Challenges of Challenges of JaLTERJaLTER toward interdisciplinary toward interdisciplinary study on ecosystem adaptation study on ecosystem adaptation

under global changesunder global changes

Hideaki Shibata Hideaki Shibata (Hokkaido University)(Hokkaido University)

TohruTohru NakashizukaNakashizuka (Tohoku University)(Tohoku University)

Contents

• Need of interdisciplinary ecosystem study• What’s JaLTER?• Challenge of JaLTER

– Long-term study of ecosystem process– Cross-site analysis– Data archiving and sharing

Human system needs strategy for adaptation and mitigation under predicted global change.

(IPCC AR4)

(GEO Information Sheet 2008)

Importance of Ecosystem in GEOSS

Ecosystem and biodiversity under global change

(Chapin et al. 2000: Nature 405: 234-242)

(IPCC AR4)

Litter fall

Decomposition & storage

Leaching

RespirationPhotosynthesis & respiration

Production

--- Inter-related processes of carbon cycle in terrestrial ecosystem ---Ecosystem function under the global climate change

Carbon uptake by terrestrial ecosystem(FLUXNET: Baldocchi et al. 2001)

Temperature effect

Growing period

Control of temperature and nitrogen on C uptake

(Magnani et al. 2007, Nature 447: 848-850)

Future increase of nitrogen pollution

(Galloway et al; MA Synthesis 2005)

Change of litter decomposition associated with nitrogen nutrition would control nutrient supply for plant and carbon storage in soil. Progressive nitrogen limitation under climate change

(Johnson et al. 2006, Ecology 87: 64-75)

(Reich et al. 2001, Nature 410: 809-812)

Biodiversity also affect ecosystem productivity affected by elevated CO2 and nitrogen.

(IPCC AR4-WGII report Chapter 4)

From carbon fertilization to saturation and loss

IPCC Fourth Assessment ReportWorking Group II Report "Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability"

Lake and estuary

Grass land

Forest

Associate-siteCore-site

JaLTER site network (April 2008)

Japan Long-Term Ecological Research Network (JaLTER)

Established in 2006

Membership of ILTER in 2007

Various ecosystems and institutes

Different environmental conditions

Long-term and Large-scale study

Cross-site analysis

Data archive and sharing

Education program

100

150

200

250

300

1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Maximum snowpack (cm)

0123456789

4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10

month

deposition flux (mmol/m2)

SO4 NO3

2001 2007

Challenge of JaLTER; Long-term monitoring of environment and ecosystem

JaLTER core site; North Hokkaido

Snowpack

Atmospheric deposition

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008Year

Vol

ume

(m3 h

a-1)

Conifer Broadleaved

Tree volume0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008Year

Vol

ume

(m3 h

a-1)

Conifer Broadleaved

Tree volumeNatural mixed forest

Challenge of JaLTER: Large-scale infrastructures

Carbon exchange between ecosystem and atmosphere

Internal dynamics of carbon in ecosystem

Carbon leaching to stream

Biomass, litterfall, respiration, decomposition, storage

-- carbon cycling in watershed ecosystem --Challenge of JaLTER: Integrated study of ecosystem processes

Carbon cycling and budget in forest ecosystem (gC m-2 y-1)

Litter fall

Translocation

SOC

Leaching

Soil respiration

Mortality

Gross Ecosystem Exchange

838580

118

4

Δ=92

549

Δ=16Δ=146

79

Litter fall

Translocation

SOC

Leaching

Soil respiration

Mortality

Gross Ecosystem Exchange

838580

118

4

Δ=92

549

Δ=16Δ=146

79

Challenge of JaLTER: Integrated study of ecosystem processesIGBP/MEXT・GCTE project (JaLTER core-site; Tomakomai)

(Shibata et al. 2005)

-2

0

2

4

6

8

NE

P (

gCm

-2da

y-1 )

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002～

Gross Primary ProductionNet Primary ProductionEcosystem RespirationSoil RespirationNet Ecosystem ProductionAbove-ground Respiration

JaLTER core-site; Takayama (provided by Dr. Muraoka (Gifu Univ.))

Challenge of JaLTER: Long-term study of ecosystem processes

Process modelFlux measurementEcosystem process

Remote sensing

Challenge of JaLTER: Interdisciplinary approach

JaLTER core-site; Takayama (provided by Dr. Muraoka (Gifu Univ.))

Challenge of JaLTER: Application of experimental manipulation

Soil warming experiment

Nitrogen addition

Clear-cut experiment

Biodiversity & Ecosystem

Tree growth

Litter-fall

Seed production

Forest-floor insects

Bird community

--- Monitoring sites 1000 ---

Challenge of JaLTER: Interdisciplinary cross-site study

Ministry of Environment, Japan

Forest and estuary sites are strongly over-lapped by JaLTER-site.

Mr. Sakamoto will explain details in the afternoon session.

Some JapanFlux sites are registered as JaLTER site.

Collaboration with JapanFlux

Challenge of JaLTER: Interdisciplinary cross-site study II

Challenge of JaLTER: Data archiving and sharing – EML database

Education program for next generation

Conclusive remark• Linkage between GEOSS and on-site

ecosystem research network with interdisciplinary approach would be quite important for ecosystem management toward the adaptation under global changes.

• Understandings of the interrelationship between carbon, water, nutrition and biodiversity in ecosystem with different environmental conditions and different spatial and temporal scale would be one of the key research themes for GEOSS-Ecosystem and Biodiversity.

Kick-off meeting of JaLTER in Tomakomai Experimental Forest (November 2006)

We thank JaLTER and ILTER colleagues.