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Cassava Production in Lao PDR and Myanmar
Future Prospects for Tapioca Production and Trade in ASEAN
Tin Maung AyeCassava agronomist and soil scientist CIAT-Asia
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In Lao PDR and MyanmarCassava is traditionally grown as asubsistence crop, it is one of themain sources of food calories formany ethnic groups, especially thoseliving in remote mountain areas
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Traditional Production Systems
Planted on a wide rage of soils at early wet season with traditional methods
Produced mainly by smallholder farmers with locally available varieties
Generally apply little inputs on the soils
Resulting in low yields and soil nutrient depletion
Locally available cassava varieties in Myanmar
Bangkok
Hinthada local
Japan
Mon local
Yoe Sein
Malaysia
Shwepyitha
Singapore
Shweli
Pankalaw
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Singapore variety
Malaysia variety
Pankalaw variety
Japan variety
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Current production systems
Grown as mainly for industrial uses such as starch and alcohol
Cassava becomes as a “Cash crop” for smallholder farmers
Still farmers do not apply optimum inputs for sustainable cassava production
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Emerging producers (CLM)
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
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Har
vest
ed
are
a
Cambodia
Lao People's DemocraticRepublic
Myanmar
Rapid expansion means rapid movement of planting material
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that are too infertile for other crops or soils that have been depleted by other crops under suitable climatic conditions
It is frequently cultivated on the highly weathered and leached Oxisols (Ferralsols) and Ultisols(Acrisols and Nitosols)
In large areas of Lao PDR and Myanmar, cassava has been
growing in soils
Cassava production constraints
Many farmers grow local varieties on poor soils with prolong dry periods
Mono or mixed with many other cropsBut not right plant spacing
and arrangements
Little knowledge about how to grow cassava better
Emerging pests and diseases
Usually get low yields and decline in soil fertility
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Different planting density and methods
Planting methods (Mount, Ridge or furrow)
Plant population (3000 - 18,000 per ha)
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Source: Agricultural Statistics Year Book 2013, MAF
Name Harvested Area (ha) Yield (t/ha) Production (t)
2011 2012 2013 2011 2012 2013 2011 2012 2013
Northern 5910 8935 11425 16 21 22 91920 189120 255691
Phongsaly 705 605 665 16 7 7 10998 4047 4841
Luangnamtha 550 1110 1320 14 20 25 7700 21934 33172
Oudomxay 235 220 295 15 13 13 3530 2781 3915
Bokeo 60 110 7 7 0 420 770
Luanprabang 3030 3395 2950 17 18 14 50056 62604 41477
Huaphanh 1390 1090 1780 14 18 15 19641 19424 26469
Xayabury 2455 4305 32 34 0 77922 145035
Central 18325 32660 31005 27 25 29 489461 828911 909067
Vientiane C 2855 8720 10610 38 30 38 107262 263954 407530
Xiengkhuang 2590 6050 2715 17 17 11 43512 100249 30870
Vientiane 3130 2745 3410 27 22 22 83039 59841 74440
Borikhamxay 6960 10190 9615 26 29 31 181099 299077 298642
Khammuane 390 1540 1870 23 35 35 9149 54146 66292
Savannakhet 2400 3415 2785 27 15 11 65352 51498 31303
Southern 6900 2380 2755 23 18 32 161805 42959 89427
Saravanh 5185 1285 1035 23 17 15 121433 22115 15204
Sekong 520 615 415 9 16 19 4768 10049 7877
Champasack 710 160 685 33 11 70 23402 1786 47950
Attapeu 485 320 620 25 28 30 12222 9002 18389
Total 31135 43975 45185 24 24 28 743192 1060677 1254336
Cassava area, yield and production in Lao PDR
Cassava area, yield and production in Myanmar (latest available figures)
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State/Division Sown Area (ha) Yield (t/ha) Production (t)
Ayerawady 14,547 16.7 242,298
Bago 1,039 32.6 9,599
Chin 107 4.4 474
Kachin 22,022 13.1 289,099
Kayah - 0.0 -
Kayin 490 7.3 3,598
Magway - 0.0 -
Mandalay 0 4.8 2
Mon 336 15.2 5,111
Rakhine 278 6.7 1,862
Sagaing 1,953 7.1 13,831
Shan 1,482 20.1 17,540
Taninthayi 686 12.7 8,683
Yangon 823 19.8 16,273
Total 43,764 11.5 608,371
Total 16,037 8.5 129,224
Area, yield and production (2008-09)
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Land Resource and Its Utilization in MyanmarLand Use Area (million ha) Percentage
Net sown area 11.92 17.6
Fallow land 0.32 0.5
Cultivable waste land 5.37 7.9
Reserved forests 18.24 27.0
Other forests 15.35 22.7
Others 16.46 24.3
Total 67.66 100
Potential expansion of new agriculture land remains more than 5 million ha
Source: MOAI 2014
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o Production still small, but expanding – along with processing
Production in Lao PDR and Myanmar
Opportunities from improved cassava production
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o Rainfed upland areas have benefited more as a result of crop diversification in favor of cassava crop by substituting inferior upland rice
Crop substitution?
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Cassava variety Roots yield (t/ha)
Starch content (%)
Starch yield (t/ha)
KU 50 41 28 11.5Rayong 90 28 25 7.0Rayong 72 28 24 6.7KM 140 26 22 5.7Rayong 60 24 21 5.0Rayong 2 21 18 3.8NARC 48 19 20 3.8Ba Trang 19 17 3.2Hanatee 17 19 3.2NARC 61 15 23 3.5Vinh Phu 14 15 2.1NARC 114 13 21 2.7Nep 13 28 3.6Green Oudomxay 10 17 1.7
Cassava variety evaluation trial in Lao PDR(2006/07 and 2007/08 )
Preliminary Result of Cassava Yield Trials in Myanmar (2010/11)
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0
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KM-98-1 Rayong72
KU 50 SC 5 Localvariety B
Localvariety A
Tatkone Naungmon Nyung Oo
Ro
ot
Yie
ld (
t/h
a)
Yield Potential of Cassava in Lao PDR and Myanmar
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Estimated yield gap
(t/ha)
Y
X
Myanmar(± 12 t/ha)
Attainable yield(± 30 t/ha)
Laos(± 20 t/ha)
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Average Rainfall and Variability
Source: Johnston et al.
IWMI, CIAT, Sida (2012)
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Local animal feed
Feed processing
Starch and modified starch processing
Sweeteners
Bio-ethanol, etc.
Aims for production of cassava roots
Great potential domestic and export markets as dry chips and/or process into value-added products at factories
Extremely rapid growth rates in utilization of cassava in the Southeast Asia countries as well as other countries particularly China
Demand for commercial cassava production
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Great potential for smallholder farmers and buyers (investors) as contract farming has significant benefits for both the farmers and
investors
which establishes conditions for the cassava production and marketing. Typically, the farmer agrees to provide agreed quantities of a specific cassava product (i.e fresh roots, chips, etc.)
Sometimes it involves the buyer specifying the quality required and the price, with the farmer agreeing to deliver at a future date
The governments have promoted contract farming as a vehicle for rural development ..
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Access to Markets• Major Roads
• Local feeder roads
• Transport / Collectors
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There may have some challenges for Public/Private
Sector Coordination
Agro-industries, traders, government and
development partners can facilitate agriculture
production to satisfy domestic consumers and
exporters’ requirements through extension
Such as dissemination of quality seeds and
fertilizers, access to other inputs, contracts, market
information, etc.
Public/Private Sector Partnership is also important to develop the
agriculture sector
World class cassava gemplasm bank in CIAT
More than 6,000 varieties
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A
B
A
B
Eco-efficient agriculture to improve livelihoods in Asia
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