Understanding Biotechnology & its Applications
Tulika P. Srivastava ([email protected])
IIT Mandi B.Tech 2nd year 3rd Sem (Aug Nov 2015)
Schedule:
Monday, Wednesday 11:00 AM 12:30 PMRoom #: A1-3
Why you are being taught this course?
Technology of hope
Applications in a wide range of fields to improve our life style
Multidisciplinary
Biotechnology industries
are booming rapidly
What is the broad objective of this course?
Broad objective of this course is to give an introduction to biotechnology and its applications in our daily life. This course will help you to get familiarized with various techniques that are used routinely towards this.
What is the Syllabus?
Unit 1 (1 hr): Introduction to biotechnology and the history of biotechnological developments with major milestones.
Unit 2 (3 hrs): Basic biology: Brief introduction to genes and genomes.
Unit 3 (5 hrs): Introduction to recombinant DNA technology and its application to genomics.
Unit 4 (4 hrs): Introduction to proteins and their products.
Unit 5 (5 hrs): Microbial biotechnology.
Unit 6 (5 hrs): Plant biotechnology.
Unit 7 (5 hrs): Animal biotechnology.
Unit 8 (5 hrs): Bioremediation and environmental biotechnology.
Unit 9 (5 hrs): Medical biotechnology.
Unit 10 (2 hrs): Biotechnology regulations and ethics.
Textbooks and References
Text Book:
Introduction to Biotechnology (3rd Edition) by William J. Thieman and Michael A. Palladino published by Benjamin-Cummings publishing company.
Other References:
Biotechnology for Beginners by Reinhard Rennebergpublished by Academic press.
Basic Biotechnology 3rd Edition by Ratledge Colin published by Cambridge university press.
Credits Distributions for IC136
Quiz 1: 20 %
Quiz 2: 20 %
Tutorial 1: 5 %
Tutorial 2: 5%
Final Exam: 50 %
What is Biotechnology?
"Any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to
make or modify products or processes for specific use.
Biotechnology is the manipulation of living organisms and organic material to serve human needs.
Examples:Yeast in bread making and alcohol productionUse of beneficial bacteria (penicillin) to kill harmful
organismsCloning of plants and animalsImproving rice quality
Biotechnology is drawn on
Pure biological sciences
(genetics, microbiology, animal cell culture, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, etc.)
Knowledge and methods from outside biology (chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, and biorobotics, etc.)
Pioneers in Biotechnology
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
1675 Dutch tradesman Father of Microbiolody Discovered bacteria using a simple microscopeVan Leeuwenhoek's main discoveries are: the infusoria (protists in modern zoological classification), in 1674 the bacteria, (e.g., large Selenomonads from the human mouth), in
1676 the vacuole of the cell. the spermatozoa in 1677. Van Leeuwenhoek had troubles with
Dutch theologists about his practice. the banded pattern of muscular fibers, in 1682.[10]
Gregor Mendel
1863 Austrian monk who
conducted the first genetics experiments using pea plants in the mid 1800s.
Often considered the founder of genetics.
Mendel summarized his findings in two laws: Law of Segregation Law of Independent
Assortment.
Louis Pasteur
1870s
French Chemist and Microbiologist
Disproved the notion of spontaneous generation, describing the role of bacteria in spoilage (germ theory of disease) and the scientific basis for fermentation
Created the rabies vaccine
Robert Hooke
1665
Invented the compound light microscope
First to observe cells in cork
Mechanics
Gravitation
Microscopy
Palaeontology
Astronomy
James Watson & Francis Crick
1953 Englishmen responsible
for the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA using X-ray diffraction data generated by Rosalind Franklin
Watson and Crick base pairing
Nobel Prize in 1962
Paul Berg
1972
Stanford University scientist who first developed recombinant DNA technology, a method for insertion of genetic material from one organism into another.
Used for the study of viral chromosomes
Historical Development of Biotechnology
1750 B.C.
Origins of biotechnology emerge in methods of food production and plant and animal breeding
Domestication of animal for use as livestock
Selective breeding eg corn
Use of bacteria to produce cheese (food preservation)
Use of natural enzymes in yogurt
Use of yeast to produce bread
Use of fermentation for producing wine and beer
1869 DNA is discovered in trout sperm by Friedrich
Miescher, an eminent physiological chemist from Basel, Switzerland
DNA was isolated, analyzed and recognized as a unique macromolecule
1919
The word biotechnology is first used by a Hungarian agricultural engineer Karl Ereky.
1928 Alexandar Flemming discovered and purified antibiotic
Penicillin
Discovered the mold Penicillium which inhibited the growth of bacterium called Staphylococcus aureus.
Accidental discovery
"When I woke up just after dawn on September 28, 1928, I certainly didn't plan to revolutionize all medicine by discovering the world's first antibiotic, or bacteria killer," Fleming would later say, "But I suppose that was exactly what I did."[2][5]
1940s-1950s
Widespread work is undertaken to investigate the structure and function of DNA
1980
The U.S. Supreme Court approved the patenting of genetically altered organisms.
1980s-1990s
A variety of GMOs and biotechnology techniques were introduced in fields from agriculture to medicine
Recombinant DNA technology-extracts DNA from one organism for use in another, allowing more rapid and specific improvements in plants and animals
Plant Tissue Culture-gains widespread acceptance as a method to quickly and cheaply produce genetically identical plants
1990s
First transgenic organisms (GMOs) were introduced in widespread agricultural production, particularly in the area of crops.
Bt corn and soybeans are introduced offering natural insect resistance by the introduction of a gene from the bacterium Baccillus thuringensis
1997
Dolly was the first animal cloned from diploid cells, produced in Scotland
Late 1990s-Early 2000s
Human cloning was outlawed in the U.S. and the first concerns over the use of human stem cells in research began to arise.
CELL THEORY
All living things are composed of cells and their products.
All cells arise from preexisting cells.
All cells are basically alike in composition and metabolic activities.
The function of an organism as a whole is the outcome of the activities and interactions of the constituent cells.
What is a cell?
Cell is the Structural and Functional unit of all organisms.
Basic Cell Plan
Prokaryotes
Pro = Primitive, karyon = nucleus
Contain neither nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
Archaebacteria and Monera
Basic Cell Plan
Eukaryotes
(Eu = true, karyon = nucleus)
Contain double membrane nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Protista, Fungi, Plants and Animals
PLASMA MEMBRANE
CYTOPLASM
NUCLEOID
PROKARYOTIC BACTERIAL CELL
CELL WALL
PLASMID DNA
FLAGELLUM
Cytoplasm Contents
Carbohydrates
Fatty acids
Proteins Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Structures
Enzymes proteins that can catalyze biochemical reactions
RNA ribonucleic acid messenger RNA (mRNA); transfer RNA
(tRNA);ribosomal RNA(rRNA)
Plasmids nonchromosomal genetic material (DNA)
The cytoplasm consists of water, nutrients and important biomolecules necessary for metabolism, growth and reproduction. These include:
CELL WALL
PLASMA MEMBRANE
ENDOPLASMICRETICULUM
NUCLEUS
CHROMATIN
NUCLEARMEMBRANE
MITOCHONDRIA VACUOLE
GOLGI BODY
PLANT CELL
PLASTID
Animal Cell Plant Cell
Cell wall: Absent Present
Shape: Round (irregular shape) Rectangular (fixed shape)
Vacuole: One or more small
vacuoles (much smaller
than plant cells).
One, large central vacuole
taking up 90% of cell
volume.
Centrioles: Present in all animal cells Only present in lower plant
forms.
Chloroplast: Animal cells don't have
chloroplasts
Plant cells have
chloroplasts because they
make their own food
Plastids: Absent Present
Plasma Membrane: only cell membrane cell wall and a cell
membrane
Lysosomes: Lysosomes occur in
cytoplasm.
Lysosomes usually not
evident.
Cilia: Present It is very rare
Differences b/w Plant & Animal Cells
All cells possess a plasma membrane
Plasma membrane has phospholipid bilayer
and embedded glycoproteins a. Isolates cytoplasm from environment
b. Regulates molecular movement into and out of cell
c. Interacts with other cells/environment
The nucleus is eukaryotic cells genetic library which contains
most of the genes. Some genes are located in mitochondria
and chloroplasts.
The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane.
Space between membranes is called the nuclear envelope (NE).
chromatin
DNA and associated proteins within the nucleus organized into fibrous material.
In a normal cell chromatin appears as diffuse mass.
chromosomes
When the cell prepares to divide, the chromatin fibers coil up to be seen as separate structures.
A typical human cell has 46 chromosomes, but sex cells (eggs and sperm, or gametes) have only 23 chromosomes.
The nucleus directs protein synthesis by synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA).
The mRNA travels to the cytoplasm and combines with ribosomes to translate its
genetic message into the primary structure
of a specific polypeptide.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Manufactures membranes.
Performs a diversity of biosynthetic functions.
Smooth ER looks smooth because it lacks ribosomes.
Rough ER looks rough because bound ribosomes are attached to the outside, including the outside of the nuclear envelope.
Rough ER is also a membrane factory.
Membrane bound proteins are synthesized directly into the membrane.
Enzymes in the rough ER also synthesize phospholipids from precursors in the cytosol.
Enzymes of smooth ER synthesize lipids, including oils, phospholipids, and steroids.
These includes the sex hormones of vertebrates and adrenal steroids.
Enzymes in the smooth ER of the liver help detoxify drugs and poisons.
A center of
manufacturing,
warehousing, sorting,
and shipping.
packages proteins
inside the cell before
they are sent to their
destination;
it is particularly
important in the
processing of proteins
for secretion
Golgi Complex
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