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CAMPAIGN FINANCE OUTLINE
I. General Concepts............................................................................................................3 A. United States v. UAW (1956).......................................................................3B. Basic Constitutional Concepts.....................................................................3
II. Activities...........................................................................................................................3 A. Contributions................................................................................................3
B. Ependitures................................................................................................!C. "ndependent Ependitures...........................................................................!#. "ssue versus Election Advocac$..................................................................5E. Electioneerin% Co&&unication....................................................................6'. #isclosure....................................................................................................
III. Independent v. Coordinated activity..............................................................................8 A. Basic ule....................................................................................................*B. +re,BCA e%ulations................................................................................*C. +ost,BCA e%ulations. 11 C' - 19./1................................................9
I. Political Co!!ittees......................................................................................................"" A. #e0inition....................................................................................................11B. estrictions................................................................................................11C. eportin% euire&ents............................................................................1/
. Political Parties.............................................................................................................."3 A. 2istor$........................................................................................................13B. ational +arties and Co&&ittees..............................................................13C. State and 4ocal Co&&ittees.....................................................................15
I. Corporations and Unions.............................................................................................."# A. +olic$.........................................................................................................1B. Covered Entities. / U.S.C. - !!1b............................................................1C. estrictions................................................................................................1#. Econo&ic Corporations.............................................................................1E. Eceptions.................................................................................................1*'. 5/ r%aniations....................................................................................../17. 51(c) r%aniations................................................................................./1
II. P$%lic F$ndin&...............................................................................................................'' A. 7eneral......................................................................................................//B. +ri&ar$ 8atcin%.......................................................................................//C. 7eneral Election 'undin%........................................................................../3
#. 7E4AC 'unds............................................................................................/!E. Constitutionalit$........................................................................................./!
III.En(orce!ent...................................................................................................................') A. 2istor$ o0 En0orce&ent............................................................................../6B. Structure..................................................................................................../6C. Areas o0 peration...................................................................................../6#. 'EC Co&plaint 2andlin%.........................................................................../E. :udicial En0orce&ent................................................................................./*
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I*. Internet............................................................................................................................'8
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.I GENE+AL CONCEPT,
.A United ,tates v. UA- "/0)1• :ustice 'ran;0urter
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.a Con%ress &a$ restrict because act o0 %ivin% is s$&bolic@ and notdependent on actual a&ount. Buc;le$.b Ct. narro). Buc;le$.
.! +rotection depends on t$pe o0 speec not its source. Bellotti.
.5 4i&its on coordinated ependitures G because te$ are contributions. Colorado "".
.6 2UT ,EE 4andell v. Her&ont +"7 (/d Cir. //). Act 6! restricted ca&pai%ne b$ tird parties count a%ainst ependiture ceilin%.• Based on etensive le%islative 0indin%s@ court re?ected per se ban on
ependiture restrictions.
• #istin%uised Buc;le$ bIc tere no evidence tat ependitures li&its
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.C Independent E
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./ Line %et6een IA and EA not constit$tionally !andated. =Advocac$ o0 teelection or de0eat o0 candidates 0or 0ederal o00ice is no less entitled to protectionunder te 'irst A&end&ent tan te discussion o0 political polic$ %enerall$ or advocac$ o0 te pass or de0eat o0 le%islation.> Buc;le$.
.3 Co$rt decisions on e
• Buc;le$ narro elect> support>=cast $our ballot 0or =S&it 0or Con%ress =vote a%ainst> =de0eat>=re?ect.>)
• 8C'4. EA not reuire &a%ic and ten providin%
na&es and pictures is EA. 8C'4.c Narro6 Interpretations. (pre,8cConnell)
.i FEC v. Cent>l Lon& Island Ta< +e(or! I!!ediately Co!!ittee(C4""8) (/d. Cir. 19*).
• Bulletin publised b$ nonpro0it association prior to electionlistin% candidates votin% records not epress advocac$.
.ii FEC v. C5ristian Action Net6or9 (!t Cir. 199/).• CA aired ads criticiin% te =&ilitant o&oseual a%enda> o0
te ClintonI7ore tic;et i&&ediatel$ prior to 199/ election. ="stis $our vision 0or A&ericaM> (te 0la% ad). Ct. conceded itre0erred to clearl$ identi0ied candidate but said did not advocatede0eat.
.iii Fa$c5er (1st Cir. 1991). =a;e,Alon% "ssue 0or Election #a$> stated
candidates na&es
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elect or de0eat one or &ore clearl$ identi0ied candidate(s) or encoura%esso&e oter ;ind o0 action.
.5 Unclear 65et5er yo$ loo9 at conte
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• Applies to +olitical Co&&ittees and an$ person 0inancin% epress advocac$or electioneerin% co&&unications.
• Co&&unications trou% essentiall$ an$ advertisin% &ediu&
Weter te co&&unication as been paid 0or or autoried b$ candidate
L@ or i0 not so autoried@ state te na&e and per&anent street address@telepone nu&ber or World Wide Web address o0 te person
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• EAIEC (re%ardless o0 coordination) K +roibited
• o EAIEC P Coordinated K 8a$ Be +roibited
• o EAIEC P o Coordination K ot e%ulated
.2 Pre2C+A +e&$lations.1 FECA. Coordination concept (but not
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or telepone ban; to te %eneral public@ or an$ oter 0or& o0%eneral public political advertisin%.>
.iv +ublic co&&unication tat epressl$ advocates te election or de0eat o0 a clearl$ identi0ied candidate 0or 0ederal o00ice@ O+.v P$%lic co!!$nication tat
()1 e0ers to a clearl$,identi0ied 0ederal candidate or politicalpart$ AN7()/ "s publicl$ distributed 1/ da$s or 0e
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co&&unication and te candidate clearl$ identi0ied in teco&&unication or tat candidates opponent or a political part$co&&ittee@ or an a%ent o0 te above.()/ =Substantial> i0 in0or&ation about te plans@ pro?ects@activities or needs o0 te candidate or political part$ co&&itteetat is material to te creation@ production or distribution o0 teco&&unication is conve$ed to te person pa$in% 0or teco&&unication.
.v E!ploy!ent o( Co!!on endor Use o( co!!on vendor; 11C' 19./1(d)(!)@ in te creation@ production or distribution o0 aco&&unication satis0ies te conduct standard if all of te 0ollo
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a0ter te ori%inal preparation o0 te ca&pai%n &aterials tat aredisse&inated@ distributed or republised..
.! ,a(e @ar%or= Le&islative or Policy Iss$es. 11 C' 19./1(0)
• A candidates or political part$ co&&ittees response to an inuir$ about tatcandidates or part$s positions on le%islative or polic$ issues@
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person
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+re,%eneral and post,%eneral reuired.
Ruarterl$
+re and post reuired i0 &ade ependitures in connection
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.ii Contri%$tions TO Co!!ittees.
• 'ro& "ndividual D/6@ per $ear.
• o &ore tan D3@5 &a$ be contributed to state and localparties and +ACs.
• "0 "ndividual
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• Allo is =an$ co&&unication b$ &eans
o0 television (cable and satellite)@ radio@ ne
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8ust be distributed b$ volunteers.
8a$ not be distributed trou% public advertisin%@
suc as television@ net %e $sed (or
Broadcast ads.
+ublic co&&unication re0errin% to clearl$,identi0ied
candidate. Svcs. o0 e&plo$ees J /5 ti&e on 'ed act.
• M$st %e raised %y state or local parties (cant trans0er 0ro& natl pt$)..d Constit$tionality. McConnell
.i Co!pellin& state interest. Ct. 0ound tat state co&&ittees posesa&e ris; o0 corruption as 'ederal. 'actual record
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/) Co&pellin% interestsa. Accepts protection o0 active role o0 ind. cit.• Cant restrict 0or 0ear o0 dro
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• 8e&bers ad no %overnin% ri%ts@ ad no 0inancial obli%ations. G to re%ulate &e&bersip or%s. li;e corps.
.c "" C.F.+. ""."e1"1.• "ncludes trade association@ cooperative@ corporation
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.ii ot be o
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/) G to restrict corporations independent ependitures in candidateelections bIc corporations ave a&assed
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.c Li!itations on contri%$tions %y= o part o0 earnin%s o0 inures to tebene0it o0 an$ private sareolder or individual@ no substantial part o0 teactivities o0
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.ii T6o pri!ary " +$le. o &ore tan 3 da$s a0ter date o0 second consecutive pri&ar$
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.a 'ull public 0undin% 0or &a?or part$ eli%ible candidates in %eneral election.
.b D58 (PC4A).
.c Minor and ne6 party candidates eli%ible 0or partial public 0undin%..i Minor Parties. "0 candidate o0 political part$ received 5 or &ore@but less tan /5@ o0 te total nu&ber o0 popular votes in precedin%election@ eIse
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• G to %ive eual &one$ to &a?or parties tou% teir support &a$ di00er.
• ot discri&inator$ a%ainst &inor parties because te$ can still raise &one$
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.III ENFO+CEMENT
.A @istory o( En(orce!ent
.2 ,tr$ct$re
.C Areas o( Operation.1 #isclosure./ +ublic "n0or&ation.3 +ress.! eport revie<.5 Audits.6 Advisor$ pinions
.a Co&plete
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.l #o $ou as; te uestionM Al
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.b "nvesti%ative privile%e.
.c BU +eople
.a 'EC tou%t consistent did include prase =an$oter o0 %eneral public political advertisin%.>.b Contradicts purpose o0 'ECA to co&bat actual and apparent corruption.
. /5 otice o0 +roposed ule&a;in% on "nternet Co&&unications.a +urpose e%ulate co&&ittees
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.b Would a&end prior re%ulator$ de0inition o0 =public co&&unication> toinclude
.i +aid "nternet advertise&ents placed on anoter individuals entit$ssite.
()1 Wat about advertisin% ecan%esM()/ Wat about donated ad spaceM
.ii #isburse&ents to blo%%ers &ust be disclosed()1 #oesnt propose can%e to 1.11(a) to reuire disclosure o0
pa$&ents to blo%%ers b$ candidate@ ca&pai%n or +C..iii Coordinated Co&&unications. "nternet ads could be considered=coordinated co&&unications> i0
()1 +laced on anoter persons entit$ or site 0or a 0ee@ A#()/ Coordinated
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()! Access is 0ree and available to public
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