- 1. Carbon Capture and Storage Carbon Capture and Storage
Business, Society & Environment Professor Hector R Rodriguez
School of Business Mount Ida College
2.
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- The Corporation and Its Stakeholders
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- People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
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- The Social Responsibility of Business
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- The Shareholder Primacy Norm
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- CSR, Citizenship and Sustainability Reporting
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- The Community and the Corporation
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- Taxation and Corporate Citizenship
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- Corporate Philanthropy Programs
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- Employees and the Corporation
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- Managing a Diverse Workforce
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- A Balanced Look at Climate Change
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- Non-anthropogenic Causes of Climate Change
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- Sulfates, Urban Warming and Permafrost
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- Green Information Technology
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- Transportation, Electric Vehicles and the Environment
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- Carbon Capture and Storage
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- Solid, Toxic and Hazardous Waste
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- Forests, Paper and Carbon Sinks
Course Map Topics Covered in Course 3.
- CO 2capture and storage is a technology that aims to prevent
the CO 2generated bylarge stationary sources , such as coal-fired
power plants, from entering the atmosphere.
- The technology aims to capture about 90% of CO 2emissions from
these sources andpermanently prevent their releaseinto the
atmosphere.
- CCS is designed to accomplish this in three steps:
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- CO 2is captured and compressed at the emission site
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- Its transported to a storage location
Source: Carbon Capture & Storage: Assessing the Economics,
McKinsey and Company, September 22, 2008 What is Carbon Capture and
Storage (CCS)? Watch Video:Carbon Capture and Storage 101: The
Basics 4.
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- Several projects are already storing millions of tons of CO
2undergroundand many more are now being planned.
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- 1 million tons CO 2 /year
Can CO 2be Stored Deep Underground? Time Magazine, 17. May 2004
5. Where is CO 2geological storage happening today? Sources:
Storing CO2 Underground byIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme 6.
Side Note: Enhanced Oil or Gas Delivery 7. Three Methods for
Capturing CO 2 Sources: Storing CO2 Underground byIEA Greenhouse
Gas R&D Programme 8.
- The best rocks for CO 2storage are depleted oil and gas fields
and deep saline formations.
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- Depleted oil and gas fields are the best places to start
because their geology is well known and they are proven traps.
Where can CO 2be geologically stored? Sources: Storing CO2
Underground byIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme
- These are layers of porous rock located underneath a layer of
impermeable rock (known as a cap-rock) which acts as a seal.
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- This cap-rock trapped the oil and gas underground for millions
of years.
9.
- Many natural geological stores of CO 2have been discovered
underground (often by people looking for oil and gas). In many
cases the CO 2has been there for millions of years.
Natural Geological Stores of CO 2 Sources: Storing CO2
Underground byIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme
- In other situations (volcanoes, geysers), CO 2does leak
naturally from underground.
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- Indeed the worlds natural carbonated mineral waters, long
prized and bottled for drinking, come from natural CO
2sources.
10.
- As CO 2is pumped deep underground it iscompressedby the higher
pressures andbecomes essentially a liquid , which then becomes
trapped in the pore spaces between the grains of rock by several
means, summarized on the next few slides.
- Depending on the physical and chemical characteristics of the
rocks and fluids, all or some of these trapping mechanisms will
take place.
- Structural storage has immediate effect, the others take time,
but provide increased storage security. The longer the CO 2remains
underground, the more securely it is stored.
Why does CO 2stay underground? Sources: Storing CO2 Underground
byIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme 11.
- When the CO 2is pumped deep underground, it is initially more
buoyant than water and will rise up through the porous rocks until
it reaches the top of the formation where it can becometrapped by
an impermeable layer of cap-rock , such as shale.
Structural Storage
- The wells that were drilled to place the CO 2in storage can be
sealed with plugs made of steel and cement.
12.
- The map below shows the location of the best rocks for CO
2storage based on our current knowledge.
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- Total global man-made CO 2emissions are currently around 24
gigatonnes of CO 2per year.
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- The CO 2storage capacity of hydrocarbon (oil, gas and coal)
reservoirs is estimated to be around 800 gigatonnes of CO 2 .
Structural Storage Sites Sources: Storing CO2 Underground byIEA
Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme
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- The worlds deep saline formations may have a much greater
storage capacity than depleted oil and gas fields.
13. These pictures show seismic datasets over the period
1994-2006. It clearly shows that CO2 is contained in the formation
by an overlaying cap-rock. Sleipner, Norway: Time-Lapses Data Sets
14.
- Reservoir rocks act like a tight, rigid sponge. When liquid CO
2is pumped into a rock formation, much of it becomes stuck within
the pore spaces of the rock and does not move.
Residual Trapping Sources: Storing CO2 Underground byIEA
Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme 15.
- CO 2dissolves in salty water , just like sugar dissolves in
tea. The water with CO 2dissolved in it is thenheavier than the
water around it(without CO 2 ) and sosinks to the bottomof the rock
formation, trapping the CO 2indefinitely.
Dissolution Storage Sources: Storing CO2 Underground byIEA
Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme 16.
- Current project in California will generate low-carbon
electricity using hydrogen manufactured from petroleum coke and
will store resultant CO 2in a nearby mature oil field.
What is the future of CO 2geological storage? Sources: Storing
CO2 Underground byIEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme
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- This project will generate up to 500 MW of low-carbon
electricity (enough to power a third of a million homes) and is
planned to be operating by 2012.
17.
- Carbon capture and storage couldhelp significantly in slowing
downthe increase of CO 2concentrations in the atmosphere.
- Therequired technology has been usedby the oil and gas industry
for many years it is proven and available today.
- However, CCS is a relatively new concept and therefore not
specifically addressed by most laws and regulations.
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- Commercial organizations will invest in CCS projects when they
are legal and financially viable.
- It is a solution that invokes themoral hazard dilemmaas it does
not address efficiency or consumption concerns which are at the
root of the problem.
Conclusion