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THE BRAIN
(ENCEPHALON)
1. What is the brain?
2. What are the main functions of the brain?
3. What are the main components of the
brain?4. How the brain works?
5. What are the general functions of thebrain?
6. WHAT ARE THE BRAIN CENTERS?
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?
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THE BRAIN:
MASTER ORGAN
ORGAN OF MIND
THE BRAIN
MIND
BEHAVIOR
IT IS THE BRAIN THAT
MAKES MAN A MAN
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CEREBRUM
Cortex
Divided into six lobes* each
contains 1. Outer layer of gray matter
(subtantia grisea/collections of cell
bodies: cerebral cortex)
2. Underlying white matter
(substantiaalba/collections of nervefibers) that convey information
to/from the cortex.
THE CEREBRUM:
2 cerebral hemispheres +
diencephalon (in between)
The largest part of the brain
1
2
34
*1. Frontal lobe
2. Parietal lobe
3. Temporal lobe
4. Occipital lobe
(5. Insular lobe
6. Limbic lobe)
Subst. alba
Subst. grisea
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CEREBRAL CORTEX
Handles the most
sophisticated functions
of the brain from
processing visual
images, thinking andplanning
CEREBRAL CORTEX* =
ORGAN OF
CIVILIZATION
Cerebral cortex layers (histology)
(*Neocortex: 6 layers)
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CORTEX
CEREBRUM
BRAIN
SUBST. ALBA
SUBCORTEX
BASAL GANGL.
CNS BRAIN STEM
CEREBELLUM
SPIN. CORD
C
E
RE
B
R
A
L
C
O
R
T
EX
L O B E S
1. FRONTAL
2. PARIETAL
3. OCCIPITAL
4. TEMPORAL
5. LIMBIC
6. INSULA
FP
O T
MAJOR REGIONS OF
THE HUMAN BRAIN
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CEREBRAL CORTEX
Insula (Lobus insularis)
Operculum
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Dorsolateral aspect
Medial aspect
THE BRAIN
- Lobes
- Cerebral hemisphere:
gyri, sulci
- Brain stem
- Cerebellum
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BRODMANN AREAS*
*Based on cytoarchitectonic structure of cerebral cortex
(important for brain functional mapping ): 52 areas
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BRAIN CENTERS
PARTS OF THE BRAIN(collections of nerve cells/neurons)THAT INVOLVE(control, regulate, modulate/modify,
integrate, associate) IN PARTICULAR FUNCTION (S)
TYPES OF CENTERS
1. According to their principal functions:
(1). SENSORY
(2). ASSOCIATIVE
(3). MOTOR 2. According to their location:
(1). Cortical (Areas)
(2). Subcortical (Nuclei)
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1. WHAT IS THE
BRAIN ?
LITTLE ABOUT THE BRAIN
The most important organ
Structures and functions: complicated
Delicate substance: firm jelly
Located in the cranial cavity
Cells: astronomical (1011
neurons* + 1012
neuroglia)Synapses: 1015 * Milky Way Galaxy (Rasi Bima Sakti)
Hundreds of neuronal pool/nuclei/centers
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Typical weight: 3 pounds (1,5 kg)
(2% of our body weight)
Consumes 20% of our energy (80%
of this energy consumption is
devoted to maintain the imbalance)
The active human brain consumes
about 20 watts of electrical energy
1 2 3
Well protected by:
1. Cranium (skull); 2. Meninges (coverings)
3. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); 4. Blood-brain barrier (BBB);
5. Circle of Willis (circulus arteriosus Willisi)
WHAT IS THE BRAIN? (cont.)
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1. Cranium (skull)
2. Meninges:
(1). Duramater
(2). Arachnoidea mater
(3). Pia materSubarachnoid space
(contains: CSF)
1
2
1
2
PROTECTION OF THE BRAIN
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PROTECTION OF THE BRAIN
Cranium: physical force/trauma
Dura mater: very tough tissue (not easily tobe torn)
Cerebrospinal fluid: distributes physicalforce
Blood-brain-barrier (BBB):prevents toxicagents/virus/bacteria enter the brain
Circulus arteriosus Willisi: helps to maintaincontinuous blood supply to the brain (if therewas disorder of blood flow to the brain)
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3. BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER (BBB)
(barrier for toxin/chemical hazards
to the brain)
4.CIRCULUS ARTERIOSUS
WILLISI
(arterial circle of Willis: formed by
the branches of a. basillaris and a.
carotis interna)
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BRAIN CENTERS:
Collections/pools of nerve cells (neurons) in the brainwhich involve, control, regulate or integrate
one or more of the body functions
BRAIN:
EVALUATES
STOREINPUT
IS INFORMED BY SENSES
ABOUT PRESENCE OF
RESOURCES & HAZARDS
GENERATES
ADAPTIVE
RESPONSES
EXECUTEDBY EFFECTORS
(input)(output)
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WHAT ARE THE MAIN &
GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF
THE BRAIN ?
A.MAIN FUNCTIONS:
1. Serves as the control center
for functions of the body
2. Allows us to copewith
our environmentS
(1). To maintain the bodyhomeostasis
(2). To survive
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B. GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN
1.MONITORS(through sensory system)
SOMATOSENSORY
SENSORY
VISCEROSENSORY
BRAIN
R
E
C
E
P
T
O
R
S
(1)
(2)
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2. COORDINATES
The brain :
PROCESSING PRODUCES APPROPRIATE
INTEGRATING RESPONSES
INFO.
3. INSTRUCTS(COMMANDS: (1).conscious; (2). unconscious)
Somatomotor Skeletal muscles
Motor Smooth muscles/
Visceromotor Viscera
Cardiac muscles
Blood vessels
Glandular cells
(1)
(2)
E
F
F
E
CT
O
R
S
BRAIN
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CENTRAL
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
(CNS)
INTERNAL
ENVIRONMENTEXTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT
AUTONOMIC
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
SOMATIC
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
CNS: brain + spinal cord
PNS: 12 pairs of cranial nerves + 31 pairs of spinal nerves
RECEPTORS
EFFECTORS
RECEPTORS
EFFECTORS
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DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN
STAGES
1. Lamina neuralis
2. Tuba neuralis
3. Three vesicle stage*
4. Five vesicle stage
*(1). Prosencephalon(Fore brain) Cerebral hemisphere
Diencephalon
(2). Mesencephalon(Midbrain) Mesencephalon
(3). Rhombencephalon(After brain) Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
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MAJOR REGIONS OF THE HUMAN BRAIN
I. PROSENCEPHALON
Cerebrum: (1). Cerebralhemisphere (R+L):
cortex; basal ganglia
II.Diencephalon(thalamus,
hypothalamus)
III. MESENCEPHALON:
tegmentum; tectum
(superior & inferior
colliculi)
IV. RHOMBENCEPHALON
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum* BRAIN STEM (truncs cerebri): DIENC.(T, HPT)+
MESENC. + RHOMBENC. (PONS + MED.OBL.)
I
IIIII
IV
Brain stem
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Based on the two theories)*, Stephens
& Price (2000) propose a model of
human brain evolution.
They argue the brain evolved in
four stages, leaving our brain with
three distinct regions:
1. REPTILIAN BRAIN2. PALEOMAMMALIAN BRAIN
(LIMBIC SYSTEM)
3. NEOMAMMALIAN BRAIN
(NEOCORTEX)
which reflect their ancestral
roots in terms of the types of
behaviours they contribute.
1
2
3
* McLean theory + Henry & Stephens theory
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OUR HUMAN BRAIN contains the
foundations of vertebrate brain
evolution:
1. Our REPTILIAN BRAIN(our lizard
legacy/warisan)
2. Our PALEOMAMMALIAN BRAIN(our
furry Lil Mammal)
3. Evolved later is ourHUMAN
RATIONAL BRAIN(Neocortex;
our Monkey mind)
4. And highly developed in the human isPREFRONTAL CORTEX
(our Higher Porpoise: Higher purpose)
(HIGHER COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS)
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Triune brain
(McLean)
1. Reptilian brain
(brain stem/truncus
cerebri)
2. Paleomammalian
brain (limbic system)
3. Neomammalian
brain (neocortex)
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Stevens & Price (2000) propose four
evolutionary developmental stages inthe human brain:
1. REPTILIAN BRAIN(brain stem, basal
ganglia, olfactostriatum, corpus
striatum):-The most primitive cerebral component containing
algorithms vital to maintaining life
- The behavioral responses at this level are largely
govern by instinct, such as defence, dominancestriving/berjuang, agonistic threat displays and mating
1.REPTILIAN: SURVIVAL
(-SELF PRESERVATION
- SPECIES PRESERVATION)
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2. LIMBIC (PALEOMAMMALIAN BRAIN)
(1). Cortical structures*
(2). Subcortical structures comprising thelimbic system, including the hippocampus,
hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, septal
nuc., accumbens nuc.)
- It controls self homeostasis,emotion, hunger, sexual desire, sleep
and memory
McLean draws attention to three forms of behaviour that
distinguishes the evolutionary transition from reptiles to mammals:nursing & maternal care, audiovocal communication between
mother-offspring, and play
2. LIMBIC: EMOTION
* Cortical structure: cingulate gyrus, isthmus, Hippocampal formation:
hippocampus, hippoc. gyrus, dentate gyrus, parahippoc. gyrus
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HIGHER-ORDER COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS
(Prefrontal Cortex/PFC):
- Planning - Attention
- Prediction - Working memory
- Decision making - Logical reasoning
- Problem solving - Intelligence
- Creative thinking - etc.
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Three maincomponents of
the brain:
1. Cerebrum
2. Cerebellum
3. Brain stem(Truncus cerebri)
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LOCATION OF THE BRAIN CENTERS
(spreading all over the brain)
2. CEREBELLUM 3. BRAIN STEM
(TRUNCUS CEREBRI)1. CEREBRUM
(1). CORTICAL
(AREAS)
(2). SUBCORTICAL
(NUCLEI) (1)
(2)
23
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COMPLEXITY OF THE
HUMAN BRAIN
FUNCTIONS
ABSTRACT THOUGHT
CONCRETE THOUGHT
AFFILIATION
ATTACHMENT
(love/affection)
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
EMOTIONAL REACTIVITY
MOTOR REGULATION
APPETITE/SATIETY
AROUSAL
SLEEP
BLOOD PRESSURE
HEART RATE
BODY TEMPERATURE
CO
M
P
L
E
X
I
T
Y
OFFUNCTION
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THREE MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE BRAIN
1. CEREBRUM
(TELENCEPHALON)*
(The largest and most
developmentally advanced
part of the brain)
* Responsible for severalhigher functions
(higher intellectual
function, speech, emotion,
integration of sensorystimuli of all types,
initiation of the final
common pathways for
movement & fine controlof movement
fMRI
functional Magnetic
Resonance Imaging
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CEREBRUM (cont.)
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LATERALIZATION
LEFT & RIGHT CEREBRAL
HEMISPHERES (CHs)
LEFT CH
Controls the majority functions on the right
side of the body
(Slightly more developed)
RIGHT CH
Controls most of the
functions on the left side
of the body
BRAIN FUNCTIONS IN GENERAL:
(1). Conscious thought processes & intellectual functions
(2). Memory storage & processing
(3). Conscious & subconscious regulation
of skeletal muscle contraction
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RIGHT & LEFT BRAIN
(LATERALIZATION/
DOMINANCE)
Right Brain:
Emotional/art brain
Left Brain:
Rational/mathematic brain
Language dominance
(+/- 90% of pop.
Right handed persons: 95%)
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BRAIN CENTERS ON THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
(4)(3,1,2)
(9,10,11,12)
(44,45)
(17,18,19)
(39)
Dorsolateral face of the brain
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1. Motor cortex (4):
involved in
conscious thought
and controls the
voluntary movement
of the body
2. Somatosensorycortex (5,7):receives
and processes
sensory signals
from the body
3. Visual cortex(17,18,19):receives
and process signals
from the retinas of
the eyes
12
3
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1. Corpus callosum
(a large band of nerve
fibers through which
info. Flows back andforth between the left
and the right
hemisphere of the
brain
2. Thalamus(the relay
station for most info.
going into the brain
3. Hypothalamus
(regulates sexhormones, blood
pressure and body
temperature)
1
2
3
4 5 6
7
8
Medial face of the brain
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4. Amygdala
(regulates the heart beat
and other visceral
functions and processesthe emotion fear)
5. Hippocampus(helps
establish long-term
memory to regions of
the cerebral cortex:
memory consolidation)
6. Pons & medulla
(control of breathing,
circulation, heartbeat,and digestion)7. Cerebellum(essential for
coordination of movement, balance)
8. Basal ganglia(a control system for
movement & cognitive function)
45
6
7
8
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2. BRAIN STEM (TRUNCUS CEREBRI)
- The final pathway between cerebral
structures and the spinal cord- Responsibles for a variety of
autonomic functions (control of
respiration, heart and blood
pressure, wakefullness, arousal& attention)
DIENCEPHALON
A. THALAMUS:
Relay & processing centers for
sensory information
AB
CD
E
3A. Thalamus; B. Hypothalamus; C.
Midbrain; D. Pons; E. Med. obl.)
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B. HYPOTHALAMUS
1. Centers controlling:
- emotions- autonomic functions
- hormones production
2. Controls stereotyped motorpatterns (behaviors) related to:
- eating
- drinking
- sexual activity
3. Modifies respiratory reflexes
B
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C. MESENCEPHALON (MIDBRAIN)
(1). Processing of visual & auditory data
(a). receives visual info.: superior
colliculus ; (b). receives auditory
info.: inferior colliculus
(2). Generation of reflective somatic
motor responses
(3). Maintenance of consciousness:
reticular formation/RAS (Reticular
Activating System)
(4). Connects the forebrain to the hind
brain (assists in transmission of
impulses)
(a)
(b)
C
MESENC.:1. TEGMENTUM (ventral)
2. TECTUM (dorsal) aqueduct
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D. PONS (METENCEPHALON)
(1). Relays sensory info. to
cerebellum & thalamus
(2). Subconscious somatic &
visceral motor system
E. MEDULLA OBLONGATA
(MYELENCEPHALON)
(1). Relays sensory info. to
thalamus & to other portions
of the brain stem
(2). Autonomic centers for
regulation of visceral function: - cardiovascular
- respiratory
- digestive system
D
E
C
3 CEREBELLUM (METENCEPHALON)
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3. CEREBELLUM (METENCEPHALON)
(The second largest area of the brain)
Responsibles for maintaining balance and
further control of movement andcoordination, and body position)
(1). Coordinates complex somatic motor
patterns
(2). Adjusts output of other somatic motorcenters in brain & spinal cord
3
3
Cerebellum
cortex (Archi-/A, Paleo-/P & Neocortex/N)
Subcortical ( nuclei):
- Nuc. fastigii (A: balance)
-Nuc. emboliformis + globosus (P: muscle tonus)
- Nuc. dentatus (N: coordination)
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CEREBRAL CORTEX:
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal lobes
(consist of several functional areas)
CEREBRAL CORTEX
(52 Brodmann Areas based on
cytoarchitechture of the cortex)
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Primary motor (4)
Primary sensory (3,1,2)
Motor association area
(Premotor area: 6,8)
Prefrontal cortex (PFC)
(9,10,11,12)
Speech center (Broca) (44,45)
Auditory cortex (41,42)
Auditory association (22)
General interpretative area
(Wernicke) (39)
Sensory assoc.area (5,7)
Visual assoc. area (19)
Visual cortex (17,18)
CORTICAL CENTERS/AREAS
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LIMBIC SYSTEM
I. Cortical components (limbic lobe):Cingulate gyrus, isthmus, hippocampal
formation (hippocampus, gy. hippoc.,
gy. parahippoc., subiculum, dentate gy.)
2. Subcortical components (nuclei):
amygdala, septal nuclei, mammillary
body,
preoptic nuc., hypothal., thalamus)
BASAL GANGLIA (NUCLEI BASALES):
(- lenticular nuc.: globus pallidus, putamen;
- caudate nuc.: caput, corpus, cauda)
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LANGUAGE AREAS/ZONE
(95% ON THE LEFT CH)
1. Brocas area
(motor/expressive
speech area)(44,45)
2. Wernickes area(sensory/receptive area)
Arcuate fasciculus: a band
of nerve fibers that
connects Wernickes area
with Brocas area
Gangguan bahasa (aphasia): 1. Aphasia
Broca,;2. Aphasia Wernicke; 3. Aphasia arcuata
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LANGUAGE AREAS/ZONE
Geschwind proposed this anatomical
model showing the successive
participation of several brain areas asa person speaks a written words
M t C t i l d i S t t
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Motor Cortex: involved in
conscious thought and controls
the voluntary movement of body
parts
Somatosensory cortex:
receives and processes
sensory signals from the
body
Visual cortex: receives
and processes signals
from the retinas of the
eyes
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TO UNDERSTAND MAN WE HAVE TO STUDY THE BRAIN
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