Air
Pollution
Air Pollution ControlMobile Emissions: Line sources
Stationary Emissions: Point sources
Mobile Emissions: Line sources
Internal Combustion Engines
Types of the engines1. Spark Ignition (SI) Engines: 1880 Nicholas Otto, German engineer
Compression ratio: 1: 8, Gasoline-Octane number, 88 & 91(IOCL Extra Premium)
Four stroke: Intake stroke (Gasoline/petrol + Air mixture)
Compression stroke
Power stroke : spark is given to have combustion: Faraday dynamo
Exhaust stroke Working of four stroke petrol engine - YouTube.FLV
2. Compression Ignition (CI) Engines: 1893 Rudolf Diesel, German
Compression ratio: 1:15, Diesel-Cetane number, 46+
Four stroke: Intake stroke (Air only)
Compression stroke
Power stroke : Diesel injected to have combustion
Exhaust stroke How a diesel Engine Works - YouTube.MP4
CO, HC, NOx and PM
CO, HC,(PM and NOx higher), Noise pollution
Emissions in Internal Combustion Engines
Rich Mixture
Two
Way
Catalytic
Converter
Two
pollutants:
CO
HC
Leaded
gasoline
spoils
converters
A two-way catalytic converter has two
simultaneous tasks:
Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon
dioxide: 2CO + O2 → 2CO2
Oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbons
(unburnt and partially-burnt fuel) to carbon
dioxide and water: 2CxHy + (2x+y/2)O2 →
2xCO2 + yH2O
Three
Way
Catalytic
ConverterThree
pollutants:
CO
HC
&
NOx
Leaded
gasoline
spoils
converters
A three-way catalytic converter has three
simultaneous tasks:
Reduction of nitrogen oxides to nitrogen
and oxygen: 2NOx → xO2 + N2
Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon
dioxide: 2CO + O2 → 2CO2
Oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) to
carbon dioxide and water: 2CxHy +
(2x+y/2)O2 → 2xCO2 + yH2O
Three
Way
Catalytic
ConverterThree
pollutants:
CO
HC
&
NOx
Leaded
gasoline
spoils
converters
How a catalytic converter works -
YouTube.MP4
Catalytic
Converters
use
Platinum/
Palladium/
Rhodium/
Gold
catalysts
Theft?
OTHER OPTIONS
Cleaner/Alternative Fuels
Cleaner/Alternative Fuels
Oxygen containing additives reduce air requirements and combustion is better
Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) ( ill health effects)
Biodiesel
Ethanol: GASOHOL(10 % ethanol & 90% Gasoline)
Methanol [M80, 80 % methanol, 20 % gasoline]
CNG
LPG
Hydrogen
A cleaner-burning, renewable, and
domestically produced diesel fuel
Biodiesel can be made from various oils:
edible and nonedible viz: jatropha,
pongamia, mustard, soybean, corn,
sunflower, animal fat, and even waste
grease
Biodiesel is primarily sold as B20 (Diesel
80+20 BioDiesel)
U.S. Congress designated B20 as an
approved alternative fuel in 1998
BIODIESEL
A BETTER FUEL VS DIESEL
Higher cetane
Greater lubricity
Superior detergency
Higher flash point
More mileage
Greater horsepower
Less smoke
Smoother running engines
Quicker starts
Longer engine life
Reduced maintenance
BenefitsFeatures
Cleaner Emissions vs. Diesel
Emission Type B100 B20
Carbon Monoxide - 43.2% - 12.6%
Hydrocarbons - 56.3% - 11%
Particulates - 55.4% - 18 %
Nitrogen Oxides + 5.8% +1.2 %
Carcinogens - 60% - 90% - 12% - 20%
Mutagens - 80% - 90% - 20%
Carbon Dioxide * - 78.3% - 15.7%
* Life cycle emissions of CO2
Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Golden, Colorado
FUEL ETHANOL AND BIODIESEL PRODUCTION, WORLD TOTAL, 1990-2003
(billion liters)
FROM THE FARMER TO THE FUEL TANK
Energy Crop
R&D
Farming
Oilseed
Meal
CrushingCrop Oil
Biodiesel Production
Biodiesel
MarketGlycerin
++
Vegetable or
animal oilAlcohol Biodiesel Glycerine
catalyst
Basics :
Chemical reaction between vegetable or animal oils/fats with alcohol producing ethyl or
methyl esters (Biodiesel) + glycerine (by-product)
Raw materials
- Vegetable oils (rapeseed, soya, sunflower, castor, palm, cotton, peanut, others)
or animal;
- Alcohol (methanol or ethanol)
- Catalysts (sodium hydroxide)
Biodiesel Production by Transesterification
Catalyst
Oil Purification Transesterification Purification Biodiesel
WaterGlycerine
Soaps
Water
Purification Glycerine
Alcohol
Biodiesel Production by Transesterification
ETHANOL
Henry Ford designed the famed
Model T Ford to run on alcohol
and he had said “the fuel of the
future” in 1908
ETHANOL AS FUEL
The Model T Ford was built to run on ethanol, 1908
Renewable Zero Carbon Balance
Not dependent on petroleum
Large scale of production
High miscibility with gasoline and it is a perfect
substitute for tetraethyl lead/aromatics
Oxygenated Compound Reduces CO emission
Low toxic
Sulfur free
WHY ETHANOL?
Low heating value (70 % of gasoline)
Ignition difficulty in winter
Metal corrosion
Effect on plastic and rubber components
DISADVANTAGES ETHANOL
WORLD ETHANOL PRODUCTION2007 data
Country Billion of litre
USA 24.60
Brazil 18.99
European Union 2.16
China 1.83
Canada 0.80
Thailand 0.28
Columbia 0.27
India 12.3
Gasoline
(CnH1.87n)
Methanol
(CH3OH)
Ethanol
(C2H5OH)
Stoichiometric A/F
ratio14.6 6.47 9.00
Density (kg/m3) 720-780 792 785
RON 95 106 107
MON 80-90 92 89
Low heating value
(MJ/kg)44 20 26.9
Heat of
vaporization (kJ/kg)305 1,103 840
LHV of stoich.
mixture (MJ/kg)2.83 2.68 2.69
Auto-ignition
temperature (°C)260-460 460 360
FUEL PROPERTIES
ETHYL ALCOHOL
Raw Materials
Sugary materials: molasses, sugar cane
juice, fruits
Starch materials: corn, barley, rice, wheat
Cellulosic materials: wood, agricultural
residues
METHANOL
United States Auto Club : 1965
Formula one : gasoline
High octane number : RON of 107 and MON of 92
Not suitable for CI engines
Proven technology
Heating value half of gasoline
No engine modification required
METHANOL
Methanol economy: in 2005 by George A. Olah
Nobel Prize (1994)
Methanol: as gasoline supplement/
replacement
Direct : DMFC (Direct Methanol Fuel Cell)
Indirect : Hydrogen Fuel Cells
METHANOL PRODUCTION ROUTES
Wood pyrolysis
From Syn gas (CO+H2) via F-T process (depends upon catalyst, temperature and pressure conditions)
Methanol and Ethanol may be the
Liquid Fuels of Coming Future
Mixture of HCs
Main Constituent is Methane >96%
Heating value 37-40 MJ/Nm3
(billing is based on heating value)
Sulphur free
High octane number (130+)
CO and unburnt HCs emission low
Low cost ?
NG/CNG/PNG/LNG
Year OIL ONGC PVT/JV Total
1996/07 1.50 21.28 0.48 23.26
1999/00 1.73 23.25 3.47 28.45
2004/05 2.01 22.99 6.78 31.77
2005/06 2.27 22.57 7.36 32.20
2006/07 2.27 22.25 7.04 31.58
2009/10 47.51
NG PRODUCTION IN INDIA
As per 2007 data of MoPNG
in BCM
GAIL (INDIA) LTD. main player in gas
transport
A total of 5300 km gas pipe line in our country
11 states covered
HBJ (Hajira-Bilaspur-Jagdispur) 2800 km
Capacity: 60 SMCMD; 900 mm Diameter
Pressure: 20-40 Bar, Boosters: 200-350 km
Iran-Pakistan-India pipeline: 2300 km
Myanmar-Bangladesh-India Pipe Line
NG NET WORK
Number of natural gas vehicles and refilling
stations in the world by end 2005
Country Vehicles Ref. stations
Argentina 1,439,527 1,402
Brazil 1,000,424 1,124
Pakistan 800,000 740
Italy 382,000 509
India* 204,000 198
US 130,000 1,340
China 97,200 355
Ukraine 67,000 147
Egypt 62,150 90
Colombia 60,000 90
*2006/07 408,880 356 (Delhi and Mumbai)
Number of natural gas vehicles and refilling
stations in the world by end 2005 contd…
Country Vehicles Ref. stations
Iran 48,029 72
Venezuela 44,146 149
Russia 41,780 213
Germany 27,200 558
Japan 24,684 288
Canada 20,505 222
Sweden 7,000 65
UK 543 20
Others 200,000 1,000
Total 4,706,000 8,643
Petroleum review, 2006
Domestic fuel
Mixture of Propane (20%) & Butane (80%)
LPG is highly volatile liquid and expands
to 247 times of its liquid volume
Mercaptans added (50 ppm)
Liquefaction pressure: Propane 10 bar; Butane
3 bar
14.2 kg MS Cylinders for domestic use
and 19 & 49.5 kg others
Vehicle usage allowed by government
LPG
Widely regarded as the ultimate fuel and
energy storage medium for future
Environment friendly
Hydrogen has high energy density
(120MJ/kg vs 44.4 MJ/kg Petrol)
Produced from water, fossil fuels,
biomass, solar energy etc.
HYDROGEN ENERGY
Catalytic steam reforming of natural
gas/coal/biomass
Electrolytic decomposition of water
Solar radiations
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION ROUTES
PhotosynthesisPhotovoltaics
CO
Sugar
H O
O
2
2
2
Solar energy based production options
Semiconductor/LiquidJunctions
H2O
O H22
SC
Heating
e-
Electrolysis of water
Stationary Emissions: Point Sources
Control of Particulate Matter
Device Selection Depends on Particle Size
Concentration
Corrosivity
Volumetric Flow Rate
Required Collection Efficiency
Cost
Cyclone
For PM > 5 micron
Efficiency > 90%
Maintenance Free
Inexpensive
ReCyclone® System -
YouTube.MP4
Fabric Filters
Eff. – 100 % Particles
>0.01 micron
Can not operate in moist
environment
Large & Expensive
Competitive with ESP
Cloth material-
temperature dependant
Bag Materilas1. Cotton
2. Nylon
3. Polyester
4. Fiberglass
5. Asbestos
6. Stainless steel:
woven
7. Ceramic
filter bag,filter
fabric,filter cage-cox
filter cloth -
YouTube.MP4
Electrostatic Precipitator
Wires are charged with high negative voltage. 100 KV
PM negatively charged & move towards grounded collector plates
Removal>98%, All size
Little pressure drop, low O&M cost but initial cost high
Occupy large space
Plate Area Requirement depends on Efficiency required
– Efficiency = 1-e-wA/Q
– A is total area of collection plate
– Q Volumetric flow rate of the gas
– W is drift velocity
Electrostatic Precipitator System Working.avi - YouTube.MP4
Sulfur Dioxide Control
CaCO3+SO2+2H2O=CaSO3.2H2O+CO2
or CaO+SO2+2H2O=CaSO3.2H2O
END
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