Cassie
Justin
JadeSammyCaitlin Loren
Kegan
AJ
Emma
KaylaJordan Peter Roseanna Bex
Alex
Front of class
Hamish
Will Arlo Ryan
Tim
Jordan Lorene Rory
Hannah
Braiden
AndrewJi SunStephanie
Maddie
Activity Activity
On the periodic table in your booklet colour the On the periodic table in your booklet colour the metals red and nonmetals blue metals red and nonmetals blue
leave the metalliods (these are elements found on leave the metalliods (these are elements found on the border line between the metals and non the border line between the metals and non metals) white.metals) white.
Give names to the following metal symbols:
Al - Zn - Ag -
Ni - Ca - Cu –
Fe - Li - Mg –
Pb - Na - Au -
Aluminium
Nickel
Iron
Lead
Calcium
Zinc
LithiumSodium
Silver
CopperMagnesiumGold
Copy these definitions into your book please
– this describes the physical property of metals to be bent.
– this describes the physical property of metals to be stretched to form wires.
– this describes the physical property of metals to conduct heat and electricity.
– describes the shiny apperance of a metal
- this describes whether something is solid, liquid or gas all metals except mercury are solid at room
temperature
Physical Properties of Metals Physical Properties of Metals Malleable
Ductile
Conductivity
Lustrous
State
The outer electrons determine how reactive an element is
What do you notice about the atoms in the first column (called group one) ?What do you notice about the atoms in group 2?What do you notice about the atoms in group 3A?
•Physical properties of metals
•Describe some uses of metals in
everyday life/round the home
•Explain the structure of a metal in terms
of atom arrangement.
Objectives
What physical properties do metals have? Brainstorm
physical properties of physical properties of metals metals
Conduct electricity
Can be bent or shaped
shiny
conduct heatAll solids at room temperature except ..
mercury (Hg)
can be made into wires
Most have high melting points
Periodic Table ActivityComplete the periodic table activity (refresher)Read the instructions carefully.
Now complete the Family fun activityUse your big periodic table and look for the elements that aren’t in the right group
Find out when do American vampires take a holiday
Starter List the 5 Physical Starter List the 5 Physical Properties of MetalsProperties of Metals
LustrousLustrous MalleableMalleable ConductorsConductors All metals except Hg are solid at room All metals except Hg are solid at room
temperaturetemperature lustrouslustrous
Activity Activity
Give names to the following metal symbols:
Al - Zn - Ag -
Ni - Ca - Cu –
Fe - Li - Mg –
Pb - Na - Au -
Aluminium
Nickel
Iron
Lead
Calcium
Zinc
LithiumSodium
Silver
CopperMagnesiumGold
Physical Property of metal
Meaning
malleable Means the metal can be bent
ductile Means the metal can be made into wires
Conductivity Conducts both heat and electricity
lustrous Shinysolid All are solid except
Hg
Physical Properties of metals
Metal Structure Metal Structure
A metal consists of a regular arrangement of A metal consists of a regular arrangement of positive ions held together by a 'sea' of positive ions held together by a 'sea' of electrons. electrons.
Experiment- physical properties of metalsTest each of the metals on the bench (except Hg) for the following – draw the grid in your book
Element Element name and name and chemicalchemical
symbolsymbol
Is it Is it bendy?bendy?
Does itDoes itConduct?Conduct?
Colour and Colour and appearanceappearance
After After sandingsanding
Melting Melting pointpoint
(high or (high or low)low)
Metal Structure Metal Structure
A metal consists of a A metal consists of a regular arrangement of regular arrangement of positive ions held positive ions held together by a 'sea' of together by a 'sea' of electrons. electrons.
The electrons in the sea The electrons in the sea can move freely, but the can move freely, but the positive ions usually can positive ions usually can only vibrate in the one only vibrate in the one spot. This model explains spot. This model explains the metallic properties:the metallic properties:
Note
This type of metal bonding between positive ions and electrons in metals is strong giving metals high melting points.
The sea of negative electrons in metals allows electrical current to flow through the metal.
These electrons also account for the shiny appearance of metals.
Why do metals conduct Why do metals conduct electricity?electricity?
As the metallic bonds do not act in a particular direction, the rows of positive ions can slide over one another easily. This allows the metal to be bent or shaped. This structure allows metals to be bent (malleable) or made into wires (ductile)
Why most metals can be bent or Why most metals can be bent or shapedshaped
Why metals conduct heatWhy metals conduct heat
Demo by heating spatula with paper clips attached by vasoline
The word particle in this passage refers to the metal ions.
What is an Alloy?
Why Are Alloys produced?
Alloys are produced for a number of reasons.Usually alloys are made to give the metal alloy a combination of properties from two or more metals (or non metals) mixed together for a particular task. Eg stainless steel in bench topsWhat is stainless steel made of?
Look in your text book and list the alloys and their uses from page 84Think of some others to share with the class when you are finished
Metal structure Metal structure Metals consist of p______ metal ions surrounded by n______ electrons.The attraction of the electrons for the p_____ ions acts like a glue that holds metals atoms together
ositive egative
ositive
Atoms are packed in tightly together,This makes a metal: 1.malleable2.ductile
Lots of electrons free to move aroundThis makes a metal:Conduct electricity
Lots of electrons on the surfaceThis makes a metal:Lustrous or shiny
Lattice of Nucleus’s (or ions) with strong bonds holding them together:This makes a metal:
Have high melting pointStrong
What are drawing pins made of?Method
We will dissolve a drawing pin in a small amount of concentrated nitric acid (HNO3)
Get 4 test tubes in a rack.
Now put 6 drops of the following into one of each test tube
Magnesium solution
Cu solution
Fe solution
drawing pin solution
Add 6 drops of sodium hydroxide solution to each.
What are drawing pins made of?Write your observations in a chart like this:
Solution Solution Observation with NaOH Observation with NaOH
addedadded
Copper nitrate Copper nitrate
Iron nitrateIron nitrate
Zinc nitrateZinc nitrate
pinpin
Comparing the colours of the solutions from our results we found that one of the metals in a pin was ......
What is an Alloy?
Alloys are produced for a number of reasons.Usually alloys are made to give the metal alloy a combination of properties from two or more metals (or non metals) mixed together for a particular task. Eg stainless steel in bench topsWhat is the alloy stainless steel made of?
Iron, carbon, nickel and chromium
Alloys2 other common alloys are
Steel – a mixture of _______ and ______Brass – a mixture of ______and ____
What is the alloy stainless steel made of?
Iron, carbon, nickel and chromium
copper zinciron carbon
copper sulfate and iron nail – what’s happening?
iron copper sulphate iron sulphate copper
1. What metal is losing electrons and is oxidised to form metal ions?
2. Which metal ion is accepting electrons and being reduced to form a metal?
Fe in nail
Cu2+
These metals are more reactive and will oxidise easily and donate their electrons
To the ions of these elements
Displacement Reactions
We will use our activity series to see if we can displace metal ions in solution
Displacement Reactions Expt
Choose one of the metals from the front bench (make sure it is clean –use the sand paper if it isn’t)
Place the metal in a solution of a less reactive metal ion
Draw a labelled diagram Write down any observations
underneath the diagram Try another combination
19/04/2319/04/23
Atoms and elements
A substance made of one type of atom is called an element
e.g. a piece of Aluminium (symbol Al) consists of only aluminium atoms bonded together and is called an element.
Brain Storming Activity Group your metals on your alphabet chart into groups
of your choice Eg metal properties, metal uses, alloys, pure elements etc These are some examples but you can group them any way
you want (remember you will have to justify your grouping) Now randomly (eyes closed) pick 2 words from the
alphabet list
Now combine these metals to make a new metal. Give your new metal a name List the physical properties of your new alloy Give some uses for your new metal
Metal Reactions
metal + oxygen metal oxide
aluminium + oxygen aluminium oxide
Metals and oxygen – general word reaction
Example : the word reaction for Aluminium reacting with oxygen is
metal + oxygen
Use the general reaction below to write both word equations then symbol equations for each of the metals reacting with oxygen
calcium
sodium
magnesium
+ oxygen sodium oxide
+ oxygen calcium oxide
+ oxygen magnesium oxide
metal oxide
4Na + O2 2Na2O
2Ca + O2 2CaO
2Mg + O2 2MgO
zinc
copper
iron
aluminium
+ oxygen zinc oxide
+ oxygen iron oxide
+ oxygen copper oxide
+ oxygen aluminium oxide
4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3
2Zn + O2 2ZnO
4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3
2Cu + O2 2CuO
Metals and oxygen What is Rust?Rust only occurs with iron (Fe) metal.
Rusting is where iron reacts with oxygen in the air to form rust (also known as iron oxide Fe2O3)
To form rust iron, water and oxygen must be present.
Rust is always noticed by a reddish brown layer occurring on the surface of the iron.
What makes a metal a metal? What makes a metal a metal?
Answer the following in you book.
What metal can be bent in the passage?
What is another word for bendiness?
Bendiness is a ________ property of a metal
metal + oxygen
Use the general reaction below to write word equations for each of the metals reacting if they react with oxygen (if they don’t react write no reaction)
calcium
sodium
magnesium
zinc
copper
iron
aluminium
+ oxygen sodium oxide
+ oxygen calcium oxide
+ oxygen magnesium oxide
+ oxygen zinc oxide
+ oxygen iron oxide
+ oxygen copper oxide
+ oxygen aluminium oxide
metal oxide
Some metals react with water to form a m______ h___________and h_________ g___
Eg sodium + water Sodium hydoxide + hydrogen gas
Starter
Metal structure StarterMetal structure StarterMetals consist of p______ metal ions surrounded by n______ electrons.The attraction of the e_______ for thep_____ ions acts like a glue that holds metals atoms together
First write the word equation for First write the word equation for each then balance the followingeach then balance the following
1. Li + H2O 2. Ca + H2O
2LiOH + H2
Ca(OH)2 + H2 2
2 2
Metal /Acid reactions Metal /Acid reactions
Most metals will react with dilute acids to give off hydrogen gas and form a salt.
The general formula for a metal acid reaction is
Magnesium + hydrochloric acid
Magnesium + chloride
hydrogen gas
Iron + hydrochloric acid
Iron (ll)Chloride +
hydrogen gas
Zinc + hydrochloric acid
Zinc Chloride +
hydrogen gas
Metal + acid Metal salt + hydrogen gas
Write word equations for these acid metal reactions
Give a balanced equation of an HCl / Mg reaction Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2
Write a balanced equation for an sulfuric acid and Iron metal reaction
Fe + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2
Give a balanced equation of an HCl /Zn reaction Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
The general reaction for a metal reacting with an acid is:
metal + acid metal salt + hydrogen
Experiment: metals and acidExperiment: metals and acid
Acid and metal
The reactivity of metals
Use your Year 10 text to complete the following.
Teacher Demonstration Teacher Demonstration
A small piece of sodium or lithium is placed in a tank of water
Record in your book what happens
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Complete the word equation for the reaction of sodium and waterComplete the word equation for the reaction of sodium and water
Sodium metal + water sodium hydroxide + _______ gashydrogen
What is the name of the test for hydrogen gas?What is the name of the test for hydrogen gas?
The pop test
Investigation: metals and acid
• Aim: to observe the reactions of metals with acid and sort out which react are more reactive.
The general reaction for a metal reacting with an acid is:
metal + acid metal salt + hydrogen
InstructionsInstructions1.1. Place small samples of Zn, Fe, Cu and Mg in labelled test tubes in a Place small samples of Zn, Fe, Cu and Mg in labelled test tubes in a
test tube racktest tube rack
2.2. If you see bubbling try to collect the gas and try to ignite it using the If you see bubbling try to collect the gas and try to ignite it using the pop testpop test
3.3. Record your results in the chart providedRecord your results in the chart provided
Remember the pop test
for hydrogen gas?
Point tube away from faces
Metal Metal symbolsymbol
Reaction in Reaction in acidacid
ReactivitReactivityy
FeFe
ZnZn
CuCu
MgMg
Draw this table in your Exercise book
Summary Summary
Most metals will react with dilute acids to give off hydrogen gas and form a salt.
The general formula for a metal acid reaction is
Magnesium + hydrochloric acid
Magnesium + chloride
hydrogen gas
Iron + hydrochloric acid
Iron Chloride +
hydrogen gas
Zinc + hydrochloric acid
Zinc Chloride +
hydrogen gas
Metal + acid Metal salt + hydrogen gas
Complete the word equations for the previous acid metal reactions
One has been done for you:
Summary – Metal Reactions
metal + oxygen metal oxide
aluminium + oxygen aluminium oxide
Metals and oxygen – general reaction
Example
metal hydroxide + hydrogenmetal + water
Summary – Metal ReactionsMetals and water
sodium hydroxide + hydrogenSodium + water
Example
metal salt + hydrogenmetal + acid
Summary – Metal ReactionsMetals and acid general reaction
+ hydrogenmagnesium +
Example
magnesium chloride
hydrochloric acid
Write out the following
From the folowing metal list answer the questions below
Li , Cu, Zn, Al, Mg , Fe, Pb
1. List the metals in order from most reactive to least reactive?
2. ____ is a metal that reacts with cold water
3. _______ is the metal that does not react with sulfuric acid.
4. ______ is the most reactive metal on the list
Li, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu
Li
Cu
Li
4. ______ is the metal that rusts Fe
Most reactive least reactive
Burning thingsBurning thingsWhen something is burned it reacts with oxygen. For example:
Magnesium + oxygen Magnesium oxide
Carbon + oxygen Carbon dioxide
Sulphur + oxygen Sulphur dioxide
The Fire Triangle
Fire
Fuel
Oxy
gen
Heat
FuelsFuelsA “fuel” is something that can be burned to release heat and light energy. The main examples are:
Coal, oil and gas are called “fossil fuels”. In other words, they were made from fossils.
Burning FuelsBurning FuelsLots of oxygen:
Some oxygen:
Little oxygen:
C
H
H
H
HO
O
OO
OH H
OH H
CO
O
Methane Oxygen+ Water+Carbon dioxide
Oxygen+
OO
OO
OO
Methane
C
H
H
H
H
C
H
H
H
H
Carbon monoxid
e
CO
CO
Water+
OH H
OH H
OH H
OH H
CC
H
H
H
H
Methane
OO
Oxygen+
OH H
OH H
Water+Carbon
Starter- write and completeStarter- write and complete
• When Fuels are combusted in an excess (lots) of oxygen they
have undergone c_______ c_______•
• When fuels are combusted in a limited supply of oxygen (ie not
much) they are said to have undergone i________ c______
ombustion
omplete
ncomplete
ombustion
Formation of oil and gasFormation of oil and gas
1) Layers of dead sea _____ settle on the seabed.
2) Layers of __________ rock build up on top.
3) The heat and ________ from these rocks, along with the absence of ______, mean that oil and gas are formed over ______ of years.
Words – sedimentary, millions, oxygen, creatures, pressure
Metal properties in groups find Metal properties in groups find meanings for thesemeanings for these
Lustrous
Malleable
Ductile
Conductors
Sonorous
Metal propertiesMetal properties Why can metals be shaped or crushed
without breaking?
Because metals have a structure where the
atoms are packed close together in layers and
these layers are able to slide over each other
with out breaking
Relate the use of metals to their Physical Properties
metalmetal useuse Physical Physical property for useproperty for use
Copper
Mercury
Aluminum
Chromium
Plastic Properties and How to test for the property
Plastic propertyPlastic property How to test for How to test for propertyproperty
low density place in water to see place in water to see which floatswhich floats
Durable - Bend heaps or hit with Bend heaps or hit with hammer until it breakshammer until it breaks
Combustible Heat until it ignitesHeat until it ignites
Insoluble in water Place in water and look Place in water and look to see if it disslovesto see if it dissloves
What you need to know
Metal properties and usesMetal reactions with water, acid and oxygenKnow the reaction between Mg and HCl
How to work out the reactivity of a group of metals
FuelsKnow what fuels are solid , liquid and gases
Complete combustion reactionIncomplete combustion reaction
Methane combustion
Plastic propertiesAnd how to test for them
Burning HydrogenBurning Hydrogen
“POP”
Recall the test for hydrogen:
The reaction:
Hydrogen
OO
Oxygen+
OH H
OH H
Water
HH
HH
Notice that no carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide is produced!
Hydrocarbons and crude Hydrocarbons and crude oiloil
Longer chains
mean…
1. Less ability to
flow
2. Less flammable
3. Less volatile
4. Higher boiling
point
Incre
asin
g le
ng
th
Crude oil is a mixture of HYDROCARBONS (compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen). Some examples:
Ethane
C C
HH
H
HH
H
Butane
C C
HH H
HH
H C C H
H
HH
Fractional distillationFractional distillationCrude oil can be separated by fractional distillation. The oil is evaporated and the hydrocarbon chains of different lengths condense at different temperatures:
Fractions with low boiling
points condense at
the top
Fractions with high boiling
points condense at the bottom
Pollutants from burning Pollutants from burning fuelsfuels
C
O
O
C
O
Carbon dioxide is a _______ gas and helps cause global _______.
Carbon monoxide combines with ___________ in the _____ and reduces the ability for red blood cells to carry _______.
Words – haemoglobin, warming, oxygen, greenhouse, blood
Reaction of Metals with Water
Method React a small amount of Ca in ½ a test tube of waterCollect the gas using a boiling tubeTry to ignite it
Expt melting metalExpt melting metal
Place small piece of lead on a trayPlace small piece of lead on a tray Then heat it until it meltsThen heat it until it melts Then heat a piece of solder (a mixture of Then heat a piece of solder (a mixture of
lead and silver)lead and silver) Note which one melted firstNote which one melted first
What are paper clips made of?
Paper clips are made of an alloy We will find one of the metals in this alloy
Melting Metals Melting Metals
The ______ melted first and had a lower The ______ melted first and had a lower melting pointmelting point
The _______ melted and had the highest The _______ melted and had the highest melting pointmelting point
Solder is a mixture of lead and tin and is Solder is a mixture of lead and tin and is called an called an alloyalloy of lead of lead
Alloys Alloys
Alloys are a m________ of metals. Solder Alloys are a m________ of metals. Solder has different physical properties to lead.has different physical properties to lead.
Steel is also an alloy. Steel is a mixture of Steel is also an alloy. Steel is a mixture of iron and carbon iron and carbon
AlloysAlloys
Remember alloys are mixtures of metals and other Remember alloys are mixtures of metals and other substancessubstances
Important alloys areImportant alloys are Steel made of carbon and iron – used in many industries Steel made of carbon and iron – used in many industries
including car bodiesincluding car bodies Brass made of copper and zinc – used in plumbing fittingsBrass made of copper and zinc – used in plumbing fittings Solder made of tin and lead – used in electrical circuitsSolder made of tin and lead – used in electrical circuits
Alloys are made to change the physical property of Alloys are made to change the physical property of
the metal eg solder melts lower than lead or tinthe metal eg solder melts lower than lead or tin