Influenwithano
Neelima Received
Withania soancient meattributed tThe presenbiochemicagrowth, biogrowth in cAM inoculanitrogen, pwithaferin withanolideyield of bio Keywords IntroducWithania Solanaceaone of thnumber (Anonympropertiessedative aal., 2000Ayurvedictreatment debilities,problems importancpresence which are(Ichikawaroots inmicroorgamycorrhizAuthor’sHislop SchoRoad, Civil E-mail: nee
EnvironmentISSN 0972-3Abstracted an
Copyright by AAll rights of re
nce of Glolides con
Ratti and
d: 21.11.2012
omnifera L. Dudicinal plant, uto the presence
nt set of pot exal parameters aochemical paracomparison to ated plants as cphosphorus anA and withanoe content of W.logically impor
s: Ashwagand mycorrhiza
ction somnifera
ae), commonlhe most valu
of phaous, 1962). s of this planand anti-convu). The plantc recipes and
of neurol, arthritis and(Gupta and
ce of W. somof steroidal
e present in tha et al., 200nteract withanisms in the zal fungi forms Address ool of BiotechnoLines, Nagpur-(
elimaratti2010@
t Conservation Jou3099 (Print) 2278-5nd Indexed
ASEA eproduction in any
lomus inttent of Wi
d Avinash U
2
unal (Ashwaganused in the Indie of steroidal laperiment was d
and withanolideameters and wuntreated plan
compared to nod potassium a
olide a content somnifera. Th
rtant secondary
dha, Glomus il fungi
a (L.) Dly known as Aued medicinaarmaceutical
The ethnopnt include adulsion activitt is recommd has been elogical diso
d stress and bRana, 2007)mnifera is alactones call
he leaves and 6; Misra et h a widesoil, among
m an importan
ology, Hislop Co(Maharashtra)
@gmail.com
urnal 14(1&2) 75-85124 (Online)
y form reserved Environment
traradicesithania som
Upadhyay
Andha) also knoian traditional ctones called wdesigned to inves content of W.withanolide connts. Significant on inoculated plas compared t
by mycorrhizae results sugges
y metabolites in
intraradices,
Dunal (FamAshwagandhaal plants with
applicatipharmacolog
daptogenic, aies (Budhiraj
mended in memployed in rders, geria
behaviour rela. The medici
attributed to led withanoliroots of the hal., 2008).Pl
e variety these arbuscunt componen
ollege, Temple
80, 2013
75 t Conservation
on growmnifera L
Abstract own as Indian system of medi
withanolides whvestigate the eff
W. somnifera. Thntent in plant. increase in heiglants was obserto that of nonation was obsersted that G. intW. somnifera.
Withanolides
mily a, is h a ions ical
anti-a et any the
atric ated inal the
ides herb lant
of ular t of
soil mdevelopand havby supnutrienthost plaBeneficgrowth,environreportedfungi shthus thethe funget al., 1The seprerequlevels ofungi (Spresent Glomuscontent environ
n Journal
wth, biocDunal (A
ginseng, of theicine. The medi
hich are presentfect of Glomus
he results showeMycorrhizal t
ght, root lengthrved. AM fungin-mycorrhizal prved. Mycorrhiztraradices is a b
s, Withania so
microflora. Ap a symbiotic ve been reporpplying phots from the soant (Bolan, 19cial effects , nutrient
nmental stred (Koide andhow a preferee extent to whgal species in987).
election of euisite for inocof compatibiliSmith and Re
study was s intraradices
of Withaninmental condi
chemical Ashwagand
Accep
e family Solanaicinal important in the leaves a
intraradices ined significant etreatment showh, and total dryi considerably eplants. A conszal inoculation beneficial biofer
omnifera, Arb
Arbuscular mrelationship
rted to enhancosphate, nitroil and translo991). of AM symuptake, an
sses have d Mosse, 2004ential colonizhich the host nvolved in the
efficient AMculation since ity between head, 1997). Th
to investigas on the growia somnifera itions.
changes dha)
pted: 8.02.20
aceae is an impnce of W. somniand roots of thenoculation on genhancement onwed better vegy weight (biomenhanced the lesiderable incresignificantly af
rtilizer for incr
buscular
mycorrhizal with higher p
ce the plant grrogen and ocating them
mbiosis on nd tolerancebeen extens
4). However, zation to hostbenefit depen
e symbiosis (M
M fungi is athere are dif
host plants andhe objective oate the effe
wth and withanunder contr
and
13
portant ifera is e herb. rowth,
n plant etative ass) of
evels of ease in ffected reasing
fungi plants, rowth other to the
plant e to sively these
ts and nds of Miller
a key fferent d AM of the
ect of nolide rolled
MaterialPlant mintraradicGlomus rhizosphethe fungusterilized intraradicas inoculrhizosphespores/g oharvested and leaf w40°C for 7and heighharvestingPlant groSurface sDunal obMandsaurcontainingwith 10 intraradicchlamydosowing. Sfungi servin each glasshous± 2°C anseedlings plant in a(pH 8.0, organic c0.87%). treatment.Roots of for AM coand HaymAnalysis micronutcrude cytMacro anstem, rootmethod oalkaline pmodified content wLowry (1by the age
l and Methomaterial andces intraradices
ere soil of thes was maintaisoil. A 90-da
ces maintainelum. The in
eric soil of theof soil was us
after 90 daywas recorded7 days. Fresh
ht of the plantg. owth conditioterilized seedbtained fromr (M.P) weg sterilized sg of soil-ba
ces) contaiospores of G.Seeds sown inved as controtray and we
se with day/nid 45–60% rewere transp
a pot (6″ sizeEC 0.062
arbon 0.79%There were. Plants werthe seedling
olonization byman (1970).
of phosphatrients, prottokinin contend micronutt and leaf partof Jackson (phosphatase method of
was estimated951). Chloro
e old method
ods d treatmen
was isolae plant and pined on Rhodays-old soil ped on Rhodesnfected root e Rhodes grased as inocul
ys. Dry weighd after dryingh weight of rots was record
ons ds of Withanm College oere sown insoil. The trayased AM inoning appro. intraradicesn sterilized s
ols. Twenty sere grown fight regimes elative humidlanted in eare) filled withms/cm, avai
%, nitrogen 0.e five replicre watered wgs were perioy standard m
atase activittein, chloroent and withatrients were ts of the plant(1973). Assaactivity waBergmeyer
d by the stanophyll contenof Arnon (19
Environment
nt of Glom
ated from ure inoculum
des grass rootpot culture ofs grass was u
fragments ss containinglum. Plants wht of shoot, rg in an oven
oot, shoot, leaed at the time
nia somniferaof Horticultun earthen t
y was inoculaoculant (Glomoximately 2s at the timesoil without Aseeds were sofor 30 days of 12 h at 30
dity. Germinarthern pots,
h autoclaved ilable P 0.1206%, potassicates for ewhen necessaodically checkethod of Phil
ty, macro aophyll conteanolides
analyzed frt by the standay of acid as done by
(1974). Protndard methodnt was estima949). Crude
Ratt
76 t Conservation
mus
the m of
s in f G. used and
g 25 were root n at aves e of
a L. ure, tray ated mus 250 e of AM own
in 0°C ated one soil 2%, ium ach ary. ked lips
and ent,
rom dard and the
tein d of ated
cytokinThiagarextractenon-myet al., done byliquid cPercentspores/The roolactoglyHaymanlength methodwere isand dec1963) a ResultEffect oInoculaaffectedalkalinecontentfungi length, compar1). Percof AM and 30AM fucontrol.mycorrhhave rparametmedicinBagyaraobtaineinoculatcolonizinoculat188.14/1). Theplants.Effect oThere wb, totphatase
ti and Upadhyay
n Journal
nin was estrajan and Ahmed from leaf ycorrhizal pla
(2004) and y reverse phachromatographtage root c/100 g soil ot samples wycerol by stn, 1970). Thwas evaluat
d of Giovanneolated from tcanting methand quantified
s and Discuof AM fungi ation of G.d plant growe phosphatas
of W. somninoculation root length
red to that of cent increase inoculated pl%, respectivungi inocula. Percent inchizal plant wreported sigters due tonal plants (Eaj, 2003). d by Haldar ated with Gloation and nted with Glom/100 g rhizosre was no AM
of AM fungi was a increastal chlorop
e,alkaline pho
timated by mad (1994). W
f and root ofants by the m
their qualitaase analytical hy (HPLC).
colonization
were stained wtandard methhe percentageted by the etti and Mossethe soil samp
hod (Gerdemad by eelworm
ussion on plant gro intrarad
wth, nutrient ses, protein nifera (Table significantly and dry w
non-mycorrhin shoot lenglants over coely. Total dr
ated plants crease in totwas 106.03%gnificant inco mycorrhizaaranna et al.Similar typeand Ray (200mus fasciculanumber of mus intraradisphere soil, rM fungi colo
on biochemise in chlorophphyll, protesphatase and
the methoWithanolidesf mycorrhiza
method of Khative analysis
high perform
and numbe
with trypan blhod (Phillipse of infectedgridline int
eae (1980). Sples by wet siann and Nicocounting slid
owth dices signific
content, acidand withano1-2, Fig. 1)enhanced
weight of plahizal control (gth and root lontrol was 24ry weight/plawas higher tal dry weig
%. Earlier worease in gral inoculatio, 2002; Bobye of result 6) in W. somnatum. Percenspores in p
ices was 63.8espectively (
onisation in co
ical changes hyll a, chloroein, acid kinetinb cont
d of s were al and hajuria s was mance
er of
lue in s and d root ersect
Spores ieving olson, de.
cantly d and olides . AM shoot
ant as (Table length .94%, ant of
than ght of orkers rowth
on in y and
was nifera
nt root plants
84 and (Table ontrol
ophyll
phos tent
Treatme
Control MycorrhiP<0.05
± = Stand
Table
Treatments
Control MycorrhizP<0.05
Figure 1.of Withan
Table 1: E
nts Height
34.48±2izal 43.08±3
0.0033 dard Deviation
e 2: Effect o
s Protein content leaf (µg/mg fresh wt)
0.23±0.0al 0.46±0.0
1.06E-08
. Withaferin nia somnifera
Effect of G. in
(cm)
2.90 3.65
n
of G. intrara
Protein content root (µg/mg fresh wt)
2 0.15±0.001 0.26±0.00
8 8.81E-10
A and Witha
Environment
ntraradices in
Root length (cm) 6.0±0.38 7.8±0.49 0.0002
adices inocusom
Alkaline phosphatae activity root (µm nitrophen/g fresh wt/min)
04 1.13±0.0807 2.32±0.09
1.94E-08
hanolide A co
Influence of G
77 t Conservation
noculation on
Dry wt/pla(g) 2.32±0.334.78±0.322.17E-06
lation on bimnifera
as
p-nol
Acid phosphatactivity ro(µm p-nitropheng fresh wt/min)
8 26.47±2.09 61.09±0.7
4.32E-12
ontent in my
Glomus intraradice
n Journal
n growth of W
ant Percent RColoniza-- 63.84±3.28.59E-11
iochemical c
ase oot
nol/
Chl a (mg/g frwt)
03 0.757±073 0.810±0
2 0.081
ycorrhizal an
es on growth
Withania som
Root ation
No. og soi--
28 188. 8.9E
changes of W
fresh Chl b (mfresh w
0.04 0.442±00.04 0.612±0
7.1E-06
nd non-myco
mnifera
of spore/100 il
14±4.09 -14
Withania
mg/g wt)
Total (mg/gwt)
0.024 1.212±0.029 2.012±6 9.13E
orrhizal roots
chl g fresh
±0.02 ±0.18
E-06
s
in AM fumycorrhizfungi inccontent Chlorophyinoculatedpresent rworkers content i2000).AMincreased phosphatafresh wt mof non-mactivity phosphatamycorrhizwas 130.7than that oare in agrobserved and alkalicompared(1998) oalkaline pwere clocolonisatidue to inoacid phosproots of phosphoruplants maphosphatain enhanMycorrhizimprove P
Table
S = Ste
Treatme
Control
Mycorrh
P<0.05
ungi treated pzal plants (Tacreased 66.0as compareyll a was d plants thaesults are inwho reporte
in mycorrhizM fungi c
production ases (expressemin-1 of root tmycorrhizal p
was domase in both tzal plants. A79% higher of control (Tareement withincreased act
ine phosphatad to nonmycoobserved thaphosphatase
osely correlaion of roots. Soculation of Aphatase activProsopis jul
us in mycorray be due toase enzymes nced growtzal fungi hP availability
e 3: Effect of
em; R = Root;
ents S
l 1.1 0.0
hizal 1.90.11.607
E
plants comparable 2). Inocu1% of total
ed to that 7.0% high
an that of n agreement ed increasedzal plants (Molonization
of acid aed as µm p-ntissue) as complants. Acid
minated ovthe mycorrhiAcid phospha
in AM inocable 2). The p several authtivity of acidase in mycorrorrhizal rootst acid phosactivities in
ated to leveSelvaraj (199AM fungi G. ity increased liflora. Highrhizal Withano the increaswhich ultima
th responsehave been
y by solubilis
f G. intraradi
; L = Leaf
Nitrogen R
17± 1.43± 102 0.02 0
97± 2.31± 210 0.07 06E- 5.55E- 3
09 -
Environment C
red with non-ulation of AMl chlorophyll
of controlher in AMcontrol. Thewith earlier
d chlorophyllMorte et al.
significantlyand alkalineitrophenol g-1
mpared to thatphosphatase
er alkalinezal and non-atase activityculated plantspresent resultshors who alsod phosphataserhizal roots as. Fries et al.sphatase and
maize rootsels of AMF98) found that
fasciculatumin leaves ander uptake of
nia somniferased levels ofately resulted
e of plantreported to
ing inorganic
ices inoculatConc
Ph L .40±
0.04 2.25± 0.09 3.85E -08
R
78 Conservation Jo
-M
l .
M e r l ,
y e 1 t e e -y s s o e s ,
d s F t
m d f a f d .
o c
phosphoruorganic a1995). Ealkaline pan importthe releasarbusculePhosphorwhich ispolyphospphosphataexpressedmycorrhizincrease t2). Proteinearly twplants. M80.14% pnon-mycoeffect of content Catharanmosseaeprotein ireported iGianinazz Effect of The effecphosphoruin Tablphosphorumycorrhizthat of
tion on nutriecentration of nhosphorus S R 0.11± 0.14±0.02 0.030.28± 0.31±0.06 0.03 0.000 1.39E242 -05
Ratti and Upadhy
ournal
us which is macids and phoEarlier workephosphatase itant role in pose of inorg
es to root cerus translocats normally phate can bease.Leaf and as µg protzal inoculatedthan the non-in content o
wo-fold than Mycorrhizationprotein conteorrhizal plantf mycorrhizahas been
nthus roseus(Ratti et al.,in the mycoin many plantzi, 1989).
AM fungi onct of AM fuus and potase 3. Concus and potasszal plants wa
non-mycorr
ent content onutrients (%) Potass L ± 0.18± 0.03 ± 0.37± 0.07
E 0.000 427
yay
mediated throuosphatases (Gers have suin mycorrhizaoly P degradaanic phospha
ells (Ezawa eted from extpresent in te hydrolysed
nd root ptein mg-1 fred plants show-mycorrhizal f mycorrhizathat of non
n increased ent in leaf as (Table 2). T
al fungi on reported on
s inoculated, 2010). Accorrhizal roots (Gianinazz
n nutrient coungi in the tosium contentcentration osium in root
as significantlrhizal ones
of Withania s
sium S R 2.10± 1.53± 0.05 0.04 3.52± 3.21± 0.04 0.03 2.64E- 7.14E-11 13
ugh release ofGeorge et al.uggested thaal root playedation and thusate (Pi) fromet al., 2001)ternal hyphaethe form of
d by alkalinerotein levesh weight ofwed a greaterplants (Table
al plants wasn-mycorrhiza103.10% and
and root overThe beneficia
total proteinn plants ofd with G
cumulation ofts has beeni-Pearson and
ontent otal nitrogent is presentedof nitrogenand leaves ofly higher than
(Table 3)
somnifera
L 3.37± 0.06 5.55± 0.07 - 1.65E -11
f , t d s
m . e f e l f r e s l d r l n f
G. f n d
n, d n, f n .
Myco60.71root aPhospmyco121.4The rthe r(1992hyphaincreawhichabsorpions Transroot c(RyanusuallincreafungasignifcompPercemyco64.69compEffecMycowithaThe cand 5mycorespecconten4.26 m1). Peand Wthat oAM isoflaal., 20that Genhanparamsecon AcknThe Scien
orrhizal infe% and 61.54as comparedphorus contenrrhizal plants
43% higher results of thereported find2), who havae growing base the absorph result in a ption, especialike phospho
sport of P intocells is an impn et al., 2007ly attributed tased soil exal associatificantly increared to that nt increase rrhizal plan% in leaf ared to that ot of AM fung
orrhizal inocuanolide contenconcentration 5.67 mg g-1
rrhizal anctively. Simnt was 2.67 mg g-1 dry wercent increasWithanolide-Aof non-mycorr
fungi has avone content008). ResultsG. intraradicnced plant grmeters and inndary metabol
nowledgemeauthors are
nce and Techn
estation incr4% nitrogen id to non-mycnt in stem, les was 154.55%than non-my present stud
dings of Jacve reported tbeyond the rptive surface greater efficially slowly dorus (Kotharo host plants aportant functi7). Increased to increased
xploration byion. Mycoeased potassi
of non-mycin potassiu
nts was 67.and 109.80%
of non-mycorrgi on withanoulation signifnt of W. somof withaferin
1 dry weighnd mycorrmilarly the
mg in non-mwt. in mycorrhse in WithafeA was 59.55 rhizal plants. been reportt in red clov of the presences inoculatirowth, changncreased biolites in W. som
ents grateful to
nology, Govt
Environment
reased 68.38n stem, leaf corrhizal plaeaf and roots%, 105.56% ycorrhizal ondy coincide wckobsen et that the funrhizospheric area of the ro
iency of nutridiffusing mineri et al., 199and its releaseion of AM fuP absorption
surface area y the root Aorrhizal fuium content corrhizal plaum content .62% in ste% in roots rhizal plants.olide contentficantly affecmnifera (Fig. n-A was 3.53 ht root in nrhizal plawithanolide
mycorrhizal hizal plants (rin-A was 60as comparedThe potentiaed to enhaer (Khaosaadnt study indicon significan
ged biochemologically actmnifera.
Department t. of India, N
Influence of G
79 t Conservation
8%, and nts. s of and nes. with
al., ngal soil oot, ient eral 91). e to
ungi n is and AM ungi
as nts.
of em,
as
t cted
1). mg
non-ants,
A and (Fig 0.62 d to al of ance d et cate ntly ical tive
of New
Delhi fScientisMandsa134 acc RefereAnonymou
37–3 Arnon D1
Poly1-15
Bergmeye
New Boby V U
ColeMicr
Bolan NS
fung134,
Budhiraja
witha Earanna N
arbuof Ra697.
Ezawa T
polypintraPhyt
Fries L L
Phosendo
George E,
mycofrom270.
Gerdeman
endodeca46: 2
Gianinazz
aspecin my
Giovannet
for mroots
Gupta GL
a rev Halder S,
fasciJ Exp
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n Journal
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