Capillary
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Smallest blood vessel, one cell thick, where diffusion occurs. Precapillary sphincter regulates blood flow into capillary.
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5 Functions of Circulatory System
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1. Carries Nutrients2. Carries hormones3. Distributes heat4. Body fluid levels5. Immunity (defence)
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Arteriole
Front of card Back of card4Small arteriesChange diameter-vasoconstriction(smaller)-vasodilation (bigger)
Precapillary sphincter
Front of card Back of card7• Regulates blood flow
from arterioles into capillaries.
• Ring of smooth muscle
Veins
Front of card Back of card9Carry blood TO the heart.Thin smooth muscular walls.One-way valves.
Blood flow through the
heart
Front of card Back of card13Superior/inferior vena cavaRight atriumTricuspid/AV valveRight ventricleSemi-lunar valveRight/left pulmonary arteryLUNGSPulmonary veinsLeft atriumBicuspid/AB valveLeft ventricleSemilunar valvesAortaBODY
AV Valve
Front of card Back of card16Prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria.
semilunar Valve
Front of card Back of card17Prevents the backflow of blood from the arteries to the ventricles.
Blood pressure in
vessels
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Greatest in arteries and lowest in veins near heart
Blood velocity in vessels
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Highest in arteries and lowest in capillaries for
DIFFUSION
Factors that increase BP
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Vasoconstriction, old age, lack of exercise, salt
Purkinje Fibres
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Come from AV node. Carry nerve
impulses through septum to ventricles
Artificial pacemaker
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Placed under skin to control
heart beat when SA node fails.
External control of heart rate
(HR)
Front of card Back of card37Sympathetic NS ↑ HRParasympathetic ↓ HR
Exercise ↑ HRHigh temp. ↑ HR
Medulla Oblongata
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Part of brain that controls heart rate and
breathing rate
Lymphatic System
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Returns extracellular fluid leaked from capillaries back to circulatory system.
Lymph vessels
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Lymph is moved by skeletal muscle. Contain one-way
valves.
Plasma
Front of card Back of card4492% water
Proteins (fibrinogen)GlucoseVitaminsMineralsGasseswaste
Erythrocyte(RBC)
Front of card Back of card45No nucleus
Carry oxygenContain hemoglobin
Contains iron to absorb O2 Made from stem cells in
bone marrow.
Leucocyte(WBC)
Front of card Back of card46Has a nucleus
Largest blood cellImmunity
Made from stem cells in bone marrow
Platelets
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Small, fragileBlood clotting
Made from stem cells in bone marrow
Blood clotting
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Fibrinogen(blood) +Thromboplastin(platelet) +
Ca2+ (blood)= Fibrin (fibres)
Rhesus Factor
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Antigen on the RBCIf you have it, then Rh+
(A+, B+…)If you do not have it,
then Rh- (AB-, O-…)
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Front of card Back of card56Second child, Rh+, born to Rh-mother. Rh antibodies from first birth can travel through placenta and clot
baby’s blood (blue baby)
Sickle cell anemia
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Hemoglobin is defective – changes
shape of RBC. Less O2
Immune System Barrier Response
Front of card Back of card60Skin – dead cells, oilDig. Sys. – acid & enzymesGas exchange- cilia, mucus, coughing, sneezingUrinary sys. – mucus, urine
Immune System Non-Barrier Response
(inflammatory)
Front of card Back of card61When the microbe enters the body:
1. WBCs leave capillaries2. WBC engulf bacteria3. Lysosomes digest
bacteria4. Pus forms
Immune response Step 2
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Macrophage engulfs antigen and pushes antigen marker to
surface
HIV
Front of card Back of card69Not recognized by immune system because1. Does not leave
glycoprotein on surface of cell
2. Invades helper T cells
Antibody
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Y-shaped protein made by B cells in response to antigens. Antigen specific.
Antibiotics
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Made from bacteria or fungi. Used to treat bacterial infections.
3 dangers of Antibiotics
Front of card Back of card741. Bacteria can become
resistant2. Antibiotics cannot cure
viruses3. Can cause side effects
(allergic reactions)
4 Steps of Breathing
Front of card Back of card761. External gas exchange – air
into the lungs2. Circulatory system carries O2
to tissues3. O2 exchanged for CO2 at
tissues4. Circulatory system brings
CO2 back to lungs
Pathway of air into lungs
Front of card Back of card77Nostrils – nasal cavity – pharynx – epiglottis – larynx – trachea – bronchi – bronchioles - alveoli
Nasal Cavity
Front of card Back of card78Lined with mucous and cilia. Warms and moistens incoming air.
Trachea
Front of card Back of card82Lined with cilia and mucous. Cilia act like a broom to carry particles up. Rings of cartilage.
Alveoli
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Thin air sacs surrounded by capillaries. Diffusion. Large S.A.Covered by lipoprotein
Pleural membranes
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2 membranes surrounding lungs with lubricant between. Reduces friction
Diaphragm
Front of card Back of card87Band of muscle underneath thoracic cavity. Moves down (contracts)– inhaleMoves up (relaxes)- exhale
Intercostal muscles
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Between ribs.Contract - up & out – inhaleRelax - in and down - exhale
Transport of CO2
Front of card Back of card941. 10% in plasma2. 20% on hemoglobin3. 70% as carbonic acid
bicarbonate
Inhalation
Front of card Back of card951. Intercostals contract (up and
out)2. Diaphragm contracts (down)3. Abdominal muscles relax4. Volume increases, pressure
decreases in lung(Inspiration)
Exhalation
Front of card Back of card961. Intercostals relax (down)2. Diaphragm relaxes (up)3. Abdominal muscles contract4. Volume decreases, pressure
increases in lung(Expiration)
Control of Breathing
Front of card Back of card103Medulla oblongata
detects high CO2 and stimulates the diaphragm and
intercostals
Factors that increase
breathing rate
Front of card Back of card1041. High CO2 (exercise)2. Low O2 (high altitudes)3. CO (carbon monoxide)4. High adrenaline
Emphysema
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Increased resistance to air flow. Over-inflation of the lungs. Alveoli rupture. Less S.A. for diffusion.
Lung Cancer
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Uncontrolled growth of cells. Tumor.Less S.A. for diffusion
Homeostasis
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Stable internal environment of the body. Temp, water level, wastes, CO2
Homeostatic Mechanism
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Anything that helps to keep the internal environment of the body stable. Ex. medulla oblongata
Homeostasis-
LIVER
Front of card Back of card114Converts toxins to soluble compounds.Destroys old RBCs.Deamination UREAProduces uric acid from nucleic acids (DNA).
Homeostasis-
KIDNEY
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Removes wastes (urea).Balances blood pH.Water balance.
Deamination
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Removal of amino group from protein producing ammonia + CO2 urea
Afferent Arteriole
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Brings blood to the glomerulus from the renal artery
Efferent Arteriole
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Brings blood to the capillary bed from the glomerulus
Bowman’s Capsule
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Surrounds glomerulus. Urine enters nephron here. (Filtration)
Loop of Henle
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Connects proximal tubule and distal tubule. Descends into medulla.
Filtration
Front of card Back of card139From glomerulus to Bowman’s capsule. Remains in blood: cells, protein, plateletsFiltrate: water, salt, glucose, amino acids, urea and uric acid.
Reabsorption
Front of card Back of card140From Proximal tubule to blood. Active & passive transport. Substances returned to blood: glucose, amino acids, minerals, salt, water.
Secretion
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From blood to distal tubule. Active transport of Nitrogen wastes, H+ ions and drugs.Fluid now called urine.
ADH
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Antidiuretic hormone.Released b/c thirsty/dehydrated.Increases water absorption from distal tubule and collecting duct. Result: less urine, concentrated. Increased blood pressure.
aldosterone
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Released b/c: low blood pressureIncreases sodium absorption from loop of Henle; water follows by osmosisResult: less urine, concentrated. Increased blood pressure.
Kidney Stones
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Minerals forming solid crystals. Removed by surgery, ultrasound, or catheter.
hemodialysis
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Artificial kidney machine. Used when the kidneys no longer work. Filters blood.
Peritoneal Dialysis
Front of card Back of card148Use the membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity to filter the blood. Dialysate fluid is pumped into the abdomen and later drained.
Cardiac Muscle
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HeartStriated, tubular & branchedOne nucleus per cellInvoluntary
Smooth Muscle
Front of card Back of card150Digestive sys, blood vessels, eyeNon-striated, sheetsOne nucleus per cellInvoluntarySustain prolonged contractions
Skeletal Muscle
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Attached to bonesstriated, tubularMany nuclei per cellVoluntary
Antagonistic Muscles
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Pairs of muscles that work against each other to make a joint move. (Biceps and triceps)
Myofilaments
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Responsible for muscle contraction. Two types: Actin and Myosin
Myosin head
attachment
Front of card Back of card156Troponin –tropomyosin complex shifts away from the myosin attachment
site if calcium is present
How muscles get
ATP
Front of card Back of card1571. Creatine phosphate2. Aerobic (O2)
respiration3. Anaerobic (No O2)
respiration
Anaerobic respiration
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Glucose lactic acid + 2ATPLactic acid causes cramping
Muscular Dystrophy
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Skeletal muscles degenerate. Replaced by fat. Hereditary
Cramps
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Muscle spasms due to strenuous exercise or build up of lactic acid
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