Business and Computing Deanery

3D Modelling Week 2

Software and 3D Modelling

3D Modelling 2

Aims of today Revisit the fundamentals of 3D parametric

modelling Software Hardware Modelling concepts 3D parametric modelling

Primitives 2D to 3D Transformations Aligning Cloning Modifying primitives Boolean

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Last week Introduced the module

Presentation, discuss next week Portfolio

Introduced parametric modelling VRML or X3D

3D space Coordinates Axes Transformations 3D primitives

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3D space Rectangular coordinate

system Known as Cartesian

coordinates World or global coordinate

system Each object can have its

own local coordinate system Axes

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Primitive parametric modelling Numerical description of the object What are the parameters of:

Box (or cuboid)? Size, 3 dimensions

Cylinder? Height and radius

Sphere? Radius

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Transformations Geometric transformation

Mathematical operation What are the three possible

methods of transformation in VRML/X3D? Position Rotate Scale

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Perspective transformations Perspective projection

Happens automatically in virtually all 3D software

A perspective view is created by projecting each point of the object onto a picture plane

Parallel lines converge in the distance

Creates a 2D image on the monitor/paper

Axonometric projection

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Navigation transformations Motions or transformations that

place the viewpoint or camera in different parts of the scene Position Point of interest Camera lens

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Display in a webpage A web browser A free plug-ins

Cosmo VRML

http://ovrt.nist.gov/cosmo/ Cortona VRML

http://www.parallelgraphics.com/products/cortona/

Flux VRML and X3D

http://www.mediamachines.com/flux/ BS Contact VRML and X3D

http://www.bitmanagement.de/

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3d modelling software Ranges from the free to the very

expensive Why might it be so expensive? What might you expect your 3d

software to do?

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Typical scenario Your client asked you to make a 3D

rendering of the steps involved in the self-assembly of a piece of furniture What are your software options? What are the cost implications of the

various pieces of software? What file type would be generated? What are the hardware implications?

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Activity In pairs

Find 2 examples of free 3d software Find 3 examples of ‘professional’ 3d

software

http://dir.yahoo.com/Business_and_Economy/Business_to_Business/Computers/Software/Graphics/3D/

http://www.google.co.uk/

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Activity Of the professional software options

What is the cost of one licence? Can you to make an interactive web

model? What is the recommended hardware for

this software?

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Modeller concepts Four types of modelling systems:

Parametric Polygon Spline Patch

Many piece of software combine two or more of these basic techniques

Giambruno M, (2002)

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Parametric modellers Retain their base

geometric information Default shape Current size Segments

This information can be accessed and altered

Can be spline or polygon based

Deformations can be applied

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Polygon modellers Objects

constructed with polygons Made up of tiny,

flat surfaces More polygons

mean More detail Bigger file sizes

Low polygon Used in real-time

games Small file sizes Quick to render 3ds max v7

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Spline modellers A line defined as points, usually

curved Resolution independent

No faces Useful for creating organic shapes Different types

B-spline Bezier NURBS

Non-uniform rational b-splines

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Spline types B-spline Bezier NURBS

Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines

More information at http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~dfg/AndysSplineTutorial 3D Graphics and animation

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Patch modellers Use a network of control

points Lattice of splines or

polygons Stretch or tug on the

shape Useful for organic forms

3ds max v7

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Working in the 3D world Most programs have a common

features Viewports Mouse-selected features

Use right click for context sensitive menus Type-in commands and parameters

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3ds max v7

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Wireframe modelling Wireframe modelling requires less

computing power than any form of rendering

Default 3 viewports wireframe 1 viewport rendered

Will use either OpenGL or DirectX But not proper rendering with

lighting and shadows Takes even more processing power

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3ds max v7

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Different viewports 3ds max allows lots of different

viewport arrangements

3ds max v7

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Viewports Customisable

viewports Top Left or right Perspective Camera

Pan Slide around

Zoom in or out Zoom all

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Common 3D primitives Can you name

them? Cone Sphere GeoSphere Teapot Box Tube Cylinder Taurus

3ds max v7

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Activity Start up 3ds max

Draw a primitive shape Experiment with panning, zooming Change the viewpoints Experiment with ‘right clicking’

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Units and scale English

Feet an inches Metric

Meters and centimetres Generic

Decimal numbers

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Activity Using 3ds max help

Help>User reference Find out how to alter the units

system Make sure that the software is set to

Metres

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Self assessment What are the four types of modelling

concepts used by modelling software? What is the most useful for gaming?

Why is this used for gaming? Why does it not work well for

Rendered views? Organic shapes?

Discuss the four methods of converting 2D shapes to 3D Give an example of each for constructing

everyday objects

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File formats for modelling Portable or universal file format

DXF .dxf Drawing Interchange Format Widely used in CAD (Computer Aided Design)

OBJ .obj Computer animation an visual effects

3ds .3ds Mesh

Native May be converted 3ds max .max

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Exporting/importing files File conversion

3D Studio (3DS) Adobe Illustrator (AI) ASC Scene Export (ASE) AutoCAD (DWG) AutoCAD (DXF) Shockwave 3D FiLMBOX (FBX) Initial Graphics Exchange Standard (IGES) Lightscape Material (ATR) Lightscape Blocks (BLK) Lightscape Parameter (DF) Lightscape Layers (LAY) Lightscape View (VW) Lightscape Preparation File (LP) Stereolithography (STL) VRML97 (WRL)

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Activity Import your VRML model from

Portfolio 1

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Transforms using software Move

Numerical Using your mouse

Rotate Revolve around a

selected axis Pivot point

Scale In one direction?

Mirror Reverses an object

Or Copies a reversed

version of it along a selected axis

Useful for what?

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Transform tips Work in plan and side view Use gizmos

Viewport icons that let you quickly choose one or two axes when transforming a selection with the mouse.

3ds max v7

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Align Bring object surfaces flush with each

other Center Left Right

Face Edge Vertex

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Copying and instancing Copy

Creates a completely separate clone from the original. Modifying one has no effect on the other

Instance Creates a completely interchangeable clone of the

original. Modifying an instanced object is the same as modifying the original

Reference method Creates a clone dependent on the original up to the

point when the object is cloned. Changing parameters for modifiers that were applied to the object before the object was referenced, will change both objects. However, a new modifier can be applied to one of the reference objects, and it will affect only the object to which it is applied. 3ds max v7

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Array Series of clones Linear

Select object Define axis Define distance Define number

Radial Select axis Specify number

3ds max v7

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Activity Today build a table with objects on

top Give every object a name Experiment with

Align Scale Mirror Copy

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Deforms or modifiers Modifiers provide a way for you to sculpt

and edit objects change the geometry of an object

An unlimited number of modifiers can be applied to an object

Modifiers can be deleted Modifiers can be copied to other objects The order or sequence in which you add

modifiers is important. Each modifier affects those that come after it.

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Selection of modifiers Bend Bevel Lathe Edit mesh Patch deformer Surface modifier Optimize Edit spline Taper

Smooth Twist Skin modifier Mirror Extrude

Refer to 3ds max 7 help

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Bend modifier Parameters

Angle Direction Axis Limits

3ds max v7

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Taper modifier Parameters

Amount Curve Axis Limits

3ds max v7

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Twist modifier Parameters

Angle Bias Axis Limits

3ds max v7

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Squash modifier Parameters

Axial bulge Amount Curve

Radial squeeze Amount Curve

Limits Effect balance

3ds max v7

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Object data flow The software

evaluates changes affecting the object for display The object data flow

is the order in which they are evaluated

3ds max v7

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The Modifier Stack Using the Modifier Stack

Find a particular modifier and adjust its parameters

View and manipulate the sequence of modifiers Copy, cut, and paste modifiers between objects,

or sets of objects Deactivate the effect of a modifier in the stack,

the viewport display, or both Select a modifier’s components, such as gizmo

or centre Delete modifiers.

3ds max 7 help

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Activity Add a teapot, a cylinder, a sphere to

your table Bend them Taper Twist them Squash them

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3D Booleans Powerful sculpting tools Multiple objects Usually destructive

3ds max v7

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Union Boolean Union or addition

The intersecting or overlapping portion of the geometry is removed.

3ds max v7

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Intersection Boolean Intersection

Where they overlap

3ds max v7

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Subtraction Subtraction (or difference)

The Boolean object contains the volume of one original object with the intersection volume subtracted from it

a - b b - a3ds max v7

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Activity Make a fruit bowl on your table

using Boolean Make a fruit bowl using lath Are there any more ways?

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Organising yourself Save frequently Organise your work

How? Save different versions of your work

with new file names Folders for tutorial work Folders for portfolio work

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Covered today Software Hardware Modelling concepts 3D parametric modelling

Primitives 2D to 3D Transformation s Aligning Cloning Modifying primitives Boolean

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Self assessment In building a model to display furniture

Compare the use of different types of cloning of shapes in the modelling of a furniture display

Give two instances of how array might be used in a furniture display and how the parameters would be set

Describe the how 3D primitives could be added/subtracted together to model a piece of furniture

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Next week Get to know the software

Work on 3ds max tutorials Next portfolio Directed reading

By now you should have read chapters 1- 5 of 3D Graphics & Animation

For next week read chapters 7 & 8 Next week we will discuss your

presentation YOU need to think about it and ask are you

approaching it in the correct way

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References Giambruno M, (2002) 3D Graphics & Animation,

2nd Edition, New Riders, ISBN: 0-7357-1243-3 Kerlow I. V., (2003) The Art of 3-D Computer

Animation and Effects , 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc; ISBN: 0471430366

3ds max 7 User Reference and Tutorials