Mutation:-inheritable changes in genetic material
…changes that affect a single orfew nucleotides.
…occur at a single pointin DNA sequence.
Substitution: one base exchanged for another(ex: sickle cell anemia)
Insertion: extra base(s) are inserted
Deletion: DNA is deleted/left out
…all are frameshift mutations ; can alter the protein/cause abnormality…
Sickle Cell: a substitution mutation
ChromosomalMutations:
Changes in the number or structure of chromosomes
Polyploidy-Organism has extra sets of chromosomes in gametes.
…normal gametes are (2N); Triploid (3N)orTetraploid (4N) can occur.
Domestication of plants/animals: all modern-day food products were once “wild”- humans have tamed & shaped nature to better suit human needs.
Selective Breeding: allowing only those organisms with desirable traits toproduce the next generation.
Inbreeding: continued breeding of individualswith similar traits.
Can also increaserisk of genetic defects.
Increasing variation through genetic engineering of mutations
This bacteria has beenmodified to turn CO2 into fuel.
This bacteria has been GM’ed to eat oil.
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