Breeding For Biofortification in Cereals
Presented By
Ashwani KumarRegd. No. – J-13-D-180-A
Division of Plant Breeding And GeneticsSher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology,
Jammu
3 billion people worldwide suffer micronutrients deficiency
2.5 billion world population suffer from Zinc deficiency
1.6 billion population suffer from Iron deficiency1 billion people reside in iodine deficient regions400 million people have vitamin A deficiency Malnutrition accounts ~30 million death/year
Malnutrition Problem
Source : WHO, 2012
Nearly Half of The World Population is Affected From Iron & Vitamin A Deficiency
Source:- Welch and Graham, 2010; Field Crops Res.
Wide Spread Zinc Deficiency
(Alloway, 2014, In: Zinc in soils and Crop Nutrition. IZA Publications, Brussels)
India is one of the countries having problem of malnutrition
More than 50% of women, 46% of children below 3 years are underweight and 38% are stunted
As per India state hunger index, all the states are with serious to alarming indices with M.P. most alarming.
In India
Source : World Bank
Food availability is not a problem, nor it like to be….
More important is what kind of food will be available
- Nutritious crops - Biofortified crops – staple crops breed for
additional micronutrients
How can we Nourish 1.2 Billion People
Bio-fortification: Greek word “bios” means “life” and Latin word “fortificare” means
“make strong”. Bio-fortification:Biofortification is a method of breeding crops to increase their nutritional value
Bio-fortification refers to increasing genetically the bio-available mineral content of food crops (Brinch-Pederson et al., 2007). Bio-fortification differs from ordinary fortification because it focuses on making plant foods more nutritious as the plants are growing, rather than having nutrients added to the foods when they are being processed.
What is Bio-Fortification
Bio-fortification Differs Ordinary Fortification
More nutrients
consumed
Dietry supplements
Varied, plant-based diet
Some points present here to clearly identified role of crop bio fortification …….
To overcome the mal-nutritions in human beings
To increment of nutritional quality in daily diets
To improvement of plant or crop quality and increment of variability in germplasm
Biofortification for important crop plants through biotechnological applications is a cost-effective and sustainable solution for alleviating VAD, etc.,.
Importance of crop Biofortification
India Biofortification
Indian Parliament recenttly has passed a budget which includes $15 million for biofortification (DBT) for rice, wheat and maize over five years.
Crop leaders appointed for each crops; traget nutrients are iron, zinc and vitamin A.
Joint meetings held every years
MOU has been signed
Source : MoA, Govt. of India
Genetic Bio-fortified Crops
Source : Harvest Plus Programme
Discovery Identify target population Set nutrient target level
Screen germplasm & gene discovery
Development
Breed bio-fortified cropsTest the performance of New crop varietiesMeasure Nutrient retention in cropEvaluate Nutrient Absorption & Impact
Dissemination
Develop strategies to disseminate the seedPromote marketing & Consumption of Bio-fortified crops
Improve Nutritional Status of Target Population
Pathway for Biofortification
Source : HarvestPlus, 2009
The amount of Fe, Zn and Vit A required in a biofortified crop for significant impact on nutritional status Breeding Target
‘Baseline’ = amount obtained from varieties consumed by target population =
‘Increment’ = amount to be added by breeding
Breeding Target
Iron Biofortification in Cereals
Germplasm still below the 100% traget levels by 2013 for the three main cereals even if breeding would concentrate on increasing iron levels
No direct breeding efforts for iron for rice, wheat and maize under HarvestPlus II
Transgenic approach is only option
Variation for Fe content in major cereals crops documented in various studies
Source : Goudia & Hash, 2015
30
Variation for Zn content in major cereals crops documented in various studies
Source : Goudia & Hash, 2015
30
In this study 122 hybrids (21 hybrids from 9 public sector research organizations, including ICRISAT; and 101 hybrids from 33 seed companies) was used.
This study showed the existence of about two fold variability for Fe density (31–61 ppm) and zinc density (32–54 ppm) among 122 commercial and pipeline hybrids developed in India.
Pearl Millet India, which has the largest pearl millet area (>9 mh) in the world. Pearl Millet, as a species, has higher levels of Fe and Zn densities than other
major cereal crops.
Objective: To compare the capacity of iron (Fe) biofortified and standard pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) to deliver Fe for hemoglobin (Hb)-synthesis.
Methods: Two isolines of PM, a low-Fe-control (“DG-9444”, Low-Fe) and biofortified (“ICTP-8203 Fe”,High-Fe) in Fe (26 μg and 85 μg-Fe/g, respectively) were used.
Results: Improved Fe-status was observed in the High-Fe group, as suggested by total-Hb-Fe values (15.5±0.8 and 26.7±1.4 mg, Low-Fe and High-Fe respectively, P<0.05).
Biofortification Through Breeding High Iron Pearl Millet
ICTP8203ICRISAT Bred OPV
(70-74 ppm Fe)With 10% Higher Yield
Marketed by NIRMAL Seeds
86M86Pioneer Hybrid (54-63ppm Fe)
Pearl Millet Cultivar Commercialized In India
Rice is a staple food crop for more than 1 billion poor people.
The Rice endosperm is deficient in many nutrients including vitamins, proteins, micronutrients, EAAs, etc.
The Aleurone layer of dehusked rice grains is nutrient rich but is lost during milling and polishing.
Rice plants produce β-carotene (provitamin A) in green tissues but not in the endosperm (the edible part of the seed).
To overcome the deficiency of vit A in human beings.
Rice Biofortification
3500 rice assessions, 100 popular lines have been screened
14 genotypes with high Zn content in polished grains with 35-40ug/g have been identified.
Selection and phenotyping of 40 rice genotypes are under multi-location trails.
Breeding for High Zinc Rice
Source: MSSRF & IGAU, Raipur
World’s first high-zinc rice released in Bangladesh
Released Varieties
Source : HarvestPlus, 2014
Methods used for Rice Biofortification Marker Assisted Selection
Five Mapping population have been developed and purified
Molecular marker for genes associated with iron uptake, transport and accumulation have been designated
Marker Assisted Selection is eligible for organic certification
Fe
Zn
Wild Type Transgenic
Genetic Engineering For Bio-FortificationGenetic engineering is the obvious alternative to enhance the β-
carotene levels in crop plants.
The development of the ‘golden rice’ proved that, it is possible to redirect a complete biosynthetic pathway of carotenoids by genetic engineering of multiple genes encoding key enzymes of the pathway.
So, Golden Rice is such a bio-fortified crop.
A example of Golden Rice was developed in the year 2000
The Golden Rice Solution
IPP (Isopentenyl pyrophosphate)
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate
Phytoene
Lycopene
-carotene(vitamin A precursor)
Phytoene synthase
Phytoene desaturase
Lycopene-beta-cyclase
ξ-carotene desaturase
Daffodil gene
Single bacterial gene;performs both functions
Daffodil gene
-Carotene Pathway Genes Added
Vitamin APathway
is completeand functional
GoldenRice
Addition of 2 genes in rice genome will complete the biosynthetic pathway:1. Phytoene synthase (psy): derived from daffodils (Narcissus
pseudonarcissus). Psy is a transferase enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of carotenioids. It catalyzes the conversion of GGPP to phytoene.
2. Lycopene cyclase (crt1)- isolated from soil bacteria Erwina uredovora.
3. Produce enzymes and catalysts for the synthesis of carotenoids in the endosperm of rice.
How Does It Work?
Genetic Modification: Golden RiceBC derived lines in Swarna background using
Kaybonet-GR2-R event as donor
Swarna Golden Swarna
Breeding strategy for Wheat Low genetic variation in cultivated wheat for Zn/Fe
Wild relatives (T. spelts, Ae. tauschii, emmer wheat and landraces) known to have upto 190 ppm
Recreated synthetics, wild and landraces are being used as Progenitor for high Zn/Fe
Limited backcross approach to introgress high Zn genes into elite wheats
Selected bulk scheme- Most effective method
2nd round of breeding using wide-cross derived lines with better yielding parents
A rapid, High-throughput, non-destructive XRF machine being used for fast-track Zn/Fe analysis
Wheat Biofortification Initiatives CGIAR’s HarvestPlus Challenge program to breed
nutrient dense staple foods Synthetic hexaploid wheat from T. dicocicon and Aegilops taushii with
high micronutreint were used in CIMMYT wheat breeding program. Developed agronomically superior wheat with 100% more Zinc and
30% more Iron than the morden cultivars. Zn intake was 72% higher from the biofortified wheat with 95%
extraction and 0.5mg/d higher absorption than the control wheat.
Department of Biotechnology, Govt. India “Biofortification of Wheat for enhanced micronutrients using conventional and molecular
breeding" Phase I (2005) and Phase II (2011)
PAU, Ludhiana using progenitor A and B genomes and related species IARI, New Delhi using progenitor D genome IIT Roorkee; Eternal University, Baru Sahib; G.B.P.U.A.&T. Pantnagar using
non-progenitor species with S, U and M genomes
S.No. Species Numberof accessions
Genome Iron mg/kg Zinc mg/kgRange Mean Range Mean
1 T. aestivum 13 ABD 21.26- 30.59 27.69 14.88 - 19.33 22.152 T. durum 2 AB 21.91 – 25.60 23.58 13.68- 19.60 18.793 T. boeoticum 19 Am
23.88 – 40.50 30.91 22.12 - 39.06 29.27
4 T. dicoccoides 17 AB 27.67 – 42.67 32.98 22.50 – 66.51 35.33
5 T.arraraticum 6 AG 23.10 – 59.06 29.85 19.27 – 30.54 23.52
6 Ae longissima 5 Sl59.12 – 81.59 73.24** 24.99 – 50.52 41.66
7 Ae. kotschyi 14 US 22.89 – 90.96 67.46** 22.29 – 58.61 49.27
8 Ae. peregrina 10 US 34.37 – 82.32 52.85** 33.13 – 49.49 39.54
9 Ae. cylindrica 3 CD 52.21- 93.27 66.76** 32.38 – 52.18 38.51
10 Ae. ventricosa 3 DN 55.41 – 93.52 65.75** 24.01 – 39.08 33.81
11 Ae. ovata 3 UM 52.25 – 81.97 69.95** 31.93- 40.81 37.7
Range and mean of grain iron and zinc content of wheat and durum cultivars and wild Triticum and Aegilops species
Screening of several 100 wheat accessions Showed 4-5 fold variability for grain Fe & Zn Range of concentration in hexaploid wheat,
T. dicoccon & landraces
Range Mean
Fe 25-56 mg/kg 37 mg/kg
Zn 25-65 mg/kg 35 mg/kg
Released Varieties
Sources : HarvestPlus Wheat for Zinc
Fe and Zn concentrations were evaluated in a set of 30 diverse maize genotypes .
Ranges of Fe and Zn concentrations were 11.28–60.11 mg/kg and 15.14–52.95 mg/kg, respectively.
Based on the performance 4 highly promising inbreds and 3 landrace accessions were identified as highly promising for Fe concentration, including a HarvestPlus line, HP2 (42.21 mg/kg).
Similarly, for Zn concentration, three inbreds and one landrace were identified as highly promising, including V340 (43.33 mg/kg).
Study identified HP2 and BAJIM 06-17 for Fe concentration and IML467 for Zn concentration as the most stable genotypes across the environments.
Development of vitamin A-rich cereals can help in alleviating the widespread problem of vitamin A deficiency.
A favourable allele of the b-carotene hydroxylase (crtRB1) gene was introgressed in the seven elite inbred parents, which were low (1.4 mg/g) in kernel b-carotene.
Concentration of b-carotene among the crtRB1-introgressed inbreds varied from 8.6 to 17.5 mg/g – a maximum increase up to 12.6-fold over recurrent parent.
The reconstituted hybrids developed from improved parental inbreds also showed enhanced kernel b-carotene as high as 21.7 mg/g, compared to 2.6 mg/g in the original hybrid.
Maize lacks lysine and tryptophan necessary for protein synthesis
QPM contains a naturally-occurring mutant (opaque2) maize gene that increses the amiunt of those two essential amino acids
Two studies shows that children consuming QPM had a growth rate in height 15% greater than that of children who ate conventional maize
Quality Protein Maize (QPM) Improve growth rate of children
Sourse :CIMMYT, 2014
Few seed companies are willing to invest as there is little profit incentive
- Research and maintenance costs and lack of market premium
QPM must be grown separately from conventional maize - To prevent dillution from natural gene flow- Labelling and consumer education are necessary- Framer are unable to distinguish QPM with other
varieties
Obstacles for QPM
Released Varieties
Sources : HarvestPlus Mazie for Vit A
Source : Goudia & Hash, 2015
Thank you
Food is the moral right of all who are born into this world -- Borlaug
Nutritious food is the moral right of all who are born into this world
Top Related