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Introduction
Mushrooms observed in the field are only the visiblepart of a much larger organism, the fungus. This ismainly formed by a web of filaments (hyphae) whichmake up the mycelium, sometimes occupying manysquare meters in extension.
Mycelia can live in three different ways:
1. - As decomposers of organic matter. These feedon debris (especially plants), such as branches,stems, leaves or the organic matter in the soil.
2. - As parasites. These live off of other livingbeings, which are harmed in the process. They canparasitize plants (mildew, rusts, blights ...) oranimals (ringworm, athlete's foot, fungalinfections ...).
3.
In association with another living beings,forming symbiosis. Both organisms benefit, as inthe case of lichens (fungus-alga association) ormycorrhizae (fungus-plant association). The vastmajority of plants are associated with mycorrhizalmushrooms.
Mycorrhizae
In this partnership, the mycelium is associated tothe root of a plant. There are several kinds ofmycorrhiza, the most important being:
Endomycorrhizae. Here the mycelium penetratesthe plant root. Endomycorrhizal fungi do notproduce mushrooms and predominate in tropicalforests. They occur in many botanical families suchas Lamiaceae, Taxodiaceae, Cupressaceae, Poaceae.Where these plants are dominant, there are nomycorrhizal mushrooms (just decomposers andparasites).
Ectomycorrhizae. The mycelium does notpenetrate the plant root, but forms a sheath thatcovers the branchings of fine roots. Thesepredominate in temperate forests in families such asFagaceae, Betulaceae, Pinaceae, and Cistaceae. Asingle tree can be associated with many mycorrhizalfungi. These fungi produce large and fleshy
fruitbodies (mushrooms) in order to disseminatetheir spores.
A single tree could established mycorrhiza with several species of fungi
Forests and mycorrhizasMycorrhizal mushrooms that can be found in forestsand shrublands, depending on two main factors:
Woodland Age: Since mycorrhizal species evolvewith forest age, there are species typical of youngforests, the micopioneers; other species which aretypically found in intermediate stage forests, themicotransitionals; and others in old and matureforests, called micoclimax (Moreno, 2004). Micocli-
max species are the least common, as these old for-ests are very rare in many parts of the world.
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Tree species: Certain mycorrhizal fungi are linkedonly with pines, others with oaks, others withlindens, others with many varieties of trees andshrubs, others with rockroses, etc.
Thus, the greatest variety of mycorrhizal fungi areencountered in forests where there are trees ofdifferent ages along with a variety of tree and shrubspecies. In the southern part of the IberianPeninsula, a greater diversity of fungi can be foundin decarbonated soils, which are more conducive tothe development of the mycelia.
Cistophilous communities
The shrubs of the genus Cistus (rock roses), setboth ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae. In thefirst case, with a huge variety of species of fungi.
According to Comandini et al (2006), about 230different ectomycorrhizal species can be associatedwith Cistus, while Vila & Limona (2009) registeredthe existence of 278 Cistophilic species, includingthe Saprophytes.
In about 60 cases, these species are exclusivelylinked with Cistus (cistophilic fungi). With referenceto the Iberian Peninsula, the studies completed by J.Vila and X. Llimona (1998, 1999,2002,2006 and2009) on Cistus shrubland in Catalunya should besingled out.
These mycorrhizal fungus communities of Cistusshrublands are unique in the world, exclusive to theMediterranean and, especially to the WesternMediterranean, where Cistus has its greatestdiversity and has registered the highest number ofspecies associated with these shrublands.
Map of distribution and number ofCistus species by country. The diagramsrepresent the ratio of white-flowered species (white) and pink (gray area),
in Guzmn and Vargas, 2005. In gray, Mediterranean biogeographicalregion.
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Ectomycorrhiza in Cistus laurifolius
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Amanita muscaria var. inzengae Entoloma philocistus *
Amanita vaginata var. cistetorum Entoloma olivaceohebes *
Arrhenia tabaresiana * Entoloma sericeum var. minutisporum *
Ciboria cistophila * Entoloma undatum var. aciesterilis *
Clitocybe cistophila * Hebeloma album
Cortinarius assiduus var. plesiocistus Hebeloma cavipes
Cortinarius aureocistophilus Hebeloma cistophilum
Cortinarius ayanamii Hebeloma erumpens
Cortinarius bulbosovulvatus Hebeloma hiemale
Cortinarius castaneus var. monspeliensis Hebeloma plesiocistum
Cortinarius cistoadelphus Hemimycena conidiogena *
Cortinarius cistohelvelloides Hygrophorus chrysodon var. cistophilus
Cortinarius cistoiodosmus Hygrophorus pseudodiscoideus var. cistophilus
Cortinarius cistophilus Hysterangium clathroides var. cistophilum *
Cortinarius cistovelatus Inocybe cistobulbipes
Cortinarius coeruleopallesecens Inocybe rocabrunae
Cortinarius conico-obtusarum Laccaria laccata fo. pseudobicolor
Cortinarius contui Laccaria proxima
Cortinarius llimonae Lactarius cistophilus
Cortinarius longisporus Lactarius cyanopus
Cortinarius mahiquesii Lactarius tesquorum
Cortinarius parvostriatus Leccinum corsicum
Cortinarius sabulicola Lepiota pleurocystidiophora *
Cortinarius scobinaceus Mycena cistophila *
Cortinarius subcotoneus Phanerochaete andreae
Cortinarius xanthosarx Rectipilus cistophilus *
Cortinarius xerophilus Russula cistoadelpha
Entoloma cistophilum * Russula monspeliensis
Entoloma cistoumbonatum * Tubaria cistophila *
Entoloma malenonii *
Mushrooms exclusively cistophilous (* decomposer species)
Source: Galn et al. (1996), Vila & Llimona (1998, 1999,2009), Moreau et al. (2005), Comandini et al. (2006)
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Lactarius cistophilus.
Cistophilous fungal communities are one of themost original and interesting features of the
Mediterranean mycota, unique to this biome.The greatest variety ofCistus are found on theIberian Peninsula
Cistus shrublands offer us a wide variety offungi, a unique place where mushroom lovers
can enjoy and learn about these fungi, uniquein the world.
References:
Comandini, O., Contu, M. and Rinaldi, A. C. 2006. An overview ofCistus ectomycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza 16: 381-395
Galn, R., Raitviir, A. and Palmer, J. T. 1996. Ciboria cistophila,sp. nov., a Leaf-Inhabiting Cistophilous Member of the Scle-rotiniaceae. Mycotaxon, 59: 227-236
Guzmn, B. and Vargas, P. 2005. Systematics, character evolu-tion, and biogeography ofCistus L. (Cistaceae) based on ITS,trnL-trnF, and matKsequences. Molecular phylogenetics andevolution 37: 644-660
Moreau, P., Vila, J., Prez-De-Gregorio, M. A., Llistosella, J. AndLlimona. 2005. Hemimycena conidiogena, a new cistophilousbasidiomycete. Mycotaxon, 91: 323-332
Moreno, G. 2004. Bosques, Matorrales, Praderas y Hongos. Con-ferencia en la Sociedad Micolgica de Madrid, disponible enlnea en http://www.socmicolmadrid.org/noti/noticias31.html.
Hygrophorus pseudodiscoideus var. Cistophilus
Vila, J. y Llimona, X. 1998. Els fongs del Parc Natural del Cap deCreus i Serra de Verdera (Girona). I. Espcies xerfiles dellocs oberts, amb Cistus i gramnies. Revista Catalana deMicologia, vol. 21: 125-136.
Vila, J. y Llimona, X. 1999. Els fongs del Parc Natural del Cap deCreus i Serra de Verdera (Girona). II. Aproximaci al compo-nent fngic del Cistion. Revista Catalana de Micologia, vol.22: 95-114.
Vila, J. y Llimona, X. 2002. Noves dades sobre el component fn-gic de les comunitats de Cistus de Catalunya. Revista Catala-na de Micologa, 24: 74-121
Vila, J. y Llimona, X. 2006. Noves dades sobre el component fn-gic de les comunitats de Cistus de Catalunya. II. Revista
Catalana de Micologa, 28: 167-207
Vila, J. y Llimona, X. 2009. Noves dades sobre el component fn-gic de les comunitats de Cistus de Catalunya. III. Addicions,correccions i claus didentificaci. Revista Catalana de Mico-loga, vol. 31: 103-137.
Texts: Alonso Verde y Jos Fajardo
Drawings, picture of Lactarius:Jos Fajardo
Picture of Hygrophorus: Josu Esteban
Design: Miguel R. Brotons
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