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BUDDHISM
Present by Mr.Thanes Oonsiri
Contents by Dr. Parker Wilson
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Location of Buddhism
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Buddhism World Status
Buddhism: 360 million
6% of world population
Fifth largest world religion
Christianity 32%
Islam 22%
Hinduism 15%
Secular/Non-religious 14%
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Buddhism
Origin
History Main Tenets
Worldview
Differences with Christianity
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Origin of Buddhism
Began in the 7th century BC
Buddha is a title signifying The
Enlightened One or The Awakened One Title given to Siddartha Gautama who was
born in 563 B.C.; died 483 B.C.
Biography of his life does not appear untilseveral hundred years later
His life was the last of 500 reincarnations
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Origin of Buddhism
Siddartha Gautama was born into a wealthy family,
some propitious signs accompanied his birth
Father protected him and groom him to be a king.
Father allows him to take a chariot ride but decrees allpoor and suffering be hidden however the gods assume
human form so he sees an old man near death, a man
disfigured by disease, a funeral procession of
decomposing body, and a monk who has renouncedthe world.
Decided to forsake his status and wealth and seek the
meaning of life at 30 years old Vedantic tradition.
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Origin of Buddhism
First quest for enlightenment
Under the mentoring of two Brahman hermits,
Alara and Uddaka They were unable to tell him how to put an end
to the cycle of rebirths
Second quest for enlightenment
Asceticism with five companions
Decided that self-mortification did not lead to
self-realization but only enfeebled body & mind
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Origin of Buddhism
Enlightenment obtained Devoted himself to the simple life of intense mental
discipline
After prolong meditation after seven years while
sitting under a fig tree received the answer to hisquest
Decides to share his way of enlightenment and beginsto preach
Converts five followers & family Legend has him ascend into heaven but died after
eating spoiled pork given as an offering
Buddhists would probably say that words cannot
truly describe Prince Gautamas enlightenment
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History of Buddhism
Collection of Teachings and Split
First council of followers shortly after his death
collected his teachings
Called Tripitaka, lit. meaning three baskets Second council (~ 380 B.C.)
Some argued for a greater role for the laity
Less strict discipline
Split between Theravada and Mahayana (~ 200 B.C.)
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History of Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism
Name derived from an expression meaning
tradition of the elders
Retained emphasis religion centered on monks Also called Hinayana (little raft) in distinction to
Mahayana
Height of Theravada was in 3rd century B.C.
Now mainly in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia
Most other areas have Mahayana Buddhism
Mainly a religion for monks
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History of Buddhism
Theravada Monks (bikhus)
Only ones who can obtain nirvana
They the focus of religious practice
Laitys primary religious work is to support themonks
Ordination
Shave head and put on orange robes Vow to follow the Ten Precepts
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History of Buddhism
Theravada Monks Ten Precepts Not to take a life
Not to steal
Not to commit sexual immorality
Not to lie
Not to drink intoxicating beverages
Not to eat in excess or after noon
Not to attend entertainment, e.g. dancing, singing,drama
Not to decorate ones self or use cosmetics
Not to sleep in high or wide beds
Not to touch any gold or silver
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History of Buddhism
Theravada Monks Life Usually live in a monastery
Most of day in meditation
Object of meditation on the total impermanence of allexistence
Focus to avoid being distracted
Begging for food in the morning
When monk attains full realization he is an arhator holy man.
At death enters nirvana
Buddha is perfect in all his incarnations and arhat isnt
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History of Buddhism
Buddhas Twenty five Buddhas
All came to teach the same way of enlightenment
Idea emerged there is a Buddha in the final stages ofpreparation to come to earth.
Called Maitreya
A Bodhisattva i.e. Buddha-in-the-making
He will usher in a golden age of enlightenment for all
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History of Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism & theL
aity Secondary participants
Goal is to live a good life
Follow the first five of the ten precepts (special occasions
will follow eight) Store up merit (good karma) for a better incarnation
May even earns some time in heaven between incarnations
Universe consists of many levels and higher levels are states of blissworthy of pursuing but not nirvana
Recitation of Three Refuges I seek refuge in the Buddha
I seek refuge in the Dharma (duty as in following teachings)
I seek refuge in the sangha (order of bikhu or monks)
Care for the monks (bikhu)
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History of Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism & theL
aity Three main obligations:
Recitation of Three Refuges
I seek refuge in the Buddha
I seek refuge in the Dharma (duty as in following teachings)
I seek refuge in the sangha (order of bikhu or monks)
Care for the monks (bikhu)
Food, material for clothing and other necessities
Care for the temples
Usually erected by lay peoples contributions
Statue of generous donor with monk robe place in temple
Traditionally, contribute by buying gold leafs to be added to
statue of Buddha
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History of Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism & theL
aity Position of Buddha statue hands
Left hand open and on lap
Right hand direct to the earth
Calling on earth to witness to his Buddhahood andsteadfastness (other positions, e.g. teaching, protecting)
Folk religion
Laity deify Buddha and worship him
Knowledgeable Buddhist do not claim they worship him
Storing Merit
Can become a bikhu for a period of time
Rite of passage in puberty rites
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History of Buddhism
Mahayana Buddhism Means big raft because it accommodates large
number of people, monks and laity
Innovations Sunyata (void) is interpreted as absolute compassion,
Benevolent compassion is the ultimate motivating force of
Mahayana Buddhism
Multiplication of divine beings
Lotus Sutra and other scriptures
Other schools
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History of Buddhism
Mahayana Buddhisms Innovations Multiplication of divine beings
Multiple Buddhas and Bodhisattvas
Manushi Buddhas achieved enlightenment on earth
Died and in Nirvana so not accessible
Dhyani Buddhas attained enlightenment in heaven
Have not died and are accessible
I.e., Amithaba of the Pure Land School
Bodhisattvas many Buddhas-in-the-making In Mahayana mythology these are divine beings in heaven who
forgo entry into nirvana until the last soul is redeemed from hell
which is the lower levels of incarnation.
Available in heaven with much merit stored up to assist people in
need
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History of Buddhism
Mahayana Buddhisms Innovations Lotus Sutra and other scriptures
Proliferation of Mahayana writings
L
otus Sutra has the highest stature Core teachings attributed to Gautama (Called Sakyamuni
[sage of the sakya clan] to differentiate him from other
Buddhas)
Sakyamuni was a manifestation of the true celestial
Buddha
All human beings have potential to reach Buddhahood
References to specific Buddhas and Bodhisattvas by name
Asserts that Hinayana is only for selfish uncaring people
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History of Buddhism
Mahayana Buddhisms Innovations Other schools
Tendai (rationalist)
Pure Land (compassionate)
Zen (intuitive
Nichiren (chanting)
Vajrayana (lamaist of Tibet)
Shingon (combination of Tendai and Vajrayana)
Ryobu (combination of Shinto and Shingon
See Winfried Corduans chart, p. 230
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History of Buddhism Other Schools of Mahayana Buddhism
Tendai (rationalist school)
Provide compromise between variations
Organized by Chinese monk, Chih-I
6th century A.D.
Teachings
Superiority ofLotus Sutra inspired scripture
Unity of reality all reality is equally a part of Buddhas
nature Reality is sunyatta and maya at the same time
Universal salvation all people will attain Buddhahood
Because all are a part of the same Buddha nature
Meditation to receive true insight into true reality
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History of Buddhism
Other Schools of Mahayana Buddhism Zen Origins
Arose in 6th century A.D. in response to Tendais
rationalist speculation
Claims its origin come from Gautama (as do they all)
Essence of it is enlightenment without words or
explination
Story of Buddha standing before his pupils waiting for him to
teach, one pupil, Mahakasyapa understood and smiled and justlooked at him.
Traditional founder is Bodhidharma, Indian monk that
emigrated to China a thousand years after Mahakasyapa
Cut off eyelids and meditated at wall for three years and hit on
head and then gained enlightenment
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History of Buddhism
Other Schools of Mahayana Buddhism Zen Schools
Two major schools in Japan, Master Soto & Master Rinzai
Soto saw enlightenment gain gradually
Rinzai saw a lengthy preparation time then gained abruptly
All Zen schools
Clear ones mind of conceptual clutter that impedes insight
D. T. Suzuki summary of Zen Special transmission outside of scriptures
No dependence on words or letters
Direct pointing to the soul of man
Seeing ones nature & attainment of Buddhahood
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History of Buddhism
Other Schools of Mahayana Buddhism Zen Scriptures and experience
Platform Sutra not considered authoritative nor source of
belief
Zen knowledge only transmitted from master to pupil andhe can only direct him to see what he can see
Enlightenment referred to as satori
Satori is when a person has direct, unmediated insight into
the self, the world and truth (Corduan, 233).
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History of Buddhism
Other Schools of Mahayana Buddhism Four ways to satori
Zazen meditation cross-legged, straight back, focus on
thought provided by master
Mondos stories of past great Zen masters and how theyreceived enlightenment so pupil can learn how he may gain
enlightenment
Koans conundrumsriddles without answers (they
supposedly carry the answer in them after one stopsthinking analytically)
What is the sound of one hand clapping?
Does a dog have Buddha nature?
How crooked is straight?
Cultural activities such as art, martial arts, haiku poetry
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History of Buddhism
Other Schools of Mahayana Buddhism Nichiren Shoshu (Soka Gakkai)
Founded by Japanese monk Nichiren from Tendai school
13th century
Determined all other traditions wrong
Return to Sakyamuni and true Buddhist teaching
Nichiren was persecuted and about to be executed but a
natural disaster free him, good omen so gather disciples
Split into many sub-schools
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History of Buddhism
Other Schools of Mahayana Buddhism Soka Gakkai
Nichiren Shoshu means the true Nichiren
Revived in 1930s in Japan as Soka Gakkai society for
the creation of values
Most popular after Pure Land Buddhism
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History of Buddhism
Other Schools of Mahayana Buddhism Soka Gakkai Teachings
Enlightenment available to everyone regardless of
previous incarnations and current status and can be
achieved in just a few years
Ten states of life must be traveled from lowest to highest
Persons state at death determines his karma and thus his
next incarnation
Those who attain Buddhahood finish incarnations
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History of Buddhism
Other Schools of Mahayana Buddhism Vajrayana (Tibetan Buddhism)
Means diamond vehicle
Considered the third division of Buddhism
Also known as Lamaism
Sublime philosophy and meditation
Folk more concerned with magical practices to control evil spirits
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History of Buddhism
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Tenets of Buddhism
Relationship to Hinduism
Gods have no place in teachings and are
themselves in need of enlightenment
Accepted samsara, karma, and ultimate
(though the later is different)
Some Hindu schools hold the atheistic view of
Brahman
Eliminated the caste system and the Vedas as
authoritative
This is what was against orthodox Hinduism
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Tenets of Buddhism
Four Truths
1. Truth of suffering all forms of existence are
subject to physical and mental suffering
2. The cause of suffering is desire desire for
possession and selfish enjoyment of every
kind, particularly the desire for separate,
individual, existence.
3. Suffering ceases when selfish desires are
denounced and ceases
4. The eightfold path leads to enlightenment
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Tenets of Buddhism
The Eightfold Path
Right Views
Right Desires
Right Speech
Right Conduct
Right Mode of Livelihood
Right Effort
Right Awareness
Right Meditation
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The Eightfold Path
The Right Views
This involves acceptance of the four truths and
a resolute rejection of unworthy attitudes and
acts, such as covetousness, lying and gossip.
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The Eightfold Path
Right Desires
The thoughts are to be free from lust, from ill-
will, and from cruelty. Free from desire from
selfish possessions. Desire for achieving
highest ends.
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The Eightfold Path
Right Speech
Ones speech should be plain and truthful,
abhorring lying, tale-bearing, and harsh or
vain talk. Words must be gentle, soothing to
the ear, penetrating to the heart, useful, rightly
timed, and according to the facts.
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The Eightfold Path
Right Mode ofLivelihood
This path requires harming no one and being
free from luxury. Each must take up work
which will give scope to his abilities and make
him useful to his fellow men.
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The Eightfold Path
Right Awareness
Four fundamentals of awareness:
Contemplation of the transitory nature andloathsomeness of the body
Contemplation of the feelings of oneself and
others
Contemplation of the mind
Contemplation of phenomena
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Tenets of Buddhism
Main purpose of Buddhism Escape from suffering
Escape from cycle of rebirth
Reach Nirvana cease to exist or realize ones self-extinctedness; Nirvana (lit. blown out unconditional
state of liberation, release from the cycle of rebirth-redeathdetermined by karma
No ultimate reality (Brahman) behind illusion butnothingness (sunyata the void).
NoAtman (No soul in people) Karma in Buddhism the actions of body or mind
which produce a fixed consequence for the presentlife or the future life.
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Buddhist Shrine
A1 Body of Buddha A2 Sacred Text
A3 Stupa mind of Buddha
B1 Drinking water
B2 Feet washing water
B3 Rice & Flowers
B4 Rice & Incense
B5 Butter lamp or Candle B6 Scented water to annoint
B7 Rice and Food
B8 Conch Shell - Ting-shag
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Important Terms
Karma Cause and effect (what you sow iswhat you reap); good deeds do not cancelout evil deeds
Impermanence everything changes andgoes through cycle of birth, growth, decay,and death. No such thing as death. Theworld of phenomena, the very universeitself, has a purely relative existence, andthis lack of absolute reality, applies to theindividuals self. There is nothing eternalor immortal inside a mans body.
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Important Terms
Gautama refused to answer about theexistence after death. There is, disciples, acondition, where there is neither earth norwater, neither air nor light, neither limitless
space, nor limitless time, neither any kind ofbeing, neither ideation nor non-ideation,neither this world nor that world. There isneither arising nor passing-away, nor dying,
neither cause nor effect, neither change norstanding-still. (Sacred Books of the Buddhists, Vol.II, 54)
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Christianity & Buddhism
Both seek enlightenment
Both empathize with suffering
Individuals are of value
Committed relationships
Emphasis on living live and loving
Moderation
Value of life
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The Buddha (cont):
Four Noble Truths:
The Truth of the Existence of Suffering
Three Types
Universal Suffering
The Truth of the Cause of Suffering
Three Poisons
The Truth of the Cessation of Suffering
The end of suffering is a possibility
The Path to the Cessation of Suffering
Noble eight fold path
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2ndNoble Truth
The Truth of the
Cause of Suffering: The Three Poisons:
Ignorance
Attachment
Anger
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Poison 1: Ignorance of Self
Western Perspective: Eternalism
Aristotle / Descartes / Newton:
I is eternal / permanent
I is independent
I is inherent
God (the creator) exists
The soul
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Poison 2 and 3: Attachment and Anger
Ignorance, attachment and anger In Buddhist psychology the trio of misapprehension/ignorance,
attachment/craving and anger/hatred are linked in a causal chain.
Anger ultimately arises from attachment to the people, places, andthings of our lives. Attachment is a superimposition of exaggerated
good (or bad) qualities onto people, places and things that do notinherently possess such qualities (Dalai Lama, 1997; Chodron,2001a; Chodron, 2001b):
New car
New job
New mate, etc
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Buddhism: Three Poisons
Buddhist Understanding of Anger (cont): Existential frustration then becomes the fertile ground for the
cultivation of anger (Dalai Lama, 1997).
Old car gets a flat and is relabeled piece of crap. Perhaps we curseat and kick the car.
The grind is forced to freeze raises in our salary and is relabeled aprison. Perhaps we feel entitled and justified in committing a hostileact like stealing office supplies.
The ball and chain is irritable one day and is relabeled the bitchor the inconsiderate asshole. Perhaps a heated and destructiveargument later takes place. Perhaps this argument (and several morelike it) is then used to justify an infidelity.
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2nd Noble Truth (cont):
The three poisons lead to negative Karma
Karma: the idea that all actions of body, speech and mind havespiritual consequences they leave imprints
Old Testament: to lust in ones heart for another mans wife is to havecommitted adultery
Karma is the ultimate spiritual responsibility Causes and conditions
Karma can be manifested or purified
Reincarnation
No God / no judgment
No permanent hell
No savior
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4th Noble Truth
The eight fold path to the cessation of suffering:
Right view
Right intention
Right speech
Right action
Right livelihood
Right effort
Right mindfulness
Right concentration
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4th Noble Truth
The eight fold path to the cessation ofsuffering:
Two paths for the development of wisdom:
Right view (to become deeply and profoundly awareof the four noble truths; interdependence andemptiness)
Right intention (to become deeply committed to anethical life such that every action of body, speech
and mind is motivated by insight, kindness andcompassion)
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4th Noble Truth
The eight fold path to the cessation of suffering:
Three paths for mental development:
Right effort (this is mental energy to be aggressive and angry takes effort
and similarly to be compassionate and kind takes effort)
Right mindfulness (here the mind is anchored in clear perceptions without
being carried away by dualistic concepts like judgment and opinion e.g.,
the table)
Right concentration (this is a single point of focus, the ability to focus themind in its entirety on a single object of meditation and thereby create and
sustain penetrative insight and realization; this path is specifically
associated with the practice of meditation)
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Emptiness
Emptiness is THE foundational Buddhist psychological concept:
All things exist interdependently (not independently)
All things exist in a context (not as stand alone objects) All things exist temporarily (not permanently or eternally)
Ex. The train and the tea
Ex. A coffee table
Three Nature Theory:
Imputed Dependent
Consummate
The first two actually construct reality. Ex. Halle Berry
The last is the empty nature of all phenomena and objects
All things exist as a result of what we have thought -Buddha
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Emptiness of Self
...meditation on emptiness begins with gaining a sense of the inherent
existence of which phenomena are empty, for without understanding what
is negated, you cannot understand its absence, emptiness...Through
carefully watching how you conceive your self, or I, to be inherently
established, you will determine that the I appears to be self-instituting
without depending on the collection of the mental and physical aggregates,
which are its basis of designation, or without depending on any of them
individually, even though the I appears with those aggregates. Proper
identification of this appearance is the first essential toward realizing
selflessness--ascertaining the object of negation.
--from Yoga Tantra: Paths to Magical Featsby H.H. the Dalai Lama
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Emptiness of Self
The self postulated by the extremists, When you
thoroughly analyze it with reasoning, Within all the
aggregates [of body and mind], Nowhere can you find alocus for this. Nagarjuna (2nd Century), A
Commentary on the Awakening Mind
No known neural correlates for self
No known neural correlates for consciousness Underlying all mental affliction is our belief in our
identity our permanent, eternal, independent selfhood.
To release our grasp on this belief is to move towards
mental health, peace and happiness.
Com lete enli htenment i the union of method
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Ethics
Why are ethics necessary for mankind
What is the relationship between civilization and ethics?
What is the primary ethic of both medicine and
psychology? Why are ethics necessary for psychotherapy?
What is the relationship between successful psychotherapy
and solid professional ethics?
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Ethics
Religious Ethics:
Judeo-Christian Tradition:
Seven Deadly Sins:
Envy
Gluttony Greed
Lust
Pride
Sloth
Wrath
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Ethics
Buddhisms Ten Destructive Behaviors:
1. Taking life
2. Taking what has not been given
3. Inappropriate sexual activity
4. Lying5. Speaking divisively
6. Using harsh language
7. Speaking idle words
8. Thinking covetous thought
9. Thinking thoughts of malice
10. Distorted, antagonistic thinking
Body
Speech
Mind
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Ethics
Religious Ethics: All Major World
Religions Agree:
Killing
Stealing
Lying
Sexual misconduct
Intoxicants
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Ethics
The Eight Mundane Concerns:
Most humans spend their lives chasing the left
and avoiding the right:
Praise / Blame
Gain / Loss
Approval / Disapproval
Pleasurable stimuli / Unpleasant stimuli
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The Six Realms of Existence
The Hell Realm (sociopaths, AIDS babies)
The Hungry Ghost Realm (alcoholics, junkies, anorexics)
The Animal Realm (Psychopaths, gang bangers)
The Human Realm The Demi-God Realm (B-List celebrities, wealthy
hedonists, millionaires)
The God Realm (A List celebrities, billionaires)
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Mindfulness
Shamatha (also known as calm abiding and single
point of focus)
Settling the Body in its natural state
Object of meditation: Tactile sensations of the body Settling the Speech in its natural state
Object of meditation: Abdominal sensations of respiration
Object of meditation: Sensations of respiration at the
apertures of the nostrils
Settling the Mind in its natural state
Object of meditation: The space of the mind itself
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Start Session 2
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What Is Mind?
Traditional Greek Senses:
Sight, Sound, Taste, Touch and Smell
Traditional Buddhist Senses: Sight, Sound, Taste, Touch, Smell and MIND
What is Mind? Mind, in a gross yet practical sense, isthat which experiences mental phenomena
What would be left if you were suspended in a sensory
deprivation tank? That is mind.
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What Is Mind?
Greek and European Philosophical Understanding (cont):
Scientific materialism: the tendency to reify science as the only valid
mode of inquiry for obtaining information about reality.
Exemplifying Scientific Materialism, Alfred Ayer in his 1936 treatise
Language, Truth and Logic: We conclude, therefore, that the argument from religious experience
is altogether fallacious. The fact that people have religious
experiences is interesting from the psychological point of view, but
it does not in any way imply that there is such a thing as religious
knowledge, any more than our having moral experiences implies that
there is such a thing as moral knowledge. The theist, like themoralist, may believe that his experiences are cognitive experiences,
but, unless he can formulate his "knowledge" in propositions that are
empirically verifiable, we may be sure that he is deceiving himself.
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h i
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What Is Emotion?
Greek and European Philosophical Understanding (cont):
The death of introspection around the turn of the 20th century
James and Freud v. Skinner
As Plutchik (2000) states inEmotions in the Practice ofPsychotherapy:
Behaviorists held the view that the only truly reliable objective
information obtainable about living creatures was information about
their behavior (and preferably simple behavior). This attitude lead to
a preoccupation with conditioned responses; emotions, on the other
hand, were considered to be inner states that could not be reliably
observed and were therefore outside the realm of scientific
psychology. (p 40)
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Wh I Mi d?
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What Is Mind?
Modern Psychological Understanding:
Is it possible to understand mental phenomena from the
inside out? The contemplative traditions of the world say
that it is possible
The modern, scientific endeavor is to understand mental
phenomena from the outside in (PET, CAT, MRI. Etc)
Modern science / empiricism is not qualified to define, explain or
predict mental phenomena
If three core tenets of any science are systematization,quantification and reproducibility then on some level could
meditation (the methods of working with mental
phenomena) be considered a valid science of the mind?
Wh I E i ?
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What Is Emotion?
Five Core Psychological Perspectives:
The evolutionary tradition: Charles Darwin
The Psycho-physiological tradition: William James
and the behavior/body before mind argument. The Neurological tradition: Cannons sham rage
in the hypothalamus of cats.
The Psychodynamic tradition: id, repression and
subconscious. The Cognitive tradition: emotions and our
reactions to them become habituated
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Wh t I E ti ?
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What Is Emotion?
The Psycho-physiological Tradition : The psychophysiological tradition is most identified with the work of the
Harvard psychologist-philosopher William James.
Twelve years after Darwin published his work on emotion, James (1884)published an article that founded a second theory of emotion, one primarilyconcerned with the sequence of events in emotional experience.
James asked the question: which comes first, emotion or behavior? In essence,does the fact that we run away from a predator cause the emotional experienceof fear or does the emotional experience of fear cause the behavior of runningaway from the predator?
James himself came down firmly on the side of behavior before emotion. AsJames (1890) stated, common sense says we lose our fortune, are sorry andweep; [My] hypothesis is that we feel sorry because we cry, angry becausewe strike, afraid because we tremble. (p. 1066). In an attempt to prove ordisprove James hypothesis, a tremendous amount of research has beenconducted over the last century. While inconclusive about James hypothesis,this research, has produced significant advances in our understanding ofautonomic physiology, arousal, lie detection and other areas (Plutchik, 2000).
Wh t I E ti ?
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What Is Emotion?
The Neurological Tradition : Walter Cannon, another Harvard professor, conducted medical research
on domestic cats and discovered that the hypothalamus was theneurological seat of emotion
A few years after James death, Cannon (1929) removed certain parts
of the brain in cats and discovered that he could create a sham ragethat would last between two and three hours.
In essence, Cannon discovered that there are neural correlates foremotion.
Based on these results, Cannon directly challenged James stricthypothesis of behavior before emotion.
His work also inspired related research that set the basis for advancedneurological research along with the psychopharmacological treatmentof mental disorders (Plutchik, 2000).
Wh t I E ti ?
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What Is Emotion?
The Psychodynamic Tradition : Working on the condition called hysteria, Freud and Breuer (1895/1936)
published Studies on Hysteria, which described a new theory about the genesisof psychiatric illness.
Within this larger topic, the book also set the stage for a new theory of emotion(Plutchik, 2000).
Although Freud initially utilized hypnosis as a treatment method he laterdeveloped free association as the primary means by which patients would makeconscious repressed memories and emotions.
The point of therapy was thereby transformed from abreaction to a processwhere unconscious motivations were brought into conscious awareness andreplaced with volitional judgments (very Buddhist ).
Over the course of decades Freud developed a complex theory of neuroses that
had within it (as an implicit part) a theory of emotion. This implicit theory proposed an extremely complex interaction of drives,developmental stages, conflicts and personality developments.
Even today, an agreed upon theory of emotion does not exist in the variousbranches of psychoanalysis.
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W ki ith E ti
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Working with Emotion
Western Perspective:
Rogerian unconditional positive regard teaching self compassion as a means of generating compassion for
others
Cognitive psychology and the union of perception and personalreality
Buddhist psychology would agree
Kohut and Self psychology Creating a better house
Cognitive behavioral therapy as a way to make practical thesalubrious effects of psychotherapy
Criticisms of insight and supportive therapy
CBTs limited efficacy with addiction, high risk youths anddomestic violence
CBT and anger management low efficacy
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W ki ith Em ti ( t):
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Working with Emotion (cont):
Buddhist Meditations presented in this class: Shamatha (also known as calm abiding and single point
of focus) Settling the Body in its natural state
Settling the Speech in its natural state
Settling the Mind in its natural state
Shamatha without a Sign
The Nature of Suffering
Friend, Foe and Stranger
TongL
en Loving Kindness and interdependence (Metta)
What Is Meditation?
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What Is Meditation?
Meditation is slowing down
Meditation is learning to stay
Meditation is becoming educated aboutyour hooks, your limits, and your
exit doors.
Shamatha cultivates three things:relaxation of body and mind, mental
stabilization (concentration), and
mental vividness
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What Are Your Exits Doors?
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What Are Your Exits Doors?
Feeling overwhelmed
with: anger, irritation,
frustration, anxiety, fear,
sadness, mourning,depression, grief, shock,
etc
Numb Out (drugs,
alcohol, food, sex, TV,
Xbox, etc)
Anger / Aggression (weyell, condemn and put others
down, quietly intimidate,
threaten, passive-aggressive
manipulation, assault, etc)
Materialism / We Crave and
Seek (retail therapy,
buying bigger and better
things, splurging)
Exit Door #3
Exit Door #2
Exit Door #1
Mind Training
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Mind Training
From the Buddhist perspective one
must simultaneously: Decrease the grip of the three poisons by
meditating on their essential nature AND
Meditate on the benefits of loving kindness
and compassion thereby naturally increasing
their presence in your mind
In essence, Buddhist meditation seek toeliminate negative emotions while
simultaneously replacing them with
positive emotions
Seven Points of Mind Training
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Seven Points of Mind Training
From the Buddhist perspective one
must simultaneously: Decrease the grip of the three poisons by
meditating on their essential nature AND
Meditate on the benefits of loving kindness
and compassion thereby naturally increasing
their presence in your mind
In essence, Buddhist meditation seek toeliminate negative emotions while
simultaneously replacing them with
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