according to commercial requirements while taking into
consideration the socio-economic needs of the country.
Besides PETRONAS, there is also a large pool of other Oil & Gas players in
Malaysia, comprising international oil companies, independents, services
and manufacturing companies. Having established themselves in Malaysia
for many years, these companies provide a whole range of services,
technologies as well as investments to support the continuing growth of the
Oil & Gas industry in Malaysia, and the region.
The presence of international oil companies as well as PETRONAS’
stewardship of domestic Oil & Gas players have created a strong ecosystem
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of services and manufacturing companies that are able to support the needs
of the Oil & Gas value chain both domestically and regionally.
a) The National Oil Company – Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS)
Despite being a company incorporated under the Malaysian Companies Act
1965, PETRONAS is wholly owned by the Government of Malaysia and acts
as the regulator and the licensing authority for the Malaysian upstream Oil
& Gas industry. By virtue of the PDA and the Petroleum Regulations 1974
(“Regulation”), PETRONAS has the exclusive right of exploring, winning and
producing petroleum in Malaysia (“Owner”).
As a result of the enactment of the Exclusive Economic Zone Act 1984, such
rights and ownership above are now extended to all petroleum resources
found within the exclusive economic zone of Malaysia, which is an area
beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea of Malaysia to a distance of two
hundred nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the
territorial sea is measured.
Any person who intends to carry out upstream operations (i.e. the
exploration, development and production of Oil & Gas) must conclude a
production sharing contract (“PSC”) with PETRONAS or farm-in to an existing
PSC. Furthermore, any person who wishes to supply any goods or service to
operators for such upstream operations must seek the issuance of specific
licences from (or register with) PETRONAS and comply with licensing
requirements of PETRONAS.
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The PETRONAS upstream business comprises five key portfolios:
• Malaysia Petroleum Management (MPM) is entrusted to manage
Malaysia’s petroleum resources to protect and maximise long-term
value to PETRONAS and the nation.
• Upstream Malaysia focuses on maximising the value of domestic
resources.
• Upstream International functions as an autonomous unit for delivering
international growth to PETRONAS.
• LNG Trading & Marketing drives trading and marketing of LNG in key
markets in Asia, Europe and the Americas and energy commodities
trading in the UK and Europe.
• Global LNG Projects delivers PETRONAS' LNG projects domestically and
internationally, including Train 9, Floating LNG 1 & 2, GLNG Australia,
PNWLNG Canada and LNG carriers within the approved budget and
timeframe.
Principal Subsidiaries: Asean Bintulu Fertilizer SdnBhd; Malaysia LNG
SdnBhd; PETRONAS CarigaliSdnBhd; PETRONAS DaganganSdnBhd;
PETRONAS Gas SdnBhd; PETRONAS Khidmat Sdn Bhd; PETRONAS Marine
SdnBhd; PETRONAS Penapisan (Melaka) SdnBhd; PETRONAS Penapisan
(Trengganu) Sdn Bhd.
b) Oil & Gas Operators in Malaysia
There are a few local and international operators involved in the upstream
exploration and production activities in Malaysia. Operators are licensed to
explore, develop and/or produce crude oil and natural gas via production
sharing contracts (PSCs) or risk sharing contracts (RSCs)
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PETRONAS Carigali Sdn. Bhd. remains the main local operator in Malaysia.
The international Oil & Gas companies such as Murphy, Exxon, Shell, Hess
and Talisman also play a significant role in the exploration and production of
Oil & Gas in Malaysia together with PETRONAS CarigaliSdn. Bhd.
c) Oilfield services & equipment (OFSE) companies
The major OFSE companies in Malaysia for the supply of services engaged
by the Operators includes UMW, Technip, Petrofac, Halliburton Baker
Hughes, Schlumberger and Aker Solutions.
OFSE companies also provide support services throughout the industry, such
as;
• Fabrication and construction of platforms
• Deep sea drilling services
• Other drilling and casing services
• Other drilling and casing services
• Vessel / marine support
• Pipe coatings
• Well completion
• Operations and maintenance of facilities
• Field review and optimisation
• Retrofit services
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d) Storage terminals
Facilities that store crude or refined oil. Companies include Vopak, Vitol
and Dialog
e) Refineries/ Gas Processing Plants / Petrochemical plants
Facilities that refine crude oil, natural gas and petrochemicals. Companies
include PETRONAS, Shell, Idemitsu, PETRONAS GAS, San Miguel
Corporation
f) Distribution terminals
Facilities that store refined products. Companies include Caltex, Vopak,
Shell, San Miguel Corporation, Vitol, PETRONAS Dagangan
g) Transportation
Transports oil/gas from extraction sites (via Shipping and Pipelines).
Companies include Intecsea, Maersk, MISC, PETRONAS Gas
h) Retail distribution
Distribution, marketing and retailing of petroleum and petroleum
products. Companies include PETRONAS Dagangan, Shell, San Miguel
Corporation.
24
2.1.5 Oil & Gas Associations in Malaysia
Over the years a number of Oil & Gas associations has been established to
provide a forum for discussion on issues of common interests among the Oil
& Gas players. Among the associations established include the following
non-exhaustive list;
i. Malaysian Gas Association (MGA)
ii. Malaysian Oil & Gas Engineering Council (MOGEC)
iii. Malaysian Oil & Gas Services Council (MOGSC)
iv. Malaysian Offshore Constructors Association (MOCA)
v. Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers (FMM)
vi. Institute of Materials Management, Malaysia (IMM)
vii. Association of Marine Industries of Malaysia (AMIM)
viii. Malaysian Offshore Vessels Owners Association (MOSVA)
ix. Malaysian Petrochemicals Association (MPA)
As Oil & Gas industry involve various discipline and skills areas, therefore
many other governmental agencies and associations have been established
to support Oil & Gas industry;
i. Malaysia Petroleum Resource Corporation (MPRC)
ii. Talentcorp
iii. MIDA
iv. MATRADE
v. EPU
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2.1.6 Statutory and Regulatory Body
Statutory and Regulatory body of Oil & Gas in Malaysia are:
• Energy Commission (Suruhanjaya Tenaga, ST)
• Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB)
• Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH)
• Public Works Department
• Standard International Research Instutute of Malaysia (SIRIM)
• National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH)
2.1.7 Industry Policy, Acts, Regulation and Standard
a) Policies, Governing Bodies and Development Plan for Oil & Gas
Industry
i. In Malaysia, energy policy for the upstream sector is determined
by the Economic Planning Unit (“EPU”) and the Implementation
and Coordination Unit (“ICU”). Both functions report directly to the
Prime Minister of Malaysia.
ii. Economic Transformation Programme (ETP)
ETP main aims is to elevate the country to developed-nation status
by 2020, through the implementation of 12 National Key Economic
Areas (NKEAs) representing economic sectors and Oil & Gas
industry is one of the NKEA. The Oil, Gas and Energy NKEA is set up
to achieve an annual growth rate of 5% in the sector up to year
2020, transform Malaysia into a regional oil trading and storage
hub as well as ensuring long-term energy supply security to the
domestic market. As the national oil company, PETRONAS will lead
26
the charge in this NKEA, supported by major industry players such
as Shell, ExxonMobil and Royal Vopak which have contributed to
considerable investments in this sector.
Government ministries and agencies such as the Ministry of
Energy, Green Technology and Water (KeTTHA), Ministry of
International Trade and Industry (MITI), Malaysian Petroleum
Resources Corp (MPRC) and Sustainable Energy Development
Authority (SEDA) also play key roles in developing this NKEA.
Thirteen (13) Entry Point Projects (EPP) were identified under the
Oil, Gas and Energy NKEA. Out of these 13 EPPs, Seven (7) EPPs are
dedicated to Oil & Gas, while another Six (6) EPPs are under the
Energy sector.
EPP 1 Rejuvenate Existing Field through Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) EPP 2 Developing Marginal Field through Innovative Solution EPP 3 Intensifying Exploration Activities EPP 4 Building a Regional Storage and Trading Hub EPP 5 Unlocking Premium Gas Demand in Peninsular Malaysia EPP 6 Encouraging Investment in the Oil & Gas Service and Equipment (OGSE)
Industry EPP 7 Taking Local Oil & Gas Services & Equipment Companies to the Global
Stage EPP 8 Attracting MNCs to Set Up Operation in Malaysia and Partner with Local
Firms EPP 9 Improving Energy Efficiency EPP 10 Building Up Renewal Energy and Solar Power capacity EPP 11 Deploying Nuclear Energy for Power Generation EPP 12 Tapping Malaysia’s Hydroelectricity Potential EPP 13 Increase Petrochemical Outputs
FIGURE 2.2: GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE OF THE OIL, GAS AND ENERGY NKEA
27
iii. Malaysia Petroleum Resources Corporation (MPRC)
MPRC was formed in 2011 as an agency reporting direct to Prime
Minister’s Department to promote, catalyse and transform the Oil
& Gas services sector to become stronger entities in the industry.
The goal is to position Malaysia to be the number one Oil & Gas
hub in the Asia Pacific region by 2017. MPRC’s initiatives include
talent and technology development, encouraging foreign and
domestic investment and promotional activities such as
participating in international events and conducting business
missions to target markets.
iv. The 11th Malaysia Plan (11MP)
The Eleventh Malaysia Plan, 2016-2020, is the final leg in the
journey towards realising Vision 2020, with the theme, 'Anchoring
Growth on People'. The five-year plan reaffirms the government's
commitment to the people, and the belief that growth cannot be
measured by economic success alone. The 11MP also looks beyond
2020 with Malaysia to remain as an open economy, regionally and
globally integrated post-2020. It is coordinated by EPU and is based
on the following Six Thrusts:
a) Enhancing inclusiveness towards an equitable society;
b) Improving well-being for all;
c) Accelerating human capital development for an advanced
nation;
d) Pursuing green growth for sustainability and resilience;
e) Strengthening infrastructure to support economic
expansion; and
f) Re-engineering growth for greater prosperity.
28
With regard to Oil & Gas industry, the government has mandated that
the development of the Pengerang Integrated Petroleum Complex will
be continued in 2016 with an investment of RM 53 billion. On a larger
scale, the economic agenda outlined in the Eleventh Plan is expected to
create 1.5 million jobs by 2020, with targeted improvements in labour
productivity and reduced dependency on low-skilled foreign workers,
both of which are a result of the continuous shift from labour-intensive
to knowledge- and innovation-based economic activities. 60% of the
jobs that will be created are expected to require TVET-related skills.
For 11MP, RM 1 billion will be allocated to the Skills Development Fund.
Through this programme, TVET graduates will have the opportunity to
secure high paying jobs in sectors such as Oil & Gas, aviation
engineering, shipping and automotive.
b) Legislations Applicable to the Oil & Gas Industry in Malaysia
The principal legislations which form the foundation of the development of
the Oil & Gas industry in Malaysia are the Petroleum Development Act 1974
(PDA), the Petroleum Regulations 1974 (Petroleum Regulations) and the Gas
Supply Act 1993 (GSA). The PDA applies to all activities in the value chain of
the Oil & Gas industry in Malaysia, except for the supply of gas through the
pipelines to consumers, which is regulated by the GSA.
Under the PDA, Petroliam Nasional Bhd (PETRONAS) was formed on Sept 6,
1974 to safeguard the country's Oil & Gas resources. PETRONAS is vested
with the entire ownership of, as well as rights, privileges and benefits in
relation to exploring and producing Oil & Gas, offshore and onshore in
Malaysia. Following a restructuring exercise in 2014, all functions relating to
upstream regulation and governance relating to domestic Oil & Gas is
29
exercised by a division within PETRONAS known as the Malaysia Petroleum
Management (“MPM”).
There are other laws and regulations which make up the general framework
governing the Oil & Gas exploration and production industry in Malaysia.
They are the Petroleum (Safety Measures) Act 1984 (PSMA) and the
regulations made there under, which govern the transportation, storage and
handling of oil and oil products, and the Environmental Quality Act 1974
(EQA), which is the main legislation governing the protection of the
environment and the prevention of oil spills and pollutants on land and in
Malaysian waters. As many of Malaysia’s oilfields are situated in its
exclusive economic zone, the Exclusive Economic Zone Act 1984 (EEZA),
which governs activities in Malaysia’s exclusive economic zone and
continental shelf, also plays a key part in regulating oil activities in Malaysia.
There are a number of other statutes, ordinances and regulations applicable
to the industry including but not limited to the following:
i. Mineral Development Act 525 of 1994
ii. Atomic Energy Licensing Act 1984;
iii. Communications and Multimedia Act 1998;
iv. Continental Shelf Act 1966;
v. Customs Act, 1967;
vi. Environmental Impact Assessment Order 1987 (EIA)
vii. Excise Act, 1976;
viii. Factories and Machinery Act, 1967;
ix. Federal Constitution of Malaysia 1957;
x. Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952;
xi. Occupational Safety and Health (Safety and Health Officer)
Regulations 1997;
xii. Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514);
30
xiii. Petroleum (Income Tax) Act 1967;
xiv. Petroleum (Safety Measures) Act 1984; and
xv. Protected Areas and Protected Places Act 1959
c) Oil & Gas Industry contracts
Apart for the above listed legislations, there a number of contractual
documents involved in the Oil & Gas industry business. These documents
include the following:
i. Contracts between the Owner and Operators
a) Production Sharing Contract (“PSC”) / Risk Service Contract
(“RSC”);
b) Joint Operating Agreement (“JOA”) (and Financial Procedure)
c) Joint Study Agreement;
d) Data Exchange Agreement; and
e) Farm in Agreement (and the Signature Bonus).
ii. Contracts between the Operator and the Contractor/Sub-Contractors
a) Non- Disclosure / Confidentiality Agreement;
b) Agency Agreement;
c) Services Contracts various exploration and productions activities
including the Drilling Contracts, Work-overs and other Oilfields
Services Contracts;
d) Front-End Engineering Design (“FEED”) Contracts;
e) Engineering, Procurement, Construction, Installation and
Commissioning (“EPCIC”) contracts;
f) Bareboat Charters Agreement;
g) Manpower Supply Agreements or Secondment of Manpower
Agreement;
31
h) Project Development and Management Agreement; and
i) Operations and Maintenance Agreement.
The above list is by no mean exhaustive, and differs from project to
project and the contracting out of the above contracts by the PSC/RSC
Operator to third party contractor will normally require the prior
approval of the Owner.
2.2 INDUSTRY SUPPLY AND DEMAND ANALYSIS
2.2.1 Overview
The Oil & Gas industry in Malaysia will continue to experience for many
years to come unprecedented levels of activity, with major projects
requiring unprecedented numbers of skilled and specialist workers despite
uncertain of global Oil & Gas price.
To meet the goals of the ETP and transform Malaysia into an Asia-Pacific
Oil & Gas centre by 2017, this will require the industry’s contribution to
increase to about $70 billion by 2020. MIDA has been facilitating this
expansion, approving 13 Oil & Gas projects for the first seven months of
2014, with a projected investment value of almost $5 billion. This is an
increase over the more than $2 billion of investment in the industry in
2013.
It is clear that Malaysia may not have sufficient skilled workers to achieve
its economic objectives. A skilled workforce not only bring skills to the job,
but are also workers who can be re-trained and upskilled as and when
necessary. Although Malaysia enjoys some demographic advantages that
32
can help meet labor demand, improving the quality of skills will be critical
for reducing supply and demand skill mismatches.
Presently, the talent base of the workforce of Malaysia has lagged behind
the standard of high-income nations. The country suffers from a shortage
of skilled workers, weak productivity growth stemming from a lack of
creativity and innovation in the workforce, and an over-reliance on
unskilled and low-wage migrant workers (National Economic Advisory
Council, 2010). In 2010, 58.0% of the Malaysian labour force had only a
secondary level education, 13.2% had primary level education and 2.6%
had no formal education. That implies nearly three-quarters (73.8%) of the
Malaysian labour force in 2010 is low-skilled. An also noteworthy point is
that more than 47% of non-Malaysian citizens in the labour force, i.e.
migrant workers, had only a primary level education.
Employers’ over-reliance on unskilled and cheap foreign labour has led to
inadequate growth of skilled workers in the labour market. As a result,
only 25% of Malaysia’s labour force is composed of highly skilled workers,
as compared to significantly higher proportions in Singapore, Chinese
Taipei and Korea. The inadequately educated labour force of Malaysia has
become the main obstacle to business operations and growth. Businesses
in Malaysia, including SMEs, face increasing difficulties in recruiting and
retaining skilled workers at the technical, supervisory and managerial
levels (National SME Development Council, 2012). Such difficulty has
intensified as the mismatch between skills needed by the labour market
and those acquired by job seekers has worsened. More than 40% of firms
have reported vacancies for skilled production worker positions (World
Bank, 2009). The main reason given by the firms for this long process is
that the applicants did not have the required basic skills or the right
technical skills needed to carry out the jobs in question. The evidence of
33
skills mismatch is further indicated by the relatively high unemployment
rate of graduates. A survey by the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) in
2008 shows that about a quarter of graduates of university and colleges
remained unemployed six months after completion of their studies. For
those who secured jobs, almost one-third were in jobs at a lower skill level
than they were trained for (National Economic Advisory Council, 2010).
Based on study conducted by the World Bank on Malaysia, although jobs
created in the past were for skilled professionals (high and medium skills),
a large number of jobs available (about 44 per cent) is still low-skilled.
Although there are a large number of vacancies of low-skilled jobs they
are not appealing to Malaysians due to low salaries and uncomfortable
working conditions. This resulted in a huge inflow of low-skill foreign
workers, estimated at 1.8 million in 2010, to fill the gap. The country
produces numbers for skill workers, but absorption into the industry is an
issue.
A survey by PwC in 2013, identifies that lack of available candidates with
right technical skills and employable skills are the main reasons for non-
ability to be employed by the candidate. This means that the candidates
lacks in terms of technical competency and employable skills points to
character and additional skills need to perform work. In the PwC Annual
CEO survey (2013), 57% CEO’s say that “creating and fostering a skill
workforce” is the top three priorities for governments.
The midstream sector of Malaysia is beset with shortage in professionals
and skilled manpower in various maritime support services activities.
Currently, Malaysian shipping companies are highly dependent on foreign
crew and there is an urgent need to address the need to recruit and train
local seafarers to correct the imbalance.
34
EPP 6 of the Business Services Sector of the ETP aims to developing
Malaysia as a Shipbuilding & Ship Repair Hub hopes to remedy this
situation. Part of it aims to develop in-country design capabilities for
Offshore Support Vessels (OSV) by training up to 160 engineers and
technicians in shipbuilding and ship repair. As a result of this EPP, the
industry created 262 new jobs in 2014, exceeding a target of 240.
Globally, the sector is plunged with similar issue of increasing skill gaps
due to the lack of growth in individuals graduating with maritime related
engineering, science and technology degrees. Over the last decade, those
graduating in naval architecture, have increased by an average of 0.61%
year on year, and maritime technology by a mere 0.6%.
What is sure is that, the human capital development approach must take
on a new approach. The current workforce has to be re-skilled, re-tuned
(mindset) and re-positioned (migrate), to the high income industries that
needs the skill set. A holistic and sustainable approach will be able to meet
the changes in the current need of the industry. Malaysia must manage
the talents to deliver higher value, only then they will be able to be in the
high income industry.
35
2.2.2 Job Opportunities
Through Economy Transformation Program (ETP), the government has
identified 8 Entry Point Projects (EPPs), as well as two business
opportunities within the Oil & Gas sector and expected to create an
additional 52,300 jobs in the oil, gas and energy sectors.
The following projects are just a few examples of the billions of dollars
being invested in Malaysia’s Oil & Gas industry.
i. Between 2011 and 2014, Malaysia saw a significant increase in capital
expenditure directed towards enhanced oil recovery and marginal field
developments.
a) PETRONAS continues to rejuvenate existing oil fields through the
enhanced oil recovery (EOR). For this, it has identified 10 potential
EOR projects offshore Malaysia and implemented its first RM10bil
EOR technology at the Tapis field offshore Terengganu.
b) In 2014, oil extraction from marginal fields was given a boost with
the award of small field risk-service contracts to several private
firms for the development and production of the Tanjong Baram
field, located about 6km offshore Sarawak, while another was
awarded to a joint venture for the development of the Ophir field
offshore Peninsular Malaysia.
ii. There has been a series of major deepwater discoveries in the Sabah
region (Gumusut/Kakap and Malikai), boosting Malaysia’s remaining
commercial reserves.
36
iii. The projected rise in the country’s LNG industry will provide the
foundation for some 27,000 new jobs, the bulk of which is
concentrated to support the construction of fixed and floating
elements of gas re-gasification and processing projects in Johor and
Sabah-Sarawak.
iv. A major source of new production growth will come from East
Malaysia when new liquefaction capacity – Train 9 at Bintulu, FLNG 1
and FLNG 2 – will commence from 2017 to 2020.
v. Most noteworthy, the Refinery and Petrochemical Integrated
Development (RAPID) will account for the largest green field
investment in Malaysia. Located within the Pengerang Integrated
Petroleum Complex (PIPC) in Johor, the facility - which will house a
300,000 bpd-capacity crude oil refinery – is strategically located for
easy access to regional demand centres in China and India. It will also
include a naphtha cracker with a combined production capacity of
three million tonnes of C2, C3, C4 and C5 olefins. There will also be
further development of 22 downstream plants.
vi. Aims to complement Singapore and together elevate the region into a
hub similar to the Amsterdam-Rotterdam-Antwerp (ARA). This would
create a robust value chain in the areas of refining capacity,
independent storage and blending capacity as well as access to
markets. The Pengerang Independent Terminal equipped with deep-
water facilities, started its operation in April 2014 and will boast a total
storage capacity of five million cubic metres upon completion of all
phases. Another oil terminal; Tanjung Bin, will undergo its second
phase of expansion in 2015 and expected to increase another 260,000
cubic metres of its storage capacity.
37
vii. The Sabah Oil & Gas Terminal (SOGT) is already in full-fledged
operation since April, 2014, and its commissioning process was done
where Oil & Gas was being piped to the SOGT on a trial basis.SOGT
receives and processes crude oil as well as receive, compress and
transport natural gas produced from fields offshore Sabah, namely
Gumusut/Kakap, Kinabalu Deep and East, Kebabangan and Malikai.
viii. The under construction 500km SSGP will transport gas from the SOGT
in Kimanis to Bintulu for processing into liquefied natural gas (LNG) at
the PETRONAS LNG Complex for export. The pipeline system also has
provisions for future domestic consumption in Sabah and Sarawak.
ix. Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) awarded the Pan Malaysia
Integrated Offshore Installation Contract covering domestic upstream
Oil & Gas offshore Transportation and Installation (T&I) activities for a
period of three years commencing Year 2014. The total work value
under this contract is estimated to be almost RM 10 billion, spread
over four packages, and was awarded to three capable local offshore
installation contractors (OICs) namely TL Offshore Sdn. Bhd, PBJV Sdn.
Bhd and GOM Resources Sdn Bhd.
38
2.2.3 Current and Future Trend
Main challenges faced by global Oil & Gas companies are operating cost
and skill shortage (Asia Rigzone, 2014). Therefore, employment
opportunity for Oil & Gas professionals and skilled talents fairly bright
despite the uncertain oil price globally. Hays’ January – March 2014
Report Guide mentioned there is strong hiring demand in several
segments in Asia’s Oil & Gas industry. They are:
• Subsea / SURF (subsea, umbilicals, risers and flowlines): Senior
Project managers, Estimators, Proposals Engineers
• Original Equipment Manufactureres: Sales Managers, Project
Engineers (Electrical and instrumentation)
• Geosciences & Petroleum Engineering: Reservoir Engineer, Senior
Geophysicists and Geologists, Senior Drilling Engineer.
• Engineering, Procurement Construction/ Design Engineering: Design
Engineer, EPC Project Managers
• Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR): Driller, advanced IT Related jobs due
to increased use of IT in modern rigs (Asia Rigzone, 2014)
In addition, the development of many liquefied natural gas (LNG) projects
in Malaysia and abroad has created a need for specialized skills in LNG
area. Under development of PETRONAS-operated floating LNG (FLNG)
projects to be located offshore East Malaysia and the Royal Dutch Shell-
operated Prelude GLNG development of Western Australia (RigZone,
2014)
39
2.2.4 Technology Development
This section elaborates the various technological segments prevalent or
upcoming in the global Oil & Gas Industry that has potential ramifications
on the local-regional offshore scene. Several notable niches such as
seismic exploration and enhanced oil recovery are excluded from this list
as they have little tangible application to the skill levels being studied in
this work.
Malaysia is home to over 3500 Oil & Gas service providers, and this fact
alone has put the strength in numbers in the country’s favor. This
opportune is evident during OTC 2015, when Malaysian Oil & Gas
companies/exhibitors generated approximately RM 3.5 billion of potential
sales to major players (MATRADE, 2015).
By streamlining interests on technological developments that are
trending, local service providers may be able to position themselves to
capture the vast market space of the global Oil & Gas scene. The sub
section briefs below showcase several trending or upcoming niches that
would involve tandem technological and workforce skill development that
are highly applicable for the Malaysian Oil & Gas industry. Each main point
represents a broad niche which may overlap up to downstream.
It is the important but constantly undermined role of field men to drive
the practical need and input that will be subsequently fulfilled by their R &
D counterparts; rather than blindly producing methods that will not work
outside the comfort of their labs.
40
a) Unmanned Operations via Robotic Technology
Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV) are seen favorable for use in water
depths that are too deep for human divers. The objective is then to identify
ROV systems that can be developed to reliably operate in a cost effective
way for such work involving (Johnson, 2011):
• Limited intervention vessel availability
• Long distance offsets
• Drilling Riser inspection and BOP guidance
• Assets that may have ice cover
• FPSO inspections
• Removing/replacing sensors
• Valve operations
The customization of ROVs come as probably the greatest potential for
research and development through development of purpose built tools
that will enable any work class ROV to perform the intrinsic specialized
work that is required, say, in a subsea operation such as to perform
rotary actuation of subsea manifolds (valve handling tool) or to perform
hot stabbing for an undersea hydraulic connection, just to name a few
(Hartley).
Another upcoming trend is that of the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
for use in obtaining an overall picture (birds eye view) of a site or for
inspection in hard to reach areas (such as under deck of an offshore
structure, or at its air-gap)
Integration into existing yards, robotic based ship hull/shell structure (i.e.
silo tanks, pressure chambers, etc…) inspection is highly utilized in
mature ship building countries such as South Korea.
41
Autonomous intelligent sensor array for structural integrity monitoring of
offshore assets as well as plant equipment/modules (i.e. strain gauge
pressurized chamber, etc…)
b) Deepwater Technologies
Deepwater fields are constantly being pushed to ever greater water depths,
requiring ever more heavy duty engineering solutions to meet the demands
of the sheer depth and large environmental forces, all of which are typically a
great distance away from shore. Floating structures are constantly being
applied to extract hydrocarbon resources at deepwater and ultra-deepwater
alongside support from subsea systems where warranted. The areas of
interest for deepwater technologies can be generically categorized as such
(but not limited to) :
• Innovative deepwater platform concepts and streamlining
complex operations
• Techniques for simulation / modelling of complex non-linear
phenomena
• New methods of Riser and moorings in concepts, design and
procedures
• Subsea systems (up-skilling workforce to cope with advancements
and know-how)
• Deepwater drilling (dynamic positioning, requirement for
precision workers, etc.)
• Flow assurance (control of additives to prevent solidification, etc.)
• Adequate means for servicing the complex network of subsea and
floating facilities
• Acquisition of metocean/environmental data and the consequent
big data management
42
• Technologies in pipe lay technology, and subsea equipment
alongside efficient procedures for optimal and safe operations in
deep sea conditions
c) Oil Spill Prevention and Control
Past experiences have highlighted that there is no effective way to
contain and clean up major oil spills. Realistic programs should be
formulated to minimize the probability of major spills and its impact on
the environment. Part and parcel of the variables in play by major players
on a global scale are as such :
• Tighten design rules and codes at an international level for
tankers, pipelines and offshore systems.
• Setting up of contingency plans and cleanup support readily
mobilized in the case of a spill
• Development of better fundamental understanding of the ocean
spill interaction with the devices used for cleanup, in the sense to
design more efficient systems.
d) Marginal Field Technologies
As fields are being pushed towards ever deeper waters, some operators
are taking a second look at shallow water marginal fields. These fields
have to satisfy certain criteria to be deemed feasible for development. In
a volatile oil price environment, technologies are constantly being
developed to enable the profitable extraction of oil from such reservoirs.
Several development areas of interest include:
• Minimal structural systems
• Unmanned platform systems
• Application of floating structures to marginal field developments
43
• Enhanced oil recovery
• Reuse of structures / engineering reusable structures
• Reduced cost and environmental friendly solutions for small-
medium fields
• Efficient hydrocarbon transport solutions from remote small fields
to shore processing terminals.
e) Decommissioning
- The global upstream Oil & Gas industry is going to face a formidable
challenge in removing nearly 6000 platforms over the next 25 years,
covering the entire spectrum of platforms from small structures to their
heavy deepwater counterparts. Several challenges has been laid ahead,
some of them being listed as such (but not limited to) :
• Techniques of evaluation for various decommissioning options
• Innovative and sustainable alternative use of decommissioned
platforms
• Environmental & pollution potential consideration in
decommissioning (i.e. energy use estimates, waste monitoring,
etc.
• Management, recovery and disposal of drill cuttings
f) Artic Exploration
• Early 1980s first saw great interest in Artic based research and
developments which died of towards the late 1980s. This trend
picked up again in the early 2000s when global warming paved
the way for the access in The Northern Sea Route for some
commercial ships. The industry now is looking to exploit the vast
oil and natural gas deposits in Artic seas which has propagated
44
technology based research-development on ice-going ships and
Artic structures.
• Current global industry focus, generically can be subdivided into
three main areas (Development of Artic Offshore Technology,
2016)
Construction Materials technology:- i.e. application of
concrete in Artic Structures
Ice-structure interaction models and development of
techniques related to ice model testing and measurements of
ice forces
Artic Fixed and Floating Systems and all associated support
functions for artic development
45
CHAPTER 3
OCCUPATIONAL ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter emphasises on the methodology and the instrument applied
throughout the OA development.
3.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND INSTRUMENT
3.2.1 Literature Review
Literature Review is carried out to gain basic information related to Oil &
Gas industry. The scope covers current analysis of the industry in term of
government initiatives, current job market, the regulatory body, policies and
act related to the industry as well as main industry players.
3.2.2 Industrial Experts
Industrial expert panels were identified to represent all industry segments.
The present of these expert panels to ensure the development of the OA is
current and relevant. A list of expert panels who involve in this OA as
ANNEX 1
3.2.3 Brainstorming Sessions
Brainstorming sessions were carried out with the industry expert panels
who represent the whole industry segments. The following processes have
been conducted:
46
i. Identification of industry scope and boundaries
The industry scope and boundaries is set up to eliminate the
possibility of duplication between common areas. Further, the OA
should not represent organizational chart which normally include
many other industries such as procurement, logistic, human
resources, OSHE and other areas. Detail industry boundary as per
FIGURE 1.4
ii. Identification of Sub Sector, Area and Job Area
Sub sector is a sub set of the industry which comprises of Area and
Job Area.
iii. Identification of Job Titles
The Job Title is determined based on common practice within the
industry. It is based on consensus from the industry expert panels.
iv. Identification of Level of the Job Titles
Leveling of each Job Title is determined based on the level of
competency required to perform the tasks. The level of competency
as per described in FIGURE 1.2
v. Occupational Area Analysis (OAA)
The occupational area analysis is a process of analyzing the job scope
of a particular area to ensure the job titles are described based on
common in the industry, as well as based on their job scope.
vi. Occupational Description (OD) Development
The Occupational Description refers to the detailed description of
main job scope of the job title. It is developed using the following
methods:
47
a) Determine the main areas in the sub sector
b) Identify the job title
c) Identify the job scope.
The Occupational Description statement consists of a Verb, Object and
Qualified. This format to assist I n facilitating NOSS development of the job
Area.
3.2.4 Other Research Findings
Latest research findings related to Oil & Gas labour market have also been
analysed and referred as a supporting document especially in determining
the Critical Job Titles.
3.3 DOCUMENTATION OF THE FINDINGS
The findings are presented in a form of table to describe the following
aspects:
i. Occupational Structures (OS)
The OS shows the industry Sub Sector, Area, Job Area and Job Title.
It features the pillar of each job area and the career path.
ii. Occupational Area Structure (OAS);
The OAS is the output of Occupational Area Analysis which aimed to
confirm that job titles have similar competencies.
48
iii. Critical Job Area
Critical Job Area reflects the shortage of manpower in certain Job
Area. Skill training will be addressed to cater the current needs as
well as middle term and long term planning.
iv. Occupational Descriptions
Occupational Description explains Job Definition and Job Description
of each Job Titles. This information is very useful for all
stakeholders. General public may use this information to plan their
career pathway in Oil & Gas industry.
Flow chart of OA Development as in FIGURE 3.1
49
FIGURE 3.1: OA DEVELOPMENT FLOWCHART
50
CHAPTER 4:
OCCUPATIONAL ANALYSIS FINDINGS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the analysis findings. The findings are presented
through Table. Each table is elaborated through discussion by highlighting
the significant information and trend. The findings focus on the following
aspects:
i. Industry sub sector
ii. Occupational Structure (OS)
iii. Entry Level and Pathway
iv. Critical Job Titles
v. Occupational Area Structure (OAS)
vi. Occupational Description
4.2 INDUSTRY SUB SECTOR
The Oil & Gas industry is divided into THREE (3) sub-sectors which are
Upstream, Midstream and Downstream.
4.2.1 Upstream Sub Sector
This sub sector is commonly known as the exploration and production
(E&P). The Upstream sub sector in Malaysia is considered matured sub
sector as it started when oil was discovered by Shell in 1909 in Miri Sarawak.
The activities started with exploration, followed by appraisal. If the appraisal
result shows that there is a potential Oil & Gas accumulation at sub-surface
(below ground or seabed) either onshore (on land) or offshore (at sea)
51
environments, further development is executed. Development activities
include well drilling, structure development, pipeline development, piping
and storage and distribution. The upstream activities purely concentrate on
the exploration and producing the oil or gas from the subsurface of the
earth. Summary of the Occupational Structure (OS) of the three main sub
sector of the Oil & Gas industry as illustrates in TABLE 1.0.
TABLE 1.0: SUMMARY OF UPSTREAM SUB SECTOR
SUB SECTOR AREA JOB AREA
1. UPSTREAM 1. EXPLORATION
1. PROSPECTING 2. DRILLING 2. APPRAISAL 1. EVALUATION & ASSESSMENT 2. RESERVOIR ENGINEERING 3. SURVEILLANCE ENGINEERING 4. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 5. WELL COMPLETION ENGINEERING 6. WELL TESTING
7. ECONOMIC
3. DEVELOPMENT & PRODUCTION
1. WELL DRILLING
2. PIPELINE
3. STRUCTURE 4. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 5. PIPING 6. INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL 7. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 8. MATERIAL & CORROSION 9. PROCESS 10. PROCESS SAFETY 11. HOOK-UP & COMMISSIONING (HUC) 12. QAQC
13. ENGINEERING/ TECHNICAL DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT
14. PLATFORM OPERATION & MAINTENANCE 15 PLATFORM INSPECTION 16. STORAGE & DISTRIBUTION
52
As illustrate in TABLE 1.0, key activities of upstream are Exploration,
Appraisal, Development and Production. In the Exploration and Appraisal
areas, the relevant work opportunities in these job areas include
evaluation/interpretation, reservoir engineering, surveillance engineering,
production technology, well completion engineering, well testing and
economics. While, in the Development and Production areas, the key
activities cover drilling, pipeline, structural, mechanical, piping,
instrumentation & control, material & corrosion, process, process safety,
hook-up & commissioning (HUC), quality control, document management,
platform operations & maintenance and storage & distribution..
4.2.2 Midstream Sub Sector
This sub sector involves managing the transportation (by pipeline, rail,
barge, oil tanker or truck) of hydrocarbon from fields to refineries and/or to
storage areas. Pipelines and other transport systems can be used to move
crude Oil & Gas from production sites to refineries and various refined
products to downstream distributors. Natural gas pipeline networks
aggregate gas from natural gas purification plants and deliver it to
downstream customers, such as local utilities.
In Malaysia Midstream sub sector is still new. Earlier, this sub sector
overlapped with downstream sub sector. However this sub sector is
expanding in line with the global development of midstream sub sector. In
this midstream sub sector, key activities involve to the move crude Oil & Gas
from production sites to refineries and various refined products to
downstream distributors locally and internationally through pipeline or
offshore vessel. TABLE 2.0 shows six (6) job areas in this sub sector which
are engineering, fabrication, HUC, Operation & maintenance, deck
Operation and Marine Engineering
53
TABLE 2.0: SUMMARY OF MIDSTREAM SUB SECTOR
SUB SECTOR AREA JOB AREA 2. MIDSTREAM 1. PIPELINE 1. ENGINEERING 2. FABRICATION 3. HOOK UP & COMMISSIONING (HUC) 4. OPERATIONS & MAINTENANCE 2. OFFSHORE VESSEL 1. DECK OPERATIONS 2. MARINE ENGINEERING
4.2.3 Downstream Sub Sector
This sub sector commonly refers to the refining of petroleum crude oil and
the processing and purifying of raw natural gas in oil and gas or known as
petroleum distillation processing. The activities include transporting of
crude oil and gas from Midstream to the downstream plant. However,
activities related to refinery and petrochemical processing is NOT INCLUDE
in this OA.
The relevant areas of the downstream include construction & engineering,
operations and maintenance (O&M) and plants operations with Nineteen
(19) Job Area as shown in TABLE 3.0.
54
TABLE 3.0: SUMMARY OF DOWNSTREAM SUB SECTOR
SUB SECTOR AREA JOB AREA 3. DOWNSTREAM 1. CONSTRUCTION AND 1. CIVIL
ENGINEERING 2. STRUCTURAL
3. ELECTRICAL
4. MECHANICAL
5. PROCESS
6.COMISSIONING 7. INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL 8. MECHANICAL PIPING 9. MECHANICAL ROTATING 10. MECHANICAL STATIC
11. ENGINEERING/ TECHNICAL DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT
2. OPERATION AND 1. CIVIL
MAINTENANCE 2. ELECTRICAL
3. MECHANICAL 4. PIPING 5. INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL 3. PETROLEUM 1. GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION
DISTILLATION PROCESS 2. GAS PROCESSING
3. POLIMER PRODUCT PROCESSING
55
4.3 OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE (OS)
Occupational Structure of Oil & Gas industry shows that the industry has
476 job titles. Detail of job titles as presented in OS Table according to sub
sector.
4.3.1 Occupational Structure of Upstream Sub Sector
The Upstream sub sector comprises of 255 Job titles in three (3) areas which
are Exploration, Appraisal and Development & Production. Relevant work
opportunities in these job areas include evaluation & interpretation,
reservoir engineering, surveillance engineering, production technology, well
completion engineering, well testing and economics which require
graduates with minimum university degree, and/or trained and experienced
geologists, geophysicists, petrophysicists, drilling engineers, reservoir
engineers, production engineer, and equivalent technical professionals are
essential to perform the job successfully.
However, in the Development and Production areas, the entire job areas
require graduates with basic engineering degree in civil, mechanical,
electrical, petroleum or equivalent, and later trained as drilling engineer,
well completion engineer, well testing engineer, tool pusher, pipeline
engineer, structural engineer, mechanical engineer, piping engineer,
instrumentation & Control engineer, electrical engineer, material engineer,
process technologist, civil technologist, civil engineer, quality assurance
(QAQC) engineer, HUC engineer, document controller, platform
superintendent, and facility manager to execute the work effectively. In
addition, trained and competent technical support team of technicians,
specialists, mechanics, operators and equivalent skilled workers are also
critical to contribute and assist the above technical professionals. Detail
56
Occupational Structure (OS) of Upstream as illustrate in TABLE 4.1, TABLE
4.2 and TABLE 4.3
4.3.2 Occupational Structure of Midstream Sub Sector
The Midstream sub sector comprises of 50 Job Titles. The key technical
positions are in areas of pipeline and offshore vessels. The relevant job
areas such as engineering, fabrication, hook-up & commissioning,
operations & maintenance, deck operations and marine engineering require
graduates with minimum university degree in civil, mechanical, electrical,
petroleum, chemical engineering, and equivalent technical qualifications.
These professionals could be trained in their respective job areas as pipeline
engineers and management and technical seafarers and their experiences
are essential to perform the job well.
The job opportunities are also available for trained and competent technical
support team of technicians, specialists, mechanics, draughtsman, operators
and equivalent skilled workers are also critical to contribute and assist the
above technical professionals. Seafarers support team members also include
non-university graduates. Most of the Level 1 which refers to helper are
general labour. Detail Occupational Structure (OS) of Upstream as illustrate
in TABLE 5.0
4.3.3 Occupational Structure of Downstream Sub Sector
The Downstream sub sector comprises of 171 Job Titles. The relevant areas
of the downstream construction& engineering, downstream operations and
maintenance (O&M), plants operations and quality assurance require
graduates with minimum university degree in civil, mechanical, electrical,
petroleum, chemical engineering, and equivalent technical qualifications. As
57
in the other job sectors, these professionals could be trained in their
respective job areas as civil, structural, electrical, instrumentation/control,
mechanical, piping, mechanical rotating, mechanical static, process, design,
project safety, technology, gas pipeline transmission, gas processing, oil
refinery, petrochemical engineers, and also included logistic & distribution
and quality assurance personnel whose experience is important to
undertake the work successfully.
Work available are for trained and competent technical support team of
superintendents, buyers, expeditors, quality control inspectors, cost
controllers, document controllers, construction supervisors, chargeman,
draughtsman, electricians, foremen, technicians, maintenance technicians
of each of the work discipline, supervisors of each of the work discipline,
laboratory technicians for gas processing/oil refinery/petrochemical,
assistant chemists, transmission operators, riggers, fitters, welders, mason
and other equivalent skilled workers that are critical to support the above
technical professionals. . Detail Occupational Structure (OS) of Upstream as
illustrate in TABLE 6.1, TABLE 6.2 and TABLE 6.3
58
TABLE 4.1: OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE (OS) OF UPSTREAM SUB SECTOR (EXPLORATION AREA)
SECTOR OIL & GAS
SUB-SECTOR UPSTREAM
AREA EXPLORATION
JOB AREA PROSPECTING DRILLING
LEVEL 8 GENERAL MANAGER
CUSTODIAN GEOPHYSICIST
GENERAL MANAGER
CUSTODIAN GEOLIGIST
GENERAL MANAGER
CUSTODIAN PETROPHYSICIST
GENERAL MANAGER
CUSTODIAN DRILLING ENGINEER
NO LEVEL
LEVEL 7 SENIOR MANAGER
PRINCIPAL GEOPHYSICIST
SENIOR MANAGER
PRINCIPAL GEOLOGIST
SENIOR MANAGER
PRINCIPAL PETROPHYSICIST
SENIOR MANAGER
PRINCIPAL DRILLING ENGINEER
RIG SUPERINTENDENT
LEVEL 6 GEOPHYSICIST GEOLOGIST GEOLOGIST (PETROPHYSICIST) DRILLING ENGINEER TOOL PUSHER
LEVEL 5 SENIOR TECHNICIAN SENIOR DRILLING TECHNICIAN DRILLER
LEVEL 4 TECHNICIAN DRILLING TECHNICIAN DERRICK MAN (RIGGER)
LEVEL 3 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL JUNIOR DRILLING TECHNICIAN MOTOR MAN/
PUMP MAN (RIGGER)
LEVEL 2 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL ROUGH NECK (RIGGER)
LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL ROUSTERBOUT (RIGGER)
Critical Job Title
59
TABLE 4.2: OCCUPATIONAL SRUCTURE (OS) OF UPSTREAM SUB SECTOR (APPRAISAL AREA)
SECTOR OIL & GAS
SUB-SECTOR UPSTREAM
AREA APPRAISAL
JOB AREA EVALUATION AND INTERPRETATION RESERVOIR ENGINEERING SURVEILLANCE
LEVEL 8 GENERAL MANAGER
CUSTODIAN GEOPHYSICIST
GENERAL MANAGER
CUSTODIAN GEOLIGIST
GENERAL MANAGER
CUSTODIAN PETROPHYSICIST
GENERAL MANAGER
CUSTODIAN RESERVOIR ENGINEER
GENERAL MANAGER
CUSTODIAN SURVEILLANCE ENGINEER
LEVEL 7 SENIOR MANAGER
STAFF / PRINCIPAL
GEOPHYSICIST
SENIOR MANAGER
PRINCIPAL GEOMODELLER
SENIOR MANAGER
PRINCIPAL PETROPHYSICIST
SENIOR MANAGER
PRINCIPAL RESERVOIR ENGINEER
SENIOR MANAGER
PRINCIPAL SURVEILLANCE ENGINEER
LEVEL 6 GEOPHYSICIST GEOLOGIST GEOLOGIST RESERVOIR ENGINEER SURVEILLANCE ENGINEER
LEVEL 5 SENIOR TECHNICIAN
LEVEL 4 TECHNICIAN
LEVEL 3 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
LEVEL 2 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
Critical Job Title
60
SECTOR OIL & GAS
SUB-SECTOR UPSTREAM
AREA APPRAISAL
JOB AREA PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY WELL COMPLETION WELL TESTING OIL AND GAS ECONOMICS
LEVEL 8 GENERAL MANAGER
CUSTODIAN PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGIST
GENERAL MANAGER
CUSTODIAN WELL
COMPLETION ENGINEER
GENERAL MANAGER
CUSTODIAN WELL
TESTING ENGINEER
PETROLEUM COMMERCIAL
MANAGER
LEVEL 7 SENIOR MANAGER
PRINCIPAL PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGIST
SENIOR MANAGER
PRINCIPAL WELL
COMPLETION ENGINEER
SENIOR MANAGER
PRINCIPAL WELL
TESTING ENGINEER
SENIOR PETROLEUM ECONOMIST
LEVEL 6 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIST WELL COMPLETION ENGINEER WELL TESTING ENGINEER PETROLEUM ECONOMIST
LEVEL 5 PRODUCTION ENGINEERING SENIOR TECHNICIAN
WELL COMPLETION SENIOR TECHNICIAN SENIOR TECHNICIAN NO LEVEL
LEVEL 4 PRODUCTION ENGINEERING TECHNICIAN
WELL COMPLETION TECHNICIAN TECHNICIAN NO LEVEL
LEVEL 3 PRODUCTION OPERATOR WELL COMPLETION OPERATOR NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
LEVEL 2 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
61
TABLE 4.3: OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE (OS) OF UPSTREAM SUB SECTOR (DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION AREA)
SECTOR OIL& GAS SUB-
SECTOR UPSTREAM
AREA DEVELOPMENT & PRODUCTION
JOB AREA WELL DRILLING PIPELINE STRUCTURE
LEVEL 8 GENERAL MANAGER
DRILLING CUSTODIAN ENGINEER
NO LEVEL
WELL COMPLETION CUSTODIAN ENGINEER
WELL TESTING CUSTODIAN ENGINEER
GENERAL MANAGER
PIPELINE CUSTODIAN ENGINEER
GENERAL MANAGER
STRUCTURAL CUSTODIAN ENGINEER
LEVEL 7 SENIOR MANAGER
PRINCIPAL DRILLING ENGINEER
RIG SUPERINTENDENT
PRINCIPAL WELL
COMPLETION ENGINEER
PRINCIPAL WELL TESTING
ENGINEER
SENIOR MANAGER
PRINCIPAL PIPELINE
ENGINEER
SENIOR MANAGER
PRINCIPAL STRUCTURAL
ENGINEER
LEVEL 6 DRILLING ENGINEER TOOL PUSHER WELL
COMPLETION ENGINEER
WELL TESTING ENGINEER PIPELINE ENGINEER STRUCTURAL ENGINEER
LEVEL 5 SENIOR DRILLING TECHNICIAN DRILLER
SENIOR WELL COMPLETION TECHNICIAN
SENIOR WELL TESTING
TECHNICIAN
PIPELINE DESIGNER
PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
SUPERINTENDENT
STRUCTURAL DESIGNER
STRUCTURAL FABRICATION
SUPERINTENDENT
LEVEL 4 DRILLING TECHNICIAN DERRICK MAN (RIGGER)
WELL COMPLETION TECHNICIAN
WELL TESTING TECHNICIAN
PIPELINE SENIOR DRAUGHTSMAN
PIPELINE CONSTRUCTOR
STRUCTURAL SENIOR
DRAUGHTSMAN
STRUCTURAL FABRICATION SUPERVISOR
LEVEL 3 JUNIOR DRILLING TECHNICIAN
MOTOR MAN/ PUMP MAN
(RIGGER)
JUNIOR WELL COMPLETION TECHNICIAN
JUNIOR WELL TESTING
TECHNICIAN
PIPELINE DRAUGHTSMAN
PIPELINE SENIOR FITTER
STRUCTURAL DRAUGHTSMAN
STRUCTURAL FABRICATIOR
LEVEL 2 NO LEVEL ROUGH NECK (RIGGER) NO LEVEL NO LEVEL JUNIOR PIPELINE
DRAUGHTSMAN PIPELINE FITTER STRUCTURAL DARUGHTSMAN
STRUCTURAL FITTER
LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL ROUSTERBOUT (RIGGER) NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL HELPER NO LEVEL HELPER
Critical Job Title
62
SECTOR OIL & GAS
SUB-SECTOR UPSTREAM
AREA DEVELOPMENT & PRODUCTION JOB AREA MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PIPING INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
LEVEL 8 GENERAL MANAGER
MECHANICAL CUSTODIAN ENGINEER
GENERAL MANAGER
PIPING CUSTODIAN ENGINEER GENERAL MANAGER
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL CUSTODIAN IENGINEER
GENERAL MANAGER
ELECTRICAL CUSTODIAN ENGINEER
LEVEL 7 SENIOR MANAGER
PRINCIPAL MECHANICAL
ENGINEER
SENIOR MANAGER
PRINCIPAL PIPING ENGINEER SENIOR MANAGER
PRINCIPAL INSTRUMENTATON
& CONTROL ENGINEER
SENIOR MANAGER
PRINCIPAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
LEVEL 6 MECHANICAL ENGINEER PIPING ENGINEER INSTRUMENT ENGINEER ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
LEVEL 5 MECHANICAL DESIGNER
MECHANICAL FABRICATION
SUPERINTENDENT
PIPING DESIGNER
PIPING FABRICATION
SUPERINTENDENT
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL DESIGNER
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL
FABRICATION SUPERINTENDENT
ELECTRICAL DESIGNER
ELECTRICAL FABRICATION
SUPERINTENDENT
LEVEL 4 MECHANICAL
SENIOR DRAUGHTSMAN
MECHANICAL FABRICATION SUPERVISOR
SENIOR PIPING DRAUGHTSMAN
PIPING FABRICATION SUPERVISOR
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL
SENIOR DRAUGHTSMAN
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL
FABRICATION SUPERVISOR
ELECTRICAL SENIOR
DRAUGHTSMAN
ELECTRICAL FABRICATION SUPERVISOR
LEVEL 3 MECHANICAL DRAUGHTSMAN
MECHANICAL FABRICATIOR
PIPING DRAUGHTSMAN
PIPING FABRICATIOR
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL
DRAUGHTSMAN
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL
FABRICATIOR
ELECTRICAL DRAUGHTSMAN
ELECTRICAL FABRICATIOR
LEVEL 2 MECHANICAL DARUGHTSMAN
MECHANICAL FITTER
JUNIOR PIPING DARUGHTSMAN PIPING FITTER
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL
JUNIOR DARUGHTSMAN
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL FITTER
ELECTRICAL DARUGHTSMAN
ELECTRICAL FITTER
LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
Critical Job Title
63
SECTOR OIL & GAS
SUB-SECTOR UPSTREAM
AREA DEVELOPMENT & PRODUCTION
JOB AREA MATERIAL AND CORROSION PROCESS PROCESS SAFETY
HOOK-UP & COMMISSIONING
(HUC) QAQC
ENGINEERING/ TECHNICAL DOCUMENT
MANAGEMENT
LEVEL 8 GENERAL MANAGER
MATERIAL AND CORROSION CUSTODIAN ENGINEER
PROCESS CUSTODIAN
PROCESS SAFETY
CUSTODIAN
CLIENT SITE REPRESENTATIVE
(CSR) NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
LEVEL 7 SENIOR MANAGER
PRINCIPAL MATERIAL AND CORROSION ENGINEER
PROCESS SPECIALIST
STAFF/ PRINCIPAL PROCESS SAFETY
ENGINEER
COMMISSIONING ENGINEER
QA/QC SPECIALIST
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT & DOCUMENT CONTROLLER
LEVEL 6 MATERIAL AND CORROSION ENGINEER PROCESS TECHNOLOGIST HUC SUPERINTENDENT
QA/QC MANAGER
SENIOR DOCUMENT
CONTROLLER
LEVEL 5 SENIOR
MATERIAL TECHNICIAN
MATERIAL & CORROSION
SU[ERINTENDENT
BLASTING AND PAINTING
SUPERVISOR PROCESS DESIGN SUPERVISOR HUC SUPERVISOR QA/QC
COORDINATOR DOCUMENT
CONTROLLER
LEVEL 4 MATERIAL TECHNICIAN
CORROSION TECHNICIAN
BLASTING AND PAINTING ASST.
SUPERVISOR
PROCESS SENIOR DRAUGHTSMAN HUC INSPECTOR QA/QC
INSPECTOR
ASST. DOCUMENT
CONTROLLER
LEVEL 3 NO LEVEL BLASTER / PAINTER PROCESS DRAUGHTSMAN HUC FITTER NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
LEVEL 2 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL HELPER NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
Critical Job Title
64
SECTOR OIL & GAS
SUB-SECTOR UPSTREAM
AREA DEVELOPMENT & PRODUCTION
JOB AREA PLATFORM OPERATION & MAINTENANCE PLATFORM INSPECTION STORAGE & DISTRIBUTION
LEVEL 8 GENERAL MANAGER NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
LEVEL 7 PLATFORM EXECUTIVE ENGINEER
FLOATER EXECUTIVE ENGINEER PRINCIPAL
INSPECTION ENGINEER
DIVISION MANAGER
LEVEL 6 PLATFORM SUPERINTENDENT CAPTAIN COMPANY SITE
REPRESENTATIVE INSPECTION
ENGINEER FACILITY MANAGER
LEVEL 5 PLATFORM SUPERVISOR INSPECTION TECHNICIAN OPERATION MANAGER MAINTENANCE MANAGER
LEVEL 4 PLATFORM OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN
ASST. INSPECTION TECHNICIAN
SCHEDULER PLANNER MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR - FACILITIES
MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR -
VEHICLE
LEVEL 3 JUNIOR PLATFORM OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN NO LEVEL DESPATCHER NO LEVEL MECHANICAL
TECHNICIAN ELECTRIVAL TECHNICIAN
SENIOR MECHANIC -
VEHICLE
LEVEL 2 HELPER NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL MECHANIC - VEHICLE
LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
Critical Job Title
65
TABLE 5.0: OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE (OS) OF MIDSTREAM SUB SECTOR
SECTOR OIL & GAS
SUB-SECTOR MID STREAM
AREA PIPELINE
JOB AREA ENGINEERING FABRICATION HOOK UP & COMMISIONING (HUC)
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
DECK OPERATION
MARINE ENGINEERING
LEVEL 8 NO LEVEL SENIOR MANAGER - PIPELINE
GENERAL MANAGER
PIPELINE HUC SPECIALIST NO LEVEL OFF SHORE VESSELS DIRECTOR
LEVEL 7 PRINCIPAL PIPELINE
ENGINEER PIPELINE MANAGER SENIOR
MANAGER PIPELINE HUC
TECHNOLOGIST MANAGER SHIPPING MANAGER
LEVEL 6 PIPELINE DESIGNER PIPELINE ENGINEER PIPELINE ENGINEER ENGINEER CAPTAIN CHIEF ENGINEER
LEVEL 5 SENIOR PIPE DESIGNER
PIPELINE SUPERINTENDENT PIPELINE SUPERINTENDENT SUPERINTENDENT CHIEF OFFICER/
1ST MATE 2ND ENGINEER
LEVEL 4 SENIOR DRAUGHTSMAN PIPELINE SUPERVISOR PIPELINE SUPERVISOR SUPERVISOR 2ND OFFICER/
MATE 3RD ENGINEER
LEVEL 3 DRAUGHTSMAN PIPELINE FABRICATOR FOREMAN PIPELINE
FABRICATOR FOREMAN SENIOR TECHNICIAN BOATSWAIN JUNIOR
ENGINEER
LEVEL 2 JUNIOR DRAUGHTSMAN
JUNIOR PIPELINE
FABRICATOR FITTER
JUNIOR PIPELINE
FABRICATOR FITTER TECHNICIAN ABLE BODIED
(AB) OILER
LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL ASST. FABRICATOR
ASST. FITTER
ASST. FABRICATOR ASST. FITTER JUNIOR
TECHNICIAN ORDINARY
SEAMAN (OS) RATING
Critical Job Title
66
TABLE 6.1: OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE (OS) OF DOWNSTREAM SUB SECTOR (CONSTRUCTION & ENGINEERING AREA )
SECTOR OIL & GAS SUB
SECTOR DOWNSTREAM
AREA CONSTRUCTION & ENGINEERING JOB
AREA CIVIL STRUCTURE ELECTRICAL MECHANICAL PROCESS COMMISSIONING
LEVEL 8 PROJECT DIRECTOR
LEVEL 7 LEAD
ENGINEER (CIVIL)
CIVIL CONSTRUCTION
MANAGER
LEAD ENGINEER (STRUCTURAL)
STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTION
MANAGER
LEAD ENGINEER (ELECTRICAL)
ELECTRICAL CONSTRUCTION
MANAGER
LEAD ENGINEER (MECHANICAL)
LEAD ENGINEER (PROCESS)
COMMISSIONING MANAGER
LEVEL 6 DESIGN
ENGINEER (CIVIL)
CIVIL CONSTRUCTION
ENGINEER
DESIGN ENGINEER
(STRUCTURAL)
STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTION
ENGINEER
DESIGN ENGINEER
(ELECTRICAL)
ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
DESIGN ENGINEER
(MECHANICAL)
DESIGN ENGINEER (PROCESS)
COMMISSIONING ENGINEER
LEVEL 5 TECHNICAL EXECUTIVE
(CIVIL)
CIVIL CONSTRUCTION SUPERINTENDEN
T
TECHNICAL EXEC UTIVE
(STRUCTURAL)
STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTION
SUPERINTENDENT
TECHNICAL EXECUTIVE
(ELECTRICAL)
SENIOR ELECTRICAL
CHARGEMAN
TECHNICAL EXECUTIVE
(MECHANICAL)
TECHNICAL EXECUTIVE (PROCESS)
COMMISSIONING SUPERVISOR
LEVEL 4 SENIOR
DRAUGHTSMAN
CIVIL CONSTRUCTION
SUPERVISOR
SENIOR DRAUGHTSMAN
STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTION
SUPERVISOR
SENIOR DRAUGHTSMAN
ELECTRICAL CHARGEMAN
SENIOR DRAUGHTSMAN
SENIOR PROCESS
DRAUGHTSMAN
SENIOR COMMISSIONING
TECHNICIAN
LEVEL 3 DRAUGHTSMAN
CIVIL CONSTRUCTION
FITTER DRAUGHTSMAN
STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTION
FOREMAN DRAUGHTSMAN ELECTRICAL
FOREMAN DRAUGHTSMAN PROCESS DRAUGHTSMAN
COMMISSIONING TECHNICIAN
LEVEL 2 JUNIOR
DRAUGHTSMAN
MASON JUNIOR DRAUGHTSMAN
STRUCTURAL FITTER
JUNIOR DRAUGHTSMAN
ELECTRICAL FITTER
JUNIOR DRAUGHTSMAN
JUNIOR PROCESS
DRAUGHTSMAN NO LEVEL
LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
67
SECTOR OIL & GAS SUB
SECTOR DOWNSTREAM
AREA CONSTRUCTION & ENGINEERING
JOB AREA INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL MECHANICAL PIPING MECHANICAL ROTATING
MECHANICAL STATIC
ENGINEERING/ TECHNICAL DOCUMENT
MANAGEMENT
LEVEL 8 PROJECT DIRECTOR
LEVEL 7 LEAD ENGINEER (INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL)
MATERIAL & CORROSION MANAGER
INSTRUMENTATION & QMI CONSTRUCTION MANAGER MECHANICAL CONSTRUCTION MANAGER
IMFORMATION MANAGEMENT &
DOCUMENT CONTROLLER
LEVEL 6 DESIGN ENGINEER (INSTRUMENTATIO
N & CONTROL)
ENGINEER (MATERIAL & CORROSION)
INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEER
QMI CONSTRUCTION
ENGINEER PIPING CONSTRUCTION ENGINEER
ROTATING EQUIPMENT
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEER
STATIC EQUIPMENT
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEER
SENIOR DOCUMENT
CONTROLLER
LEVEL 5
TECHNICAL EXECUTIVE
(INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL)
SENIOR MATERIAL & CORROSION
SUPERINTENDENT
SENIOR INSTRUMENTATION
TECHNICIAN
SENIOR QMI CONSTRUCTION
TECHNICIAN PIPING CONSTRUCTION SUPERINTENDENT
ROTATING EQUIPMENT
CONSTRUCTION SUPERINTENDENT
STATIC EQUIPMENT
CONSTRUCTION SUPERINTENDENT
DOCUMENT CONTROLLER
LEVEL 4 SENIOR DRAUGHTSMAN
MATERIAL & CORROSION
SENIOR TECHNICIAN
INSTRUMENTATION TECHNICIAN
QMI CONSTRUCTION
TECHNICIAN PIPING CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISOR
ROTATING EQUIPMENT
CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISOR
STATIC EQUIPMENT
CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISOR
ASST. DOCUMENT CONTROLLER
LEVEL 3 DRAUGHTSMAN MATERIAL & CORROSION TECHNICIAN
JUNIOR INSTRUMENTATION
TECHNICIAN
JUNIOR QMI CONSTRUCTION
TECHNICIAN PIPING CONSTRUCTION FOREMAN
ROTATING EQUIPMENT
CONSTRUCTION FOREMAN
STATIC EQUIPMENT
CONSTRUCTION FOREMAN
NO LEVEL
LEVEL 2 JUNIOR DRAUGHTSMAN NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
PIPING CONSTRUCTION
FITTER
PIPING CONSTRUCTION
FABRICATOR
PIPING CONSTRUCTION
RIGGER
ROTATING EQUIPMENT
CONSTRUCTION FITTER
STATIC EQUIPMENT
CONSTRUCTION FITTER
NO LEVEL
LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
ROTATING EQUIPMENT
CONSTRUCTION RIGGER
STATIC EQUIPMENT
CONSTRUCTION RIGGER
NO LEVEL
Critical Job Title
68
TABLE 6.2: OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE (OS) OF DOWNSTREAM SUB SECTOR (OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE AREA )
SUB SECTOR DOWNSTREAM
AREA OPEATION & MAINTENANCE
JOB AREA CIVIL ELECTRICAL MECHANICAL PIPING INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL
LEVEL 8 PROJECT DIRECTOR
LEVEL 7 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANAGER
LEVEL 6 CIVIL
MAINTENANCE ENGINEER
CIVIL OPERATION ENGINEER
ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE
ENGINEER
ELECTRICAL OPERATION ENGINEER
MECHANICAL MAINTENANCE
ENGINEER
MECHANICAL OPERATION ENGINEER
PIPING MAINTENANCE
ENGINEER
PIPING OPERATION ENGINEER
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL
MAINTENANCE ENGINEER
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL OPERATION ENGINEER
LEVEL 5 CIVIL
MAINTENANCE SUPERINTENDENT
CIVIL OPERATION SUPERINTENDENT
ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE
SUPERINTENDENT
ELECTRICAL OPERATION
SUPERINTENDENT
MECHANICAL MAINTENANCE
SUPERINTENDENT
MECHANICAL OPERATION
SUPERINTENDENT
PIPING MAINTENANCE
SUPERINTENDENT
PIPING OPERATION
SUPERINTENDENT
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL
MAINTENANCE SUPERINTENDENT
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL OPERATION
SUPERINTENDENT
LEVEL 4 CIVIL MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR
MECHANICAL MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR PIPING MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL
MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR
LEVEL 3 CIVIL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN
MECHANICAL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN PIPING MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL
MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN
LEVEL 2 JUNIOR CIVIL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN
JUNIOR ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN
JUNIOR MECHANICAL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN
JUNIOR PIPING MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN
JUNIOR INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN
LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
Critical Job Title
69
TABLE 6.3: OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE (OS) OF DOWNSTREAM SUB SECTOR (PETROLEUM DISTILATION PROCESS)
SECTOR OIL & GAS
SUB SECTOR DOWNSTREAM
AREA PETROLEUM DISTILATION PROCESS
JOB AREA GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION GAS PROCESSING POLYMER PRODUCT/ CRACKER PROCESSING
LEVEL 8 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
LEVEL 7 GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION SPECIALIST OIL & GAS PIPE FABRICATION
SPECIALIST
GAS PROCESSING SPECIALIST
POLYMER PRODUCT PROCESSING SPECIALIST
LEVEL 6
GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION
REGIONAL MANAGER
GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGIST
OIL & GAS PIPE FABRICATION ENGINEER PLANT MANAGER PLANT MANAGER
LEVEL 5 GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION MANAGER OIL & GAS PIPE FABRICATION
SUPERINTENDENT SHIFT MANAGER SHIFT MANAGER
LEVEL 4 GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION SUPERVISOR OIL & GAS PIPE FABRICATION SUPERVISOR
PRODUCTION SUPERVISOR
PRODUCTION SUPERVISOR
LEVEL 3 GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION SENIOR TECHNICION (FIELD OPERATOR) OIL & GAS PIPE FITTER SENIOR TECHNICIAN
(PANEL OPERATOR) SENIOR TECHNICIAN (PANEL OPERATOR)
LEVEL 2 GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION TECHNICION (FIELD OPERATOR)
DOMESTIC GAS PIPE FITTING
PRODUCTION TECHNICIAN
(FIELD OPERATOR)
PRODUCTION TECHNICIAN
(FIELD OPERATOR)
LEVEL 1 GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION JUNIOR TECHNICION NO LEVEL PRODUCTION
OPERATOR PRODUCTION
OPERATOR
Critical Job Title
70
4.4 ENTRY LEVEL AND CAREER PATH
The Occupational Analysis has identified a total of 476 Job Titles in various
levels. Upstream has 255 Job Titles, Midstream has 50 Job Titles, and
Downstream has 171 Job Titles. Detail entry level and career path of each
Job Area is shown in TABLE 7.0.
TABLE 7.0: ENTRY LEVEL OF EACH JOB AREA
SUB SECTOR AREA JOB AREA ENTRY LEVEL CAREER PATH
NO. OF JOB TITLES
1. UPSTREAM 1. EXPLORATION 1. PROSPECTING LEVEL 4 LEVEL 8 17 2. DRILLING LEVEL 1 LEVEL 8 15
2. APPRAISAL
1. EVALUATION & INTERPRETATION LEVEL 4 LEVEL 8 17
2. RESERVOIR ENGINEERING LEVEL 4 LEVEL 8 7
3. SURVEILLANCE ENGINEERING LEVEL 4 LEVEL 8 7
4. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY LEVEL 3 LEVEL 8 8
5. WELL COMPLETION ENGINEERING LEVEL 3 LEVEL 8 8
6. WELL TESTING LEVEL 4 LEVEL 8 7
7. ECONOMICS LEVEL 6 LEVEL 8 3
3. DEVELOPMENT & PRODUCTION
1. WELL DRILLING LEVEL 1 LEVEL 8 28
2. PIPELINE LEVEL 1 LEVEL 8 13
3. STRUCTURE LEVEL 1 LEVEL 8 13
4. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LEVEL 1 LEVEL 8 13
5. PIPING LEVEL 1 LEVEL 8 13
6. INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL LEVEL 2 LEVEL 8 13
7. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING LEVEL 2 LEVEL 8 13
8. MATERIAL & CORROSION LEVEL 3 LEVEL 8 12
9. PROCESS LEVEL 3 LEVEL 8 6
10. PROCESS SAFETY LEVEL 7 LEVEL 8 2
11. HOOK-UP & COMMISSIONING (HUC) LEVEL 2 LEVEL 8 7
12. QAQC LEVEL 4 LEVEL 7 4
13. ENGINEERING/ TECHINCAL DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT LEVEL 4 LEVEL 7 4
14 PLATFORM OPERATION & MAINTENANCE LEVEL 2 LEVEL 7 10
15. PLATFORM INSPECTION LEVEL 4 LEVEL 7 4
16. STORAGE & DISTRIBUTION LEVEL 2 LEVEL 7 13
2. MIDSTREAM 1. PIPELINE 1. ENGINEERING LEVEL 3 LEVEL 7 5
2. FABRICATION LEVEL 1 LEVEL 8 11
3. HOOK UP & COMMISSIONING LEVEL 1 LEVEL 8 8
4. OPERATIONS & MAINTENANCE LEVEL 1 LEVEL 7 8
2. OFFSHORE VESSEL 1. DECK OPERATIONS LEVEL 1 LEVEL 6 8
2. MARINE ENGINEERING LEVEL 1 LEVEL 8 8
71
3. DOWNSTREAM 1 . CONSTRUCTION AND ENGINEERING
1. CIVIL LEVEL 2 LEVEL 8 12
2. STRUCTURAL LEVEL 2 LEVEL 8 12
3. ELECTRICAL LEVEL 2 LEVEL 8 12
4. MECHANICAL LEVEL 2 LEVEL 8 12
5. PROCESS LEVEL 3 LEVEL 8 6
6. COMMISSIONING LEVEL 3 LEVEL 8 5
7. INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL LEVEL 2 LEVEL 8 20
8. MECHANICAL PIPING LEVEL 2 LEVEL 8 8
9. MECHANICAL ROTATING LEVEL 1 LEVEL 8 7
10. MECHANICAL STATIC LEVEL 1 LEVEL 8 7
11. ENGINEERING/ TECHNICAL DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT LEVEL 4 LEVEL 8 4
2. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
1. CIVIL LEVEL 2 LEVEL 8 9
2. ELECTRICAL LEVEL 2 LEVEL 8 7
3. MECHANICAL LEVEL 2 LEVEL 8 7
4. PIPING LEVEL 2 LEVEL 8 7
5. INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL LEVEL 2 LEVEL 8 7
3. PETROLEUM 1. GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION LEVEL 1 LEVEL 7 14
DISTILATION PROCESS 2. GAS PROCESSING LEVEL 1 LEVEL 7 7
3. POLIMER PRODUCT PROCESSING LEVEL 2 LEVEL 8 7
TOTAL 476
TABLE 7.0 shows that most of the job titles in Oil & Gas start as low as Level 1.
These significant findings prove that skill training for level 1 up to level 5 is very
significant in serving the industry current and future.
72
4.5 CRITICAL JOB TITLES
There are 67 critical Job Titles of which categorised as critical. The following table
illustrates the summary of these critical job titles. Job titles under this category
reflect the immediate industry requirement for skilled workers. The identification of
critical job titles is the essence of developing the National Occupational Skills
Standard for the job so that formal training can be carried out and skilled workers
can be produced and supplied to the industry.
TABLE 8.0: CRITICAL JOB TITLE OF OIL & GAS INDUSTRY
NO JOB TITLE SUB SECTOR/ JOB AREA LEVEL CURRENT
SHORTAGE 1 - 3
YEARS > 3
YEARS 1. CUSTODIAN GEOPHYSICIST
UPSTREAM: PROSPECTING, EVALUATION &
INTERPRETATION
8 √ √ √ 2. PRINCIPAL GEOPHYSICIST 7 √ √ √ 3. CUSTODIAN GEOLIGIST 8 √ √ √ 4. PRINCIPAL GEOLOGIST 7 √ √ √ 5. CUSTODIAN PETROPHYSICIST 8 √ √ √ 6. PRINCIPAL PETROPHYSICIST 7 √ √ √ 7. SENIOR DRILLING TECHNICIAN
UPSTREAM: DRILLING
5 - √ √ 8.' DRILLING TECHNICIAN 4 - √ √ 9. JUNIOR DRILLING TECHNICIAN 3 - √ √ 10. TOOL PUSHER 6 - √ √ 11. DRILLER 5 √ √ √ 12. DERRICK MAN (RIGGER) 4 √ √ √ 13. WELL TESTING ENGINEER
UPSTREAM: WELL DRILLING
6 - √ √ 14. WELL TESTING SENIOR TECHNICIAN 5 - √ √ 15 WELL TESTING TECHNICIAN 4 - √ √ 16. PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION SUPERINTENDENT
UPSTREAM: PIPELINE
5 - √ √ 17. PIPELINE CONSTRUCTOR 4 - √ √ 18. PIPELINE SENIOR FITTER 3 - √ √ 19. PIPELINE FITTER 2 - √ √ 20. NSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL FITTER UPSTREAM:
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL
2 - √ √ 21. INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL FABRICATIOR 3 - √ √ 22 INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL DRAUGHTSMAN 3 - √ √ 23 BLASTER / PAINTER UPSTREAM:
MATERIAL & COROSION
3 √ √ √ 24 BLASTING AND PAINTING ASST. SUPERVISOR 4 √ √ √ 25 BLASTING AND PAINTING SUPERVISOR 5 √ √ √ 26 HUC FITTER
UPSTREAM: HUC 3 - √ √
27 HUC INSPECTOR 4 - √ √ 28 HUC SUPERVIOR 5 - √ √ 29. INSPECTION ENGINEER UPSTREAM:
PLATFORM INSPECTION
6 - √ √ 30. INSPECTION TECHNICIAN 5 - √ √ 31 ASST. INSPECTION TECHNICIAN 4 - √ √
73
NO JOB TITLE SUB SECTOR/ JOB AREA LEVEL CURRENT
SHORTAGE 1 - 3
YEARS > 3
YEARS 32 PIPELINE SUPERVISOR
MIDSTREAM: FABRICATION
4 √ √ √ 33. FOREMAN 7 √ √ √ 34. PIPELINE FITTER 8 √ √ √ 35. PIPELINE HUC SPECIALIST
MIDSTREAM: HUC
8 - √ √ 36. PIPELINE HUC TECHNOLOGIST 7 - √ √ 37. CAPTAIN 6 √ √ √ 38. CHIEF OFFICER/ 1ST MATE 5 √ √ √ 39. 2ND OFFICER/ MATE 4 √ √ √ 40. CHIEF ENGINEER MIDSTREAM:
MARINE ENGINEERING
6 √ √ √ 41. 2ND ENGINEER 5 √ √ √ 42. 3RD ENGINEER 4 √ √ √ 43. PIPING MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN DOWNSTREAM
PIPING 3 - √ √
44. JUNIOR PIPING MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN 2 - √ √
45. ROTATING EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISOR
DOWNSTREAM: MECHANICAL
ROTATING
4 - √ √
46. ROTATING EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTION FOREMAN 3 - √ √
47. TECHNICAL EXECUTIVE (INSTRUMENTATION & CTECHNICALONTROL)
DOWNSTREAM: INSTRUMENTATION
AND CONTROL
5 - √ √
48.. SENIOR DRAUGHTSMAN 4 - √ √ 49. DRAUGHTSMAN 3 - √ √ 50. JUNIOR DRAUGHTSMAN 2 √ √ √
51. SENIOR MATERIAL AND CORROSION SUPERINTENDENT 5 √ √ √
52 MATERIAL AND CORROSION SENIOR TECHNICIAN 4 √ √ √ 53. MATERIAL AND CORROSION TECHNICIAN 3 √ √ √ 54. SENIOR INSTRUMENTATION TECHNICIAN 5 √ √ √ 55. INSTRUMENTATION TECHNICIAN 4 √ √ √ 56. JUNIOR INSTRUMENTATION TECHNICIAN 3 - √ √
57. INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL OPERATION SUPERINTENDENT 5 - √ √
58. INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR 4 - √ √
59. INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN 3 - √ √
60. JUNIOR INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN 2 - √ √
61. PIPING CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISOR DOWNSTREAM:
MECHANICAL PIPING
4 √ √ √ 62. PIPING CONSTRUCTION FOREMAN 3 √ √ √ 63. PIPING CONSTRUCTION FITTER 2 √ √ √ 64. PIPING CONSTRUCTION RIGGER 2 √ √ √ 65. OIL & GAS PIPE FABRICATION SUPERINTENDENT DOWNSTREAM:
PETROLEUM DISTILATION
PROCESS
5 - √ √ 66. OIL & GAS PIPE FABRICATION SUPERVISOR 4 - √ √
67. OIL & GAS PIPE FITTER 3 - √ √
TOTAL 30 67 67
74
4.5.1 Upstream Sub Sector
There are 31 critical Job Titles of Upstream sub sector have been identified.
Among them, there only 11 job titles are currently critical. This is due to
uncertain of Oil price globally and many industry players have reduced their
exploration and production activities. Some companies have even retrenched
their staff to reduce their operation cost. Feedback from the industry players
shows that there are some job titles are even surplus. Detail Critical Job Area in
Upstream sub sector as illustrate in TABLE 9.0
TABLE 9.0: CRITICAL JOB TITLE OF UPSTREAM SUB SECTOR
NO JOB TITLE JOB AREA LEVEL CURRENT SHORTAGE
1 - 3 YEARS
> 3 YEARS
1. CUSTODIAN GEOPHYSICIST
PROSPECTING, EVALUATION &
INTERPRETATION
8 √ √ √ 2. PRINCIPAL GEOPHYSICIST 7 √ √ √ 3. CUSTODIAN GEOLIGIST 8 √ √ √ 4. PRINCIPAL GEOLOGIST 7 √ √ √ 5. CUSTODIAN PETROPHYSICIST 8 √ √ √ 6. PRINCIPAL PETROPHYSICIST 7 √ √ √ 7. SENIOR DRILLING TECHNICIAN
DRILLING,
5 - √ √ 8.' DRILLING TECHNICIAN 4 - √ √ 9. JUNIOR DRILLING TECHNICIAN 3 - √ √ 10. TOOL PUSHER 6 - √ √ 11. DRILLER 5 √ √ √ 12. DERRICK MAN (RIGGER) 4 √ √ √ 13. WELL TESTING ENGINEER
WELL DRILLING 6 - √ √
14. WELL TESTING SENIOR TECHNICIAN 5 - √ √ 15 WELL TESTING TECHNICIAN 4 - √ √ 16. PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION SUPERINTENDENT
PIPELINE
5 - √ √ 17. PIPELINE CONSTRUCTOR 4 - √ √ 18. PIPELINE SENIOR FITTER 3 - √ √ 19. PIPELINE FITTER 2 - √ √ 20. NSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL FITTER
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL
2 - √ √ 21. INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL FABRICATIOR 3 - √ √ 22 INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL DRAUGHTSMAN 3 - √ √ 23 BLASTER / PAINTER
MATERIAL & COROSION
3 √ √ √ 24 BLASTING AND PAINTING ASST. SUPERVISOR 4 √ √ √ 25 BLASTING AND PAINTING SUPERVISOR 5 √ √ √ 26 HUC FITTER
HUC 3 - √ √
27 HUC INSPECTOR 4 - √ √ 28 HUC SUPERVIOR 5 - √ √ 29. INSPECTION ENGINEER
PLATFORM INSPECTION
6 - √ √ 30. INSPECTION TECHNICIAN 5 - √ √ 31 ASST. INSPECTION TECHNICIAN 4 - √ √ TOTAL 11 31 31
75
4.5.2 Midstream Sub Sector
Although Midstream is a small sub sector, the analysis findings show that that
the industry is facing shortage of skilled personnel. A total of 9 Job Titles is
critical currently. The industry is expected to face shortage of skill personnel in
11 Job Titles within 1 year and more. One of the reason captured is the nature
of job does not attract young people. Therefore not many young people
interested to build their career in this job area. Detail Critical Job Area in
Midstream sub sector as illustrate in TABLE 10.0
TABLE 10.0: CRITICAL JOB TITLE OF MIDSTREAM SUB SECTOR
NO JOB TITLE JOB AREA LEVEL CURRENT SHORTAGE
1 - 3 YEARS > 3 YEARS
1. PIPELINE SUPERVISOR FABRICATION
4 √ √ √ 2. FOREMAN 7 √ √ √ 3. PIPELINE FITTER 8 √ √ √ 4. PIPELINE HUC SPECIALIST
MIDSTREAM HUC
8 - √ √ 5. PIPELINE HUC TECHNOLOGIST 7 - √ √ 6.' CAPTAIN 6 √ √ √ 7. CHIEF OFFICER/ 1ST MATE 5 √ √ √ 8. 2ND OFFICER/ MATE 4 √ √ √ 9. CHIEF ENGINEER
MARINE ENGINEERING 6 √ √ √
10. 2ND ENGINEER 5 √ √ √ 11. 3RD ENGINEER 4 √ √ √ TOTAL 9 11 11
4.5.3 Downstream Sub Sector
There are 25 critical Job Titles faced by downstream sub sector in the next 3
years. It is expected many job opening to cater RAPID project for the next 3 year
from now. Out of 25 Job Titles, only 10 job titles are critical currently. Most of
the critical job titles are Level 1 to Level 5. With the current climate of
fluctuation of the global oil price, some of the job titles are also surplus as many
companies laying off their employees to cut operation cost. Detail Critical Job
Titles in downstream sub sector as illustrate in TABLE 11.0.
76
TABLE 11.0: CRITICAL JOB TITLE OF DOWNSTREAM SUB SECTOR
NO JOB TITLE JOB AREA LEVEL CURRENT SHORTAGE
1 - 3 YEARS
> 3 YEARS
1. TECHNICAL EXECUTIVE (INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL)
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL
5 - √ √ 2. SENIOR DRAUGHTSMAN 4 - √ √ 3. DRAUGHTSMAN 3 - √ √ 4. JUNIOR DRAUGHTSMAN 2 √ √ √ 5. SENIOR MATERIAL AND CORROSION SUPERINTENDENT 5 √ √ √ 6. MATERIAL AND CORROSION SENIOR TECHNICIAN 4 √ √ √ 7. MATERIAL AND CORROSION TECHNICIAN 3 √ √ √ 8.' SENIOR INSTRUMENTATION TECHNICIAN 5 √ √ √ 9. INSTRUMENTATION TECHNICIAN 4 √ √ √ 10. JUNIOR INSTRUMENTATION TECHNICIAN 3 - √ √
11. INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL OPERATION SUPERINTENDENT 5 - √ √
12. INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR 4 - √ √
13. INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN 3 - √ √
14. JUNIOR INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN 2 - √ √
15 PIPING CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISOR
MECHANICAL PIPING
4 √ √ √ 16. PIPING CONSTRUCTION FOREMAN 3 √ √ √ 17. PIPING CONSTRUCTION FITTER 2 √ √ √ 18. PIPING CONSTRUCTION RIGGER 2 √ √ √ 19. ROTATING EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISOR MECHANICAL
ROTATING 4 - √ √
20 ROTATING EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTION FOREMAN 3 - √ √ 21 PIPING MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN DOWNSTREAM
PIPING 3 - √ √
22 JUNIOR PIPING MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN 2 - √ √ 23 OIL & GAS PIPE FABRICATION SUPERINTENDENT PETROLEUM
DISTILATION PROCESS
5 - √ √ 24 OIL & GAS PIPE FABRICATION SUPERVISOR 4 - √ √ 25 OIL & GAS PIPE FITTER 3 - √ √ TOTAL 10 25 25
4.5.4 Summary of Critical Job Titles
TABLE 12.0: SUMMARY OF CRITICAL JOB TITLES
SECTOR SUB SECTOR L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 TOTAL OF CRITICAL
JOB TITLES
TOTAL OF JOB TITLES
OIL & GAS
UPSTREAM - 2 6 7 7 3 3 3 31 255
MIDSTREAM - - - 3 2 2 2 2 11 50
DOWNSTREAM - 5 8 7 5 - - - 25 171
TOTAL - 7 14 17 14 5 5 5 67 476
77
4.6 OCCUPATIONAL AREA STRUCTURE
Occupational Area Structure (OAS) was developed through Occupational Area
Analysis (OAA). The analysis was conducted with industry expert panels which
aims to identify common competency among the job titles. The OAS reflects
multiskilling and multi tasking due to sharing of competencies between areas
and levels.
Detail Occupational Area Structure (OAS) of the Upstream Sub Sector as
illustrates in TABLE 13, OAS of Midstream Sub Sector as shown in TABLE 14 and
OAS of Downstream Sub Sector is featured in TABLE 15. The existing NOSS titles
are also highlighted in Table 13, Table 14 and Table 15.
78
TABLE 13.1: OCCUPATIONAL AREA STRUCTURE (OAS) OF UPSTREAM SUB SECTOR (EXPLORATION AREA)
SECTOR OIL AND GAS
SUB-SECTOR UPSTREAM AREA EXPLORATION
JOB AREA PROSPECTING DRILLING
LEVEL 8 GEOPHYSIC GEOLOGY MANAGEMENT GEOLOGY PETROPHYSIC DRILLING
ENGINEERING RIG GING
MANAGEMENT
LEVEL 7 GEOPHYSIC GEOLOGY MANAGEMENT GEOLOGY PETROPHYSIC DRILLING
ENGINEERING RIG GING
MANAGEMENT
LEVEL 6 GEOPHYSIC GEOLOGY GEOLOGY DRILLING ENGINEERING
DRILLING OPERATION & SUPERVISION
LEVEL 5 SEISMIC INTERPRETATION
DRILLING OPERATION
MANAGEMENT OG-012-5:2012
DRILLING OPERATION
LEVEL 4 SEISMIC INTERPRETATION DRILLING
OPERATION OG-012-4:2012
RIGGING OPERATION & SUPERVISION
LEVEL 3 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL DRILLING
OPERATION OG-012-3:2011
RIGGING OPERATION
LEVEL 2 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL RIGGING OPERATION
LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
Existing NOSS
79
TABLE 13.2: OCCUPATIONAL AREA STRUCTURE (OAS) OF UPSTREAM SUB SECTOR (APPRAISAL AREA)
SECTOR OIL & GAS
SUB-SECTOR UPSTREAM AREA APPRAISAL
JOB AREA EVALUATION AND INTERPRETATION RESERVOIR SURVEILLANCE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
WELL COMPLETION ENGINEERING
WELL TESTING ECONOMICS
LEVEL 8 GEOPHYSIC GEOLOGY PETROPHYSIC RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
SURVEILLANCE ENGINEERING
OIL & GAS PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
WELL COMPLETION ENGINEERING
WELL TESTING ENGINEERING
PETROLEUM ECONOMY
LEVEL 7 GEOPHYSIC GEOLOGY PETROPHYSIC RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
SURVEILLANCE ENGINEERING
OIL & GAS PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
WELL COMPLETION ENGINEERING
WELL TESTING ENGINEERING
PETROLEUM ECONOMY
LEVEL 6 GEOPHYSIC GEOLOGY GEOLOGY RESERVOIR ENGINEERING
SURVEILLANCE ENGINEERING
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
WELL COMPLETION ENGINEERING
WELL TESTING ENGINEERING
PETROLEUM ECONOMY
LEVEL 5 OIL & GAS SEISMIC INTERPRETATION
WELL COMPLETION OPERATION & SUPERVISION
WELL TESTING OPERATION & SUPERVISION
NO LEVEL
LEVEL 4 OIL & GAS SEISMIC INTERPRETATION
WELL COMPLETION OPERATION & SUPERVISION
WELL TESTING TOPERATION & SUPERVISION
NO LEVEL
LEVEL 3 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL WELL
COMPLETION OPERATION
WELL TESTING TOPERATION NO LEVEL
LEVEL 2 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
80
TABLE 13.3: OCCUPATIONAL AREA STRUCTURE (OAS) OF UPSTREAM SUB SECTOR (DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION AREA)
SECTOR OIL & GAS
SUB-SECTOR UPSTREAM
SECTOR DEVELOPMENT & PRODUCTION
JOB AREA WELL DRILLING PIPELINE STRUCTURE
LEVEL 8 DRILLING ENGINEERING
WELL COMPLETION ENGINEERING
WELL TESTING ENGINEERING
RIGGING MANAGEMENT
PIPELINE MANAGEMENT
PIPELINE ENGINEERING
STRUCTURE ENGINEERING
MANAGEMENT
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
LEVEL 7 DRILLING ENGINEERING
WELL COMPLETION ENGINEERING
WELL TESTING ENGINEERING
RIG GING MANAGEMENT
PIPELINE MANAGEMENT
PIPELINE ENGINEERING
STRUCTURE ENGINEERING
MANAGEMENT
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
LEVEL 6 DRILLING ENGINEERING
WELL COMPLETION ENGINEERING
WELL TESTING ENGINEERING
DRILLING OPERATION & SUPERVISION
PIPELINE ENGINEERING STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
LEVEL 5
DRILLING OPERATION
MANAGEMENT OG-012-5:2011
WELL COMPLETION OPERATION &
MANAGEMENT
WELL TESTING OPERATION &
MANAGEMENT
DRILLING OPERATION PIPELINE DESIGN PIPELINE
CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURE DESIGN
(0G-020-4:2012)
METAL STRUCTURE
FABRICATION OPERATION &
MANAGEMENT OG-011-5-2012
LEVEL 4
DRILLING OPERATION
MANAGEMENT OG-012-4:2011
WELL COMPLETION OPERATION & SUPEVISION
WELL TESTING OPERATION & SUPEVISION
RIGGING OPERATION & SUPERVISION
PIPELINE DESIGN PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION
STRUCTURE DESIGN
0G-020-4:2012
METAL STRUCTURE
FABRICATION OPERATION &
MANAGEMENT OG-011-4-2012
LEVEL 3 DRILLING
OPERATION OG-012-3:2011
WELL COMPLETION OPERATION
WELL TESTING OPERATION
RIGGING OPERATION
PIPELINE DRAFTING PIPELINE FITTING
STRUCTURE TECHNICAL DRAWING
0G-020-3:2012
METAL STRUCTURE
FABRICATION OPERATION
OG-011-3-2011
LEVEL 2 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL RIGGING OPERATION
PIPELINE DRAFTING PIPELINE FITTING NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
Existing NOSS
81
SECTOR OIL& GAS
SUB-SECTOR UPSTREAM
AREA DEVELOPMENT & PRODUCTION
JOB AREA MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PIPING INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
LEVEL 8 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT PIPING ENGINEERING INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL
ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
LEVEL 7 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT PIPING ENGINEERING INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL
ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
LEVEL 6 MECHANICAL ENGINEER PIPING ENGINEERING INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
LEVEL 5 MECHANICAL DESIGN
MECHANICAL FABRICATION & MANAGEMENT
PIPING DESIGN MANAGEMENT OG-022-5:2012
PIPING FABRICATION
MANAGEMENT (OG-010-5:2012
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL
DESIGN
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL
FABRICATION AND MANAGEMENT
ELECTRICAL DESIGN
ELECTRICAL FABRICATION & MANAGEMENT
LEVEL 4 MECHANICAL DESIGN
MECHANICAL FABRICATION &
SUPERVISION
PIPING DESIGN OG-022-4:2012
PIPING FABRICATION
MANAGEMENT OG-010-4:2012
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL
DESIGN
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL
FABRICATION AND MANAGEMENT
ELECTRICAL DESIGN
ELECTRICAL FABRICATION & MANAGEMENT
LEVEL 3 MECHANICAL DRAFTING
MECHANICAL FABRICATION
OG-028-3-2014
PIPING DRAFTING OG-022-3:2012
PIPING FABRICATION OPERATION
OG-010-3:2011
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL DRAFTING
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL
FABRICATION OPERATION
OG-027-3:2014
ELECTRICAL DRAFTING
ELECTRICAL FABRICATION OPERATION
OG-026-2:2014
LEVEL 2 MECHANICAL DRAFTING
MECHANICAL FITTING
OG-028-2:2014
PIPING FABRICATION OPERATION
OG-010-2:2011
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL DRAFTING
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL
FITTING OG-027-2:2014
ELECTRICAL DRAFTING
ELECTRICAL FITTING
OG-026-2:2014
LEVEL 1 HELPER HELPER HELPER HELPER NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
Existing NOSS
82
SECTOR OIL & GAS
SUB-SECTOR UPSTREAM
AREA DEVELOPMENT & PRODUCTION
JOB AREA MATERIAL & COROSION PROCESS PROCESS SAFETY
HOOK-UP & COMMISSIONING
(HUC) QAQC
ENGINEERING / TECHNICAL DOCUMENT
MANAGEMENT
LEVEL 8 MATERIALS & COROSION ENGINEERING PROCESS ENGINEERING
PROCESS SAFETY
ENGINEERING
COMMISSIONING ENGINEERING
QUALITY ASSURANCE & QUALITY CONTROL NO LEVEL
LEVEL 7 MATERIALS & COROSION ENGINEERING PROCESS ENGINEERING
PROCESS SAFETY
ENGINEERING
COMMISSIONING ENGINEERING
QUALITY ASSURANCE & QUALITY CONTROL
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT &
DOCUMENT CONTROL
LEVEL 6 MATERIALS & COROSION ENGINEERING PROCESS ENGINEERING HUC OPERATION & MANAGEMENT
QUALITY ASSURANCE & QUALITY CONTROL
DOCUMENT CONTROL
LEVEL 5 COROSION
OPERATION & MANAGEMENT
BLASTING & PAINTING OPERATION &
MANAGEMENT OG-016-5:2013
PROCESS DRAUGHTING & MANAGEMENT
HUC OPERATION & SUPERVISION QUALITY CONTROL
ENGINEERING DOCUMENT
MANAGEMENT OG-031-5:2014
LEVEL 4 COROSION
OPERATION & SUPERVISION
BLASTING & PAINTING OPERATION & SUPERVISION
OG-016-4:2013
PROCESS DRAUGHTING & SUPERVISION HUC INSPECTING QUALITY CONTROL
ENGINEERING DOCUMENT
ADMINISTRATION OG-031-4:2014
LEVEL 3 COROSION OPERATION
BLASTING & PAINTING OPERATION
OG-016-3:2012 PROCESS DRAUGHTING HUC FITTING NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
LEVEL 2 COROSION OPERATION
BLASTING & PAINTING OPERATION NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
Existing NOSS
83
SECTOR OIL & GAS
SUB-SECTOR UPSTREAM
AREA DEVELOPMENT & PRODUCTION
JOB AREA PLATFORM OPERATIONS & MAINTENANCE PLATFORM INSPECTION STORAGE & DISTRIBUTION
LEVEL 8 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
OIL & GAS PLATFORM OPERATION & MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT
NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
LEVEL 7 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL PLATFORM MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT STORAGE & DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT
LEVEL 6 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL PLATFORM
MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT
SUBSEA MAINTENANCE FACILITY MANAGEMENT
LEVEL 5
BLASTING & COATING
OPERATION MANAGEMENT OG-016-5:2013
BLASTING & COATING
INSPECTION MANAGEMENT OG-023-5:2013
PLATFORM MAINTENANCE OPERATION & SUPERVISION
SUBSEA MAINTENANCE
& SUPERVISION
UPSTREAM OPERATION
MANAGEMENT UPSTREAM MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT
LEVEL 4
BLASTING & COATING
OPERATION MANAGEMENT OG-016-4:2013
BLASTING & COATING
INSPECTION MANAGEMENT OG-023-4:2013
PLATFORM MAINTENANCE OPERATION & SUPERVISION
STORANGE & DISTRIBUTION SCHEDULING
UPSTREAM FACILITIES MAINTENANCE SUPERVISION
UPSTREAM VEHICLE
MAINTENANCE SUPERVISION
LEVEL 3
BLASTING & COATING
OPERATION OG-016-3:2012
BLASTING & COATING
INSPECTION OG-023-3:2013
PLATFORM MAINTENANCE OPERATION SCHEDULING OPERATION
MECHANICAL MAINTENANCE
OPERATION
ELECTRIVAL MAINTENANCE
OPERATION
UPSTREAM VEHICLE
MAINTENANCE OPERATION
LEVEL 2 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
UPSTREAM VEHICLE
MAINTENANCE OPERATION
LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
Existing NOSS
84
TABLE 14.0: OCCUPATIONAL AREA STRUCTURE (OAS) OF MIDSTREAM SUB SECTOR
SECTOR OIL & GAS
SUB-SECTOR MIDSTREAM
AREA PIPELINE OFFSHORE SUPPLY VESSELS (OSV)
JOB AREA ENGINEERING FABRICATION HOOK UP & COMMISSINGING (HUC) OPERATION & MAINTENANCE DECK OPERATION MARINE
ENGINEERING
LEVEL 8 PROJECT MANAGEMENT O&M MANAGEMENT OSV MANAGEMENT
LEVEL 7 ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT FABRICATION MANAGEMENT HUC MANAGEMENT O&M
MANAGEMENT SHIPPING MANAGEMENT
LEVEL 6 DESIGN OPERATION PIPELINE ENGINEERING HUC ENGINEERING O&M
ENGINEERING SHIP MANAGEMENT ENGINER ROOM AND MACHINERY MANAGEMENT
LEVEL 5 DRAFTING SUPERVISION PIPELINE SUPERVISION HUC SUPERVISION O&M
SUPERVISION NAVIGATION OPERATION ENGINE ROOM ADMINISTRATION
LEVEL 4 DRAFTING SERVICES PIPELINE SUPERVISION HUC SUPERVISION O&M
SUPERVISION DECK OPERATION SUPERVISION ENGINE ROOM COORDINATION
LEVEL 3 DRAFTING SERVICES
PIPELINE FABRICATION OPERATION
FITTING OPERATION
HUC FITTING OPERATION
HUC FITTING OPERATION O&M SERVICES
OFFSHORE SUPPORT VESSEL OPERATION
OG-025-3:2014
DECK OPERATION & SERVICES
ENGINE ROOM OPERATION &
SERVICES
LEVEL 2 NO LEVEL PIPELINE
FABRICATION OPERATION
FITTING OPERATION
HUC FITTING OPERATION
HUC FITTING OPERATION O&M SERVICES NO LEVEL DECK OPERATION
& SERVICES
ENGINE ROOM OPERATION &
SERVICES
LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL O&M SERVICES NO LEVEL DECK SERVICES ENGINE ROOM SERVICES
Existing NOSS
85
TABLE 15.1: OCCUPATIONAL AREA STRUCTURE (OAS) OF DOWNSTREAM SUB SECTOR ( CONSTRUCTION AND ENGINEERING AREA)
Existing NOSS
SECTOR OIL & GAS
SUB SECTOR DOWNSTREAM
AREA CONSTRUCTION & ENGINEERING
JOB AREA CIVIL STRUCTURE ELECTRICAL MECHANICAL PROCESS COMMISSIONING
LEVEL 8 PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
LEVEL 7 CIVIL ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING
LEAD ENGINEER
(STRUCTURAL)
STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION
MANAGER
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROCESS
ENGINEERING ENGINEERING
LEVEL 6 CIVIL ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING
DESIGN ENGINEER
(STRUCTURAL)
STRUCTURE ENGINEER
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROCESS
ENGINEERING ENGINEERING
LEVEL 5 CIVIL
ENGINEERING DESIGN
CIVIL CONSTRUCTION OPERATION & MANAGEMENT
STRUCTURE DESIGN
0G-020-5:2012
METAL STRUCTURE
FABRICATION MANAGEMENT OG-011-5:2012
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
DESIGN
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION SUPERVISION
MECHANICAL FITTING
MANAGEMENT
MECHANICAL DESIGN
ENGINEERING PROCESS DESIGN
CONSTRUCTION COMMISSIONING
OPERATION & MANAGEMENT
LEVEL 4 CIVIL
ENGINEERING DESIGN
CIVIL CONSTRUCTION OPERATION & SUPERVISION
STRUCTURE DESIGN
0G-020-4:2012
METAL STRUCTURE
FABRICATION MANAGEMENT OG-011-4:2012
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
DESIGN
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
OPERATION SUPERVISION
MECHANICAL FITTING
ADMINISTRATION
MECHANICAL DESIGN
ENGINEERING DRAFTING
CONSTRUCTION COMMISSIONING
SUPERVISION
LEVEL 3 CIVIL DRAFTING
CIVIL CONSTRUCTION
FITTING
STRUCTURE TECHNICAL DRAWING
0G-020-3:2012
METAL STRUCTURE
FABRICATION OPERATION
OG-011-3:2011
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
DRAFTING
ELECTRICAL FITTING
OG-027-3:2014
MECHANICAL FITTING
OG-028-3:2014
MECHANICAL DRAFTING
ENGINEERING DRAFTING
SENIOR COMMISSIONING
OPERATION
LEVEL 2 NO LEVEL MASON NO LEVEL MASON NO LEVEL NO LEVEL MECHANICAL FITTING
MECHANICAL DRAFTING
JUNIOR DRAUGHTSMAN NO LEVEL
LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
86
SECTOR OIL & GAS
SUB SECTOR DOWNSTREAM
AREA CONSTRUCTION & ENGINEERING
JOB AREA CIVIL STRUCTURE ELECTRICAL MECHANICAL PROCESS COMMISSIONING
LEVEL 8 PROJECT DIRECTOR
LEVEL 7 CIVIL ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING
LEAD ENGINEER (STRUCTURAL)
STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION
MANAGER
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
PROCESS ENGINEERING ENGINEERING
LEVEL 6 CIVIL ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING
DESIGN ENGINEER
(STRUCTURAL)
STRUCTURE ENGINEER
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
PROCESS ENGINEERING ENGINEERING
LEVEL 5 CIVIL
ENGINEERING DESIGN
CIVIL CONSTRUCTION OPERATION & MANAGEMENT
STRUCTURE DESIGN
0G-020-4:2012
STRUCTURE FABRICATION
MANAGEMENT
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
DESIGN
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION SUPERVISION
MECHANICAL DESIGN
ENGINEERING PROCESS DESIGN
CONSTRUCTION COMMISSIONING
OPERATION & MANAGEMENT
LEVEL 4 CIVIL
ENGINEERING DESIGN
CIVIL CONSTRUCTION OPERATION & SUPERVISION
STRUCTURE DESIGN
0G-020-4:2012
STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION
SUPERVISION
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
DESIGN
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
OPERATION SUPERVISION
MECHANICAL DESIGN
ENGINEERING DRAFTING
CONSTRUCTION COMMISSIONING
SUPERVISION
LEVEL 3 CIVIL DRAFTING
CIVIL CONSTRUCTION
FITTING
STRUCTURE TECHNICAL DRAWING
0G-020-3:2012
STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION
OPERATION OG-011-3:2011
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION
DRAFTING
ELECTRICAL FITTING
OG-027-3:2014
MECHANICAL DRAFTING
ENGINEERING DRAFTING
SENIOR COMMISSIONING
OPERATION
LEVEL 2 NO LEVEL MASON NO LEVEL MASON NO LEVEL NO LEVEL MECHANICAL DRAFTING
JUNIOR DRAUGHTSMAN NO LEVEL
LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
Existing NOSS
87
SECTOR OIL & GAS
SUB SECTOR DOWNSTREAM
AREA CONSTRUCTION & ENGINEERING
JOB AREA INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL MECHANICAL PIPING MECHANICAL ROTATING MECHANICAL STATIC
ENGINEERING/ TECHNICAL DOCUMENT
MANAGEMENT
LEVEL 8 PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
LEVEL 7 INSTRUMENTATION
& CONTROL ENGINEERING
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL ENGINEERING MECHANICAL CONSTRUCTION MANAGER
ENGINEERING DOCUMENT
CONTROL
LEVEL 6 INSTRUMENTATION
& CONTROL ENGINEERING
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL
ENGINEERING
QMI CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
PIPING CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
ROTATING EQUIPMENT
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
STATIC EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT &
DOCUMENT CONTROL
LEVEL 5 INSTRUMENTATION
& CONTROL DESIGN
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL
OPERATION & MANAGEMENT
QMI CONSTRUCTION OPERATION &
MANAGEMENT
PIPING CONSTRUCTION OPERATION & MANAGEMENT
ROTATING EQUIPMENT
CONSTRUCTION OPERATION & MANAGEMENT
STATIC EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTION OPERATION & MANAGEMENT
DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT
LEVEL 4 INSTRUMENTATION
& CONTROL DESIGN
INSTRUMENTATION OPERATION & SUPERVISION
QMI CONSTRUCTION OPERATION & SUPERVISION
PIPING CONSTRUCTION OPERATION & SUPERVISION
ROTATING EQUIPMENT
CONSTRUCTION OPERATION
SUPERVISION
STATIC EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTION
OPERATION SUPERVISION
DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT
LEVEL 3 INSTRUMENTATION DRAFTING
INSTRUMENTATION FITTING
OG-027-32014
QMI CONSTRUCTION
OPERATION PIPING CONSTRUCTION OPERATION
ROTATING EQUIPMENT
CONSTRUCTION OPERATION
STATIC EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTION
OPERATION NO LEVEL
LEVEL 2 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL PIPING
CONSTRUCTION FITTING
PIPING CONSTRUCTION
FABRICATION
PIPING CONSTRUCTION
RIGGING
ROTATING EQUIPMENT
CONSTRUCTION FITTING
STATIC EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTION
FITTING NO LEVEL
LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
ROTATING EQUIPMENT
CONSTRUCTION RIGGER
STATIC EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTION
RIGGER NO LEVEL
Existing NOSS
88
TABLE 15.2: OCCUPATIONAL AREA STRUCTURE (OAS) OF DOWNSTREAM SUB SECTOR ( OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE AREA)
SUB SECTOR OIL & GAS
SUB SECTOR DOWNSTREAM
AREA OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
JOB AREA CIVIL ELECTRICAL MECHANICAL PIPING INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL
LEVEL 8 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT & CONTROL
LEVEL 7 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT
LEVEL 6 CIVIL ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PIPING ENGINEERING INSTRUMENTATION &
CONTROL ENGINEERING
LEVEL 5 CIVIL OPERATIONG &
MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT
ELECTRICAL OPERATIONG & MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT
MECHANICAL OPERATIONG & MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT
PIPING OPERATIONG & MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL OPERATION
MANAGEMENT
LEVEL 4 CIVIL MAINTENANCE SSUPERVISION
ELECTRICAL OPERATIONG & MAINTENANCE
SUPERVISION
MECHANICAL OPERATIONG & MAINTENANCE SUPERVISION
PIPING OPERATIONG & MAINTENANCE SUPERVISION
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL MAINTENANCE
SUPERVISION
LEVEL 3 CIVIL MAINTENANCE OPERATION
ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE
OPERATION OG-019-3:2013
MECHANICAL MAINTENANCE
OPERATION OG-018-3:2013
PIPING MAINTENANCE OPERATION
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL MAINTENANCE
OPERATION OG-017-3:2013
LEVEL 2 CIVIL MAINTENANCE OPERATION
ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE
OPERATION OG-019-2:2013
ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE
OPERATION OG-018-2:2013
PIPING MAINTENANCE OPERATION
INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL MAINTENANCE
OPERATION OG-017-3:2013
LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
Existing NOSS
89
TABLE 15.3: OCCUPATIONAL AREA STRUCTURE (OAS) OF DOWNSTREAM SUB SECTOR (PETROLEUM DISTILATION PROCESS AREA)
SECTOR OIL & GAS
SUB SECTOR DOWNSTREAM
AREA PETROLEUM DISTILATION PROCESS
JOB AREA GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION GAS PROCESSING POLIMER PRODUCT/ CARCKER PRODUCTION
LEVEL 8 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
LEVEL 7 GAS PIPELINE FABRICATION & ENGINEERING GAS PROCESSING MANAGEMENT POLIMER PRODUCT/ CRACKER PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT
LEVEL 6 GAS PIPELINE FABRICATION & ENGINEERING GAS PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
POLIMER PRODUCT/ CRACKER PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY &
MANAGEMENT
LEVEL 5 GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION OPERATION & MANAGEMENT POLIMER PRODUCT/ CRACKER PRODUCTION & MANAGEMENT
LEVEL 4 GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION OPERATION & SUPERVISION POLIMER PRODUCT/ CRACKER PRODUCTION & SUPERVISION
LEVEL 3 GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION OPERATION POLIMER PRODUCT/ CRACKER PRODUCTION OPERATION
LEVEL 2 GAS PIPELINE TRANSMISSION OPERATION POLIMER PRODUCT/ CRACKER PRODUCTION OPERATION
LEVEL 1 NO LEVEL NO LEVEL
90
4.7 OCCUPATIONAL DESCRIPTION
The Occupational Description describes the Job Definition and Job Description in
terms of competencies and duties that a person is designated to carry out as
competent personnel. These Occupational Descriptions can be used as reference
for employees, employers, practitioners, trainers and academicians alike. The
Occupational Description of all job titles is presented in ANNEX 2 according to
sub sector, area and hierarchical level.
91
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 DISCUSSION
The uncertain of global oil price for the last one year has affected the manpower
demand in the Oil & Gas industry as well as its support services. Many giant Oil
& Gas companies have downsized their companies to make them more
profitable. It is noticed that the uncertain of global oil price has very much
affected upstream sub sector as most of the companies has reduced or stop
exploration activities. However, downstream activities seem does not much
affected by this scenario, in fact many government initiatives would be able to
boost the downstream sub sector. Despite the negative climate, the analysis
findings capture a total of 30 Job titles that are in demand currently and still
shortage of skilled workers. In fact, within 3 years from now it is expected that a
total of 69 job titles are in demand to cater government EPPs under the ETP.
Most of the critical Job titles are Level 1 to Level 5, which are technical and skill-
based positions.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
The findings of this OA are very useful for stakeholders such as government
official, private entities and general public. The Economy Planning Unit (EPU)
may use this finding for manpower projection in Oil & Gas industry. Ministry of
Human Resources may use as a baseline data to develop skilled workers in the
identified areas. Among the programmes are to develop National Occupational
Skills Standard (NOSS) in the critical area. Besides that government may
collaborate with Oil & Gas companies to train people especially in the areas that
identified as critical. Business entities may also use these findings as a reference
92
to expand their business in Oil & Gas industry. This findings are also useful for
the general public as a reference to develop their career.
93
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