CarbohydratesLipids
Nucleic AcidsProteins
Macromolecules
Energy for life.
Carbohydrates
CarbohydratesEnergy for Life
Building Blocks:Monosaccharides
(simple sugars) are the monomers that make the polymer, a Polysaccharide (starches)
Elements:CarbonHydrogenOxygen
Carbohydrates - FunctionFunction:
Main source of energy for plants and animals(Starches = Stored Energy)
Cellulose is a main part of a plants structure that gives it a rigid structure
Chitin makes up the
exoskeleton in arthropods
Carbohydrates – 3 Basic TypesMonosaccharides: Single sugar molecule
Simple Sugars GlucoseGalactose: component in milkFructose: found in fruit
Disaccharide: 2 monosaccharidesSucrose: table sugar
Polysaccharide: StarchGlycogen: in animals Plants: cellulose
GlucoseGlucose serves as a fuel for lifeThe molecule that provides convertible
energy for all cellsAnimals convert glucose into glycogen to
store the energy of the moleculePlants convert glucose into starches to
store energyGlucose is a simple sugar made of six carbon
atoms in a hexagonal ring
CarbohydratesPolysaccharides
Polysaccharides are often referred to as complex carbohydrates
Large polysaccharides are insoluble in water
This allows cells to use them for storage (starches and glycogen etc.)
Chitin is a polysaccharide used to make the exoskeletons of arthropods
Cellulose is a strong polysaccharide made by plants and used to build cell walls
Cellulose is not easily broken down by most animals and is important as dietary fiber
Fats, Oils, and Waxes
Lipids
LipidsElements: C, H, OBuiliding Blocks
2 Parts1. Glycerol:
hydrophillic head (water soluble – it is polar)
2. Fatty Acid Chain (Hydrocarbon) : hydrophobic tail (not water soluble - it is non- polar)
Lipids: Basic FactsLarge, non-polar molecules
Include, fats, phospholipids, and steroids
Insoluble in water
Composed of fatty acids w/a carboxyl group (COOH) and glycerol
Most are waxy or oily (repel water)
Capable of storing large amounts of energy (many C-H bonds)
Lipids: FunctionsStore energyInsulation Chemical Messengers (hormones, steroids)
Make up cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
Protect vital organs
Lipids: Functions as SteroidsServe as messengers to other cells Help to make the cell membraneEx: Testosterone, Estrogen, CholesterolMade of 4 fused carbon rings
Types of Fats
Types of Fats
Saturated Fats
Contain only single bonds
Store a lot of energy
Solids at Room Temp.
Unsaturated Fats
Contain a double bond
Will kink at the double bond
Oils at Room Temp.
Poly Unsaturated
Contain >1 double bond
Have many kinks
Saturated Fat “bad fat”
Unsaturated Fat “good fats”
3-D Model of Fat
Lipids: Where are they Found?
DNA and RNA
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic AcidsElements: C, O, H, N, PBasic Building Block: Nucleotide
Nucleotide:1) 5-carbon sugar2) a phosphate group3) nitrogenous base
Function:DNA and RNA transmit and store genetic information
Proteins
ProteinsElements: C,H,O,NBuilding Blocks: amino acids that are
held together by peptide bonds~ 20 Amino Acids can form 1000’s of
proteins
Proteins: Amino Acid Structure
Amino acids are composed of an amino group attached to a carbon atom, a carboxyl group and other atoms (R-group)
Structure of Proteins
Polypeptide- Long chain of amino acids
Proteins fold and bend into globular shapes
Functions of ProteinsA protein’s shape is determined by it’s
amino acid sequenceThe different sequences of AA’s change the
shape of each proteinA protein’s shape determines many of it’s
properties
Functions of ProteinsBuild cellsSupport CellsStorageTransportation across the cell membrane
MovementDefense
against foreign substances
Accelerating chemical reactions (Catalysts)
Proteins
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