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PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNINGChapter III: Associative Learning

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Operant Learning is a kind of associative learning whereby behavior is strengthened or weakened by its consequences.

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Animals have the capacity to reason by presenting logical argument and conclusion to problems.

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Can animals really think?

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A behavior has typically one of the two kinds of consequences or effects:

1.Satisfying state of affairs; and

2.Annoying state of affairs.

The Law of Effect

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The term OPERANT LEARNING indicates that the individual operates the environment.

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In the attempt of perfecting Thorndike’s study on animal intelligence, Skinner developed what came to be the “Skinner’s box”.

He was then regarded as the founding father of operant conditioning.

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“Classical conditioning has the tendency to be passive in terms of learning…”

CONDITIONED STIMULUS(CS)

UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS

(UCS)

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CONSEQUENCES

INDIVIDUAL(perceiving

the situation and ACTING

on it)

MANIPULATING the ENVIRONMENT for our own BENEFIT

ENVIRONMENT

(presenting situation)

POSITIVE RESULTS(strengthening

behavior)

NEGATIVE RESULTS(weakening behavior)

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A concept referring to an increase in the strength of behaviour due to its consequences.

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1. Behaviour must have a consequence;

2. Behaviour must increase in strength; and

3. Increase in strength of behaviour must be the result of the consequence.

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If I do X, then Y.

YOU HAVE TO TAKE YOUR MEDS DAD.

CAN’T TALK RIGHT NOW. I’M

BLOGGING THIS!

If the tendency to do X has not been strengthened because of the Y, then,

there is no REINFORCEMENT.

CAUSE EFFECT

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1. Positive Reinforcement

2. Negative Reinforcement

increases the probability of behaviour'soccurrence due to the presentationof a pleasant stimulus.

increases the probability of behaviour'soccurrence due to the removal of anunpleasant stimulus.

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Primary Reinforcers are stimuli that naturally or innately reinforcing behaviour.

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Secondary Reinforcers are reinforcing stimuli dependently associated with other reinforcers.

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States that human behaviour is motivated by our needs.

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Response Deprivation Theory states that behaviour becomes reinforcing when the organism is prevented from engaging in it at its normal frequency.

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The natural tendency of an organism to eat.

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Study the following:

1.Punishment2.Kinds of punishment3.Contingency and Contiguity4.Theories of Punishment

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Punishment is a kind of stimulus that aims to decrease the strength in behaviour due to its consequence.

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1. Behaviour must have a consequence;

2. Behaviour must decrease in strength; and

3. Decrease in strength of behaviour must be the result of the consequence.

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1. Positive Punishment

2. Negative Punishment

decreases the probability of behaviour'soccurrence due to the presentationof an unpleasant stimulus.

decreases the probability of behaviour'soccurrence due to the removal of apleasant stimulus.

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1. Positive Reinforcement

2. Negative Reinforcement

increases the probability of behaviour'soccurrence due to the presentationof a pleasant stimulus.

increases the probability of behaviour'soccurrence due to the removal of anunpleasant stimulus.

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Increases Decreases

Stimulus ispresented

Stimulus isremoved

POSITIVE REINFORCEME

NT

Strength of BehaviorStrength of Behavior

POSITIVE PUNISHMENT

NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT

NEGATIVEREINFORCEME

NT

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POSITIVE REINFORCEME

NT

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NEGATIVE REINFORCEME

NT

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POSITIVE PUNISHMENT

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NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT

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1. Contingency2. Contiguity3. Intensity of Punishment4. Introductory Level of Punishment5. Reinforcement of the Punished Behaviour

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“The degree to which punishment weakens a behaviour varies with the degree to which a punishing event is dependent on that behaviour.”

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“The interval between a behaviour and a punishing consequence has a powerful effect on learning. The longer the delay, the slower the learning.”

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