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Introduction to Drugs
Chapter 01
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Pharmacology
Pharmacology is the study of the biological effects ofchemicals.
Drugsare chemicals that are introduced into the body tocause some sort of change.
Health care providers focus on how chemicals act onliving organisms.
Nurses deal with pharmacotherapeutics, or clinicalpharmacology.
Some drug effects are therapeutic, or helpful, but othersare undesirable or potentially dangerous.
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Nurses Responsibility
Administering drug
Assesses for adverse drug effects
Intervening to make the drug regimen more tolerable
Providing patient teaching about drugs and the drugregimen
Monitoring and prevention of medication errors
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Sources of Drugs
Natural Sources
Plants Synthetic version of the active chemical found in a
plant
Main component of the growing alternative
therapy movement
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Plants
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Sources of Drugs (cont.)
Natural Sources (cont.)
Animal products
Used to replace human chemicals that are notproduced because of disease or genetic problems
Genetic engineering
Many of these preparations are now createdsynthetically
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Sources of Drugs (cont.)
Natural Sources (cont.)
Inorganic compounds
Salts of various elements can have therapeuticeffects in the human body
Synthetic Sources
Genetic engineering alter bacteria to producechemicals that are therapeutic and effective
Original prototypes
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Inorganic
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Drug Evaluation Preclinical Trials
Chemicals tested on laboratory animals
Phase I Studies
Chemicals tested on human volunteers
Phase II Studies
Drug tried on informed patients
Phase III Studies
Drug used in vast clinical market
Phase IV Studies
Continual evaluation of the drug
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Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or false.
Groups of similar drugs, all of which are derived from anoriginal prototype, are available today because of
technological advances that make a particular drug moredesirable in a specific situation.
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Answer
True
Rationale: These technological advances have led to thedevelopment of groups of similar drugs, all of which are
derived from an original prototype, but each of which hasslightly different properties, making a particular drug
more desirable in a specific situation.
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Legislation
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Controlled Substances
The Controlled Substances Act of 1970
Control over the coding of drugs and theenforcement of these codes to the FDA and the DrugEnforcement Agency (DEA), a part of the U.S.Department of Justice.
Prescription, distribution, storage, and use of these drugs
are closely monitored. Local policies and procedures might be even more
rigorous.
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Controlled Substances (cont.)
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Generic Drugs
Chemicals that are produced by companies involved
solely in the manufacturing of drugs Bioavailability of the drug
Dispensed as written
Important in drugs that have narrow safety margins
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Orphan Drugs
Drugs that have been discovered, but are not financiallyviable and therefore have not been adopted by any
drug company The Orphan Drug Act of 1983
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Over-the-Counter Drugs
Products that are available without prescription for self-treatment of a variety of complaints.
Some of these agents were approved as prescriptiondrugs.
Later were found to be very safe and useful forpatients (example: loratidine).
Many of these drugs were grandfathered.
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Over-the-Counter Drugs (cont.)
Nurses should consider several problems related to OTCdrug use:
Taking these drugs could mask the signs andsymptoms of underlying disease, makingdiagnosis difficult.
Taking these drugs with prescription medications
could result in drug interactions and interferewith drug therapy.
Not taking these drugs as directed could resultin serious overdoses.
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Sources of Drug Information
Drug Label
Drug labels have specific information that identifies aspecific drug
Understanding how to read a drug label is essential
Package Insert
Prepared by the manufacturer
Contains all of the chemical and study informationthat led to the drugs approval
Difficult to understand and read
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Sources of Drug Information (cont.)
Reference Books
Physicians Drug Reference (PDR)
Drug Facts and Comparisons
AMA Drug Evaluations
Lippincotts Nursing Drug Guide (LNDG)
Journals
Internet
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Question
Drug labels are a source of information. What informationmight a drug label provide?
A. The manufactured date
B. The expiration date
C. When the patent expires
D. The binding properties of the drug
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Answer
B. The expiration date
Rationale: Drug labels have specific information thatidentifies a specific drug. For example, a drug labelidentifies the brand and generic names for the drug, thedrug dosage, expiration date, and special drug warnings.Some labels also indicate the route and dosage foradministration.
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