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1. INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW
Agriculture is the production of food, feed, fiber and other goods by systematic growing and harvesting
plants..The real meaning of agriculture is when people farm and garden food or crops.
Agriculture is the source of food for entire population of the country. It provides raw material for a number of
industrial units. Agriculture field represents the main source of employment in the country. Agriculture is a
major source of foreign exchange earnings. It is a source of revenues for federal and provincial government
Punj means five and aab means water, so Punjab means the land of five rivers Jehulm, Ravi, Chenab, Beas, and
Satluj. Punjab is well known for its agricultural activities and plantations. Its soil is very fertile and perfect forcropping. A variety of crops is cultivated here. The major crops are wheat, rice, cotton and sugarcane. Punjab is
the largest producer of wheat in Pakistan.
The biggest problem in agriculture sector of Punjab is the shortage of water. The major area of fertile land isowned by feudal. It is difficult to manage such a huge area so only that part is cultivated which is easy to
manage, the rest is left ignored. There is a lot of barrel land in Punjab and no steps are taken for its fertility.
High production cost and less profit. Lack of new technology and fertilizers.
Now and here numbered of voices are counting water shortage in Pakistan. According to World Bank (WB) and
Asian Development bank (ADB), Pakistan is one of the most water stressed country in the world. They
alarmed Pakistan that in the coming five years there will be acute water shortage due to lack of water
availability for irrigation, industry and human consumption. WB report states that water supply in Pakistan hasfallen from 5,000 cubic meters per capita to 1,000 cubic meters in 2010 and it is expected that it will reduce
further to 800 cubic meters per capita by 2020. There are various reasons of this shortage some are natural and
many are man made. Reasons like increase in population and climate change are natural but in developedcountries people designed effective policies to tackle with climate changes and adopt adjacent measures to
overcome their needs. However unfortunately we have no such policy makers, although we have goodtechnicians in various agricultural universities but our governments prefer to fight with one another over watershortages despite designing and adopting new technologies of saving water.
Nowadays Pakistan is facing floods both from north (Hunza and Kashmir) and from south (Sindh coastal areas)this whole water will be flowed in the sea and water from northern floods will be loosed a lot by seepage in way
before joining dams and canals. In the last days I go through a report by IFAD, the report was on spat irrigation
in coastal areas for improvement of livelihoods. According to this report Pakistans coastal areas have great
capacity for spate irrigation and in the whole world Pakistan has largest number of areas under spate irrigationwhich is (640,000 to 1,280,000) hectors. Nevertheless our corrupt and lazy government does not get benefit of
this opportunity. Various research institutes also propose advance irrigation system to overcome water shortages
which include sprinkle irrigation. This system mostly adopted in Saudi Arab where water availability is aboutzero. Whereas in Pakistan we have enough water till yet but if we do not adopt proper measures then definitely
we will follow great loss and hunger in coming years.
In Pakistan main source of water is canal irrigation system including two major dams Mangla dam and Terbella
Dam. River Indus is the life line for Pakistans agriculture, nearly 450,000sqm. It is the largest river of SouthAsia having length of 1800 miles or 2900Km. Sewage water could be used for production of crops like
vegetables, fodder, oil palms, coconut etc by recycling. Therefore we can say that none of water is useless, the
only thing required is to adopt new ways of cropping and water management.
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.
We can feel that there is enough water to fulfill our requirements but the need is to use it properly through
advance technologies and by repairing the systems frequently. Our government blames India to spoil the
agreement did in 1959 over the distribution and use of Indus water. No doubt India has spoiled the agreementbut Pakistan should be accountable towards use of its own water. Moreover Pakistan shouts very late over
Indians activities. They start constructing dams and tunnels in the beginning of this century. Now at this stage
India is able to support themselves technically whereas Pakistan could not, due to it failure in incoming and
outgoing water records display. Our provinces are quarreling over distributions and provision of water. Whereasdistribution of country in provinces does not mean that everyone has its own territory to deal with, and he/she is
not responsible for others. Our leaders of all provinces should understand that their consensus over distributionof all sorts of resources is in favor of whole country. Nevertheless unfortunately each province just wants to
give loss to his brother province.
To resolve water issue it is important to solve political battle over distribution of water among provinces. On the
other hand water should be saving from all sorts of losses through effective and costless mechanical techniques
There are many solutions available on Internet, research institutes should give solutions to all such problemsthrough advance study of water saving technologies and government should effectively follow these without
considering personal selfishness. Rainwater and flood water should store in time before it flows to sea.
Available water resources should be evaluating and utilize effectively. Irrigation system should be repaired toimprove and develop according to current needs also policies should be developed for judicious and effective
use of irrigation water. In addition it should be evaluated frequently that what are the water requirements of
various crops as changing weather effect the requirement of crops with the passage of time. In addition farmersshould be well educated through seminars at local level by government, NGOs and research institutes about
modern agricultural techniques along with analyzing, existing indigenous knowledge about cropping to reduce
ill practices and enhance significant and effective practices did by farmers. Participation by farmers should be
enhanced in policy making about water using, implementation of taxes and subsidies, about price fixing andabout import-export rules and regulations. There should be effective coordination and understanding among
farmers, water associations, government department and NGOs. Farmers should be put at center while
discussing and solving agricultural issues. If Pakistan succeeded to overcome internal water problems then it
could become strong enough to solve external water problems i.e. problem of Indus water treaty with India. Weknow very well that any influential personality could make its voice high and strong enough to listen and accept
by others. Therefore Pakistan should develop itself like such a personality whose voice become influentialinternationally. For this they have to overcome internal problems immediately.
2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
How we can increase the production of food and crops to meet the demands of increasing population?
How the shortage of water can be solved?
Role of banks in agriculture?
How government can promote agriculture in Punjab?
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3.1 METHODOLOGY
This chapter deals with the methodological strategy under which the research has been carried out.
The study of the direction and impl ication of empir ical r esearch or of the sui tabil ity of the techniques
employed on it is call ed methodology.(The oxford dictionary 2nd edition).
All the steps taken from the beginning to the end of the research work are technically known
as methodology or research procedure. Following are the steps that have been adopted in
conducting this research.S
3.2 SAMPLE
A total of 200 samples were selectedfrom the farmers of enriched agricultural cities of Punjab
3.3 METHOD OF SAMPLING
The technique used for sampling is simple random sampling and we collect the data from the farmers of
enriched agricultural cities of Punjab such as: Hasilpur, Vehari, Chistian, Chichawatni, Kassowal, Khairpur
Mian channu, Iqbal nagar.
3.4 Technique of Collection of Data:
We went to the farmers on our own behalf and narrate the questionnaire into Urdu and Punjabi as the
questionnaire was developed in English.
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3.5 Questionnaire:
The questionnaire used in our survey was in English. First we ask the personal data of the farmers such as name addres
and age. Question format was closed questions with yes/no. it consist 25 closed ended questions and 3-4 open ended
questions. Our main target was those farmers who were having the problems regarding their crops and agriculture.
4. RESULTS:
The data which we have collected from the farmers 53 of them were illiterate 46 of them were middle pass and
36 farmers have qualification level of metric 46 were middle, 24 were bachelor and only 11 farmers have done
the masters
The cultivation land of 111 farmers were 5-25 acres and land of 40 farmers are 26-45 acres and only 18 farmershave the cultivate land spread over 46-65 acres, where as 18 farmers have land more than 85 acres
102 farmers have cultivated wheat crops last time, 47 cultivated rice where as 22 farmers cultivated crops of
sugar cane and only 7 have mentioned other crops
104 farmers have beard the cost for the cultivation of the last crop was less than 20,000. 67 farmers beard the
cost from 20,000 to 30,000 where as only 10 farmers beard the cost of 41,000 to 50,000
Only 6 farmers have earned nothing from the last cultivated land, where as 18 farmers have earned 1000 to
5000. The 31 farmers have earned 6000 to 10000 from the last cultivated land where as 85 farmers earned
16000 to 20000 rupees from the last cultivated land
Near about 50 farmers are facing the problems of shortage the water and diseases and 14 farmers are facing
inflation in the market
The main sources of water of 65% of farmers is canal and 16% farmers are using the tube well water
The 19 farmers are provided with less then 20 minutes of canal water for one acre in a weak and 85 farmers are
provided with 31 to 40 minutes of canal water for 1 acre in a weak which is not sufficient for the farmers
The 163 farmers use the tube well water where as 37 have no concern with tube well and 167 farmers told us
that tube well water is to much expressive to use 164 farmers told us that government did not give them subsidy
on electricity use in tube well where as 36 farmers agree that government give them subsidy on electricity used
in tube well
Most of the farmers also told us that they are not having loans on easy conditions from banks. Most of the
farmers are not getting fertilizers and pesticides on control rate from market
In the end farmers suggest us that the govt. should give subsidy on electricity and improve irrigation department
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ADDRESS
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid chichawatni 19 9.5 9.5 9.5
chistian 21 10.5 10.5 20.0
hasilpur 48 24.0 24.0 44.0
Iqbal nagar 22 11.0 11.0 55.0
kassowal 26 13.0 13.0 68.0
khairpur 7 3.5 3.5 71.5
mian channu 14 7.0 7.0 78.5
sahiwal 20 10.0 10.0 88.5
vihari 23 11.5 11.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
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QULIFICATION
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid ILLITRATE 53 26.5 26.5 26.5
MIDDLE 46 23.0 23.0 49.5
METRIC 35 17.5 17.5 67.0
INTER 31 15.5 15.5 82.5
BACHOLERS 24 12.0 12.0 94.5
MASTERS 11 5.5 5.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
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How much land do you have under cultivation in acres?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid 5-25 111 55.5 55.5 55.5
26-45 40 20.0 20.0 75.5
46-65 18 9.0 9.0 84.5
66-85 13 6.5 6.5 91.0
ABOVE 85 18 9.0 9.0 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
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Which crop you cultivated last time?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid WHEAT 102 51.0 51.0 51.0
COTTON 47 23.5 23.5 74.5
RICE 22 11.0 11.0 85.5
SUGAR CANE 22 11.0 11.0 96.5
OTHERS 7 3.5 3.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
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Cost you bear for the cultivation of that crop per acre?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid
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How much you earn per acre from that crop?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid NOTHING 6 3.0 3.0 3.0
1000-5000 18 9.0 9.0 12.0
6000-10000 31 15.5 15.5 27.5
11000-15000 60 30.0 30.0 57.5
16000-20000 85 42.5 42.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
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What problem you face in agriculture?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid SHOTRAGE OF WATER 50 25.0 25.0 25.0
DISEASES 50 25.0 25.0 50.0
UNAVLABLITY OF LOANS 14 7.0 7.0 57.0
INFLATION 23 11.5 11.5 68.5
ALL OF ABOVE 63 31.5 31.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
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What is the main source of water in your area?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid CANNEL 131 65.5 65.5 65.5
TUBE WELL 32 16.0 16.0 81.5
SEWRAGE WATER 11 5.5 5.5 87.0
ALL OF ABOVE 26 13.0 13.0 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
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How much minutes you are given cannel water for one acre in a weak?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid
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Is it sufficient for you?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid YES 61 30.5 30.5 30.5
NO 139 69.5 69.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
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Is tube well water is expensive?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid YES 167 83.5 83.5 83.5
NO 33 16.5 16.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
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Tube well water in your area?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid NORMAL 106 53.0 53.0 53.0
SOLTISH 73 36.5 36.5 89.5
ACIDIC 21 10.5 10.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
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Did government give you subsidy on electricity used in tube wells?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid YES 36 18.0 18.0 18.0
NO 164 82.0 82.0 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
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Did you get fertilizers and pesticides on control rate from market?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid YES 65 32.5 32.5 32.5
NO 135 67.5 67.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
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Did you ever get loan for cultivation of crop?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid YES 123 61.5 61.5 61.5
NO 77 38.5 38.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
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Did banks give you loans in easy conditions?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid YES 78 39.0 39.0 39.0
NO 122 61.0 61.0 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
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Did you get a handsome return of your crop from market?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid YES 113 56.5 56.5 56.5
NO 87 43.5 43.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
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Did government arrange any work shop in your area to guide you about
agriculture?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid YES 59 29.5 29.5 29.5
NO 141 70.5 70.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
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how many times survey officer comes to your fields per year?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent
Cumulative
Percent
Valid 2 31 15.5 15.5 15.5
4 38 19.0 19.0 34.5
6 16 8.0 8.0 42.5
8 6 3.0 3.0 45.5
NEVER 109 54.5 54.5 100.0
Total 200 100.0 100.0
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CONCLUSION
From the above mentioned study we conclude that agriculture of Punjab is facing a lot of problems such as:
water irrigation, lack of government subsidies. Farmers are also problem in having fertilizers and pesticides on
control rate. They are not getting loans on easy conditions from banks. The market for farmers are raising
inflation due to which they can not make much profits. Government is not seriously taking notice for
constructing dams.
If Pakistan succeeded to overcome internal water problems then it could become strong
enough to solve external water problems i.e. problem of Indus water treaty with India.
Due to all these problems agriculture of Punjab facing downfall day by day it is strongly needed that govt.
should play a vital role in the development of agriculture in Punjab.
APPENDIX 11
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1- Name
2- Address
3- Age
a. 20-30b. 31-40
c. 41-50
d. Above 50
4- Gender
a. Male
b. female
5- Qualification
a. Illiterate
b. Middle
c. Metricd. Inter
e. Bachelors
f. Masters
6- How much land do you have under cultivation in acres?
a. 5-25
b. 26-45
c. 46-65
d. 66-85
e. Above 85
7- Which crop you cultivated last time?
a. Wheat
b. Cottonc. Rice
d. Sugar cane
e. Others
8- Cost you bear for the cultivation of that crop per acre?
a.
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c. 31,000-40,000
d. 41,000-50,000
9- How much you earn per acre from that crop?
a. Nothing
b. 1,000-5,000
c. 6,000-10,000
d. 11,000-15,000
e. 16,000-20,00010-What problem you face in agriculture?
a. Shortage of water
b. Diseases
c. Unavailability of loans
d. Inflation
e. All of above
11-What is the main source of water in your area?
a. Cannel
b. Tube well
c. Sewage water
d. All of above
12-How much minutes you are given cannel water for one acre in a weak?a.
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c. Acidic
17- Did government give you subsidy on electricity used in tube wells?
a. Yes
b. No
18- Which disease you think most harmful for your crop?
a. White fly
b. Rust diseases of wheat
c. Smut of sugar caned. Blight of rice
e. Mites
f. Others
19- How you protect your crop from diseases?
a. Pesticides
b. Diseases free seeds
c. Insect nets
d. All of above
20- Did you get fertilizers and pesticides on control rate from market?
a. Yes
b. No
21- Did you ever get loan for cultivation of crop?
a. Yes
b. No
22- If yes then from which financial institute?
a. Zarai tarakiati bank
b. The agriculture development bank of Pakistanc. Others.............
23- Did banks give you loans in easy conditions?
a. Yes
b. No
24-Did you get a handsome return of your crop from market?
a. Yes
b. No
25- Did government arrange any work shop in your area to guide you about agriculture?
a. Yes
b. No
26- Is there any survey officer in your area?
a. Yes
b. No
27- If yes then how many times he/she comes to your fields per year?
a. 2
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b. 4
c. 6
d. 8
e. Never
28- What are your suggestions to improve agriculture?
If you want any information about the problems of agriculture then contact the following e-mail address.
E-mail: [email protected]
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