Boise City ClubNovember 17, 2004
Dr. Robert H. FreilichFreilich, Leitner & Carlisle
Plan
• An orderly arrangement of parts of an overall design or objective
• The use of man’s or woman’s intelligence with a little forethought
Impending Growth Problems• Decline in existing built-up areas• Degradation of the environment• Over utilization of energy sources• Fiscal strains• Deficiencies in public facilities • Overburdened transportation facilities• Loss of hillside and habitat areas
Sprawl is a Conservative Fiscal Issue
Growth has helped fuel … unparalleled economic and population boom and has enabled millions … to realize the enduring dream of home ownership … but sprawl has created enormous costs… Ironically, unchecked sprawl has shifted from an engine of … growth to a force that now threatens to inhibit growth and degrade the quality of our life.Beyond Sprawl, 1995Bank of America
The Public Infrastructure Gap
National infrastructure deficiencies now exceed
$4 trillion
$4,000,000,000,000
Capital Costs Shifted to Existing Development
Population A B C D
10,000 $12,000
20,000 6,000 6,000
30,000 4,000 4,000 4,000
40,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000
Total $25,000 $13,000 $7,000 $3,000
Relative Cost of Planned Development v. Sprawl
Facility Sprawl Planned DevelopmentDuncanBurchell Frank
SynthesisRoads 100% 40% 76% 73% 75%Schools 100% 93% 97% 99% 95%Utilities 100% 60% 92% 66% 85%Other 100% 102% N/A 100% N/A
Goals
• Urban Growth• Reduce Sprawl• Economic
Development• Property Rights• Agricultural
Preservation
• Open Space & Recreation
• Environment• Citizen
Participation & Coordination
• Public Facilities and Services
Growth Management Rationale
• Adequate Public Facilities• Off-Site Impacts• Comprehensive Plan Consistency• Integrated v. Incremental
Approach• Defined Growth Areas• Resource Protection (ag. & env.)
Ancillary Techniques• Inter-governmental agreements• Corridors/ Centers• Joint Development• Concurrency• Environmentally Sensitive Lands
Importance of Alternatives
• Identify reasonable choices• Analyze the impacts of those
choices• Use process to forge consensus /
long-term support
Alternatives
• Alternative Scenario Maps• Policy Alternatives• Preferred Alternative Selection• Policy Refinement• Analysis of fiscal, transportation,
environmental, and legal impacts
San Diego
Before
After
Transportation Planning & Joint Public/PrivateDevelopment
Joint Planning - Bridging the City/County Gap
• Comprehensive Plan as Constitution• Mutual definition of growth tiers• Targets State funding to priority growth
areas• Linkage between CIP, development and
annexation• Adequate public facilities required• Promotes creative, efficient development• Limitations on sprawl
Local Government Roles in Joint Development of Transit Centers
• assemble property• provide flexible zoning / incentives• secure low cost financing• construct infrastructure• coordinate gov’t agencies• expedite development process• designate transit corridor• establish transit service / centers
Joint Development: Regulatory Incentives
• Parking reductions• Impact fee reductions• Concurrency waivers (TCMA)• Density bonuses• TDR• Expedited processing
Joint Development: Techniques
• Excess Condemnation• Long term leasing/value capture• Negotiated private sector
investments• Connection fees• Concessions
Concurrency and Adequate Public Facilities Planning
Concurrency
• Timing and Sequencing (police powers)
• CIP (fiscal powers)• Carrying Capacity
Timing of Development & Public Facilities
Capacit
y
Time
Growth
FundingFacilities
DeficienciesDeficiencies No DeficienciesNo Deficiencies
Facilities for New Dev.
Facilities for New Dev.
Facilities forExisting Dev.
Facilities forExisting Dev.
General Rev. TransfersAd Valorem Tax Joint FundingLicense/Excise Tax Asset Mgmnt.Utility Rates Trans.CorpsUser Fees
General Rev. TransfersAd Valorem Tax Joint FundingLicense/Excise Tax Asset Mgmnt.Utility Rates Trans.CorpsUser Fees
Impact Fees, TDDs, Mandatory Dedications
Improvement RequirementsMitigation Fees, CDDs
Impact Fees, TDDs, Mandatory Dedications
Improvement RequirementsMitigation Fees, CDDs
Adopt LOSStandards
Adopt LOSStandards
AnalysisAnalysis
Dolan/Ehrlich Analysisof Concurrency
Impact Fees Concurrency Good Faith Test
Rough Proportionality Dolan v. City of Tigard
Deny Approval Deficiencies in public services
Florida Rationally Related Test
Development Agreement
CIP will solve deficiencies within reasonable period of time
Leveraged Negotiation (Ehrlich v. Culver City)
Developer gains vested rights, local gov’t gains
facilities in greater capacity than rough
proportionality
Golden v. Planning Board, Town of
Ramapo: applies to school facilities
New Growth Related Facilities
Development Agreements
• Concurrency management• Serve new demand• Solve existing deficiencies• Growth management• Litigation defense
Congestion Management: Regulatory Alternatives• Zoning• Subdivision Approval• CUP/SUP• Impact Analysis• DRI/Special Review• Exactions/
development agreements
• Impact fees
• Adequate Public Facilities Ordinances (APFO’s)/ Concurrency
• Congestion Pricing• Neotraditional/TOD• TDM• Access management• TDR
Transportation
• Patterns• Corridors - linear land use patterns that form around
regional transportation connectors• Centers - the nuclei of the region, with a
concentration of the land use activity and transportation improvements; the commercial, residential, entertainment and employment hubs for a region
• Nodes - concentrations of land use activities that form at the intersection of corridors or other transportation routes
• Adequate public facilities based on established levels of service
Corridors, Nodes
and Centers Concept
Multiple Use
Conventional v. Traditional Neighborhood Development
Separation of uses Mixed uses Maximum densities Minimum densities Street standards designed for cars
Street standards designed for pedestrians
Curvilinear streets Interconnected streets Private open space Public open space Large lots Small lots Wide setbacks Build-to lines Private orientation Orientation to public
realm Minimum parking Government as Regulator
Maximum parking Public – Private Partnerships
Mixed Use
Rural Design – the “New Ruralism”
Urban Design– the “New Urbanism”
Design & New Urbanism
• Actions:• Transportation investment in highways• Land use standards promote auto-oriented
development
• Reactions:• Hastened decline of urban core• Forced a love-hate reliance on autos• Fostered call for transit supportive land use
policies
Elements of New Urbanism
• Use• Density• Proximity• Bulk/Setback/Area • Mixed uses• Grid street
system• Urban design
Joint Development: Regulatory Incentives
• Parking reductions• Impact fee reductions• Concurrency waivers (TCMA)• Density bonuses• TDR• Expedited processing
Joint Planning - Bridging the City/County Gap
• Comprehensive Plan as Constitution• Mutual definition of growth tiers• Targets State funding to priority growth
areas• Linkage between CIP, development and
annexation• Adequate public facilities required• Promotes creative, efficient development• Limitations on sprawl
Concurrency and Adequate Public Facilities Planning
Timing of Development & Public Facilities
Capacit
y
Time
Growth
FundingFacilities
DeficienciesDeficiencies No DeficienciesNo Deficiencies
Facilities for New Dev.
Facilities for New Dev.
Facilities forExisting Dev.
Facilities forExisting Dev.
General Rev. TransfersAd Valorem Tax Joint FundingLicense/Excise Tax Asset Mgmnt.Utility Rates Trans.CorpsUser Fees
General Rev. TransfersAd Valorem Tax Joint FundingLicense/Excise Tax Asset Mgmnt.Utility Rates Trans.CorpsUser Fees
Impact Fees, TDDs, Mandatory Dedications
Improvement RequirementsMitigation Fees, CDDs
Impact Fees, TDDs, Mandatory Dedications
Improvement RequirementsMitigation Fees, CDDs
Adopt LOSStandards
Adopt LOSStandards
AnalysisAnalysis
Development Agreements
• Concurrency management• Serve new demand• Solve existing deficiencies• Growth management• Litigation defense
Congestion Management: Regulatory Alternatives• Zoning• Subdivision Approval• CUP/SUP• Impact Analysis• DRI/Special Review• Exactions/
development agreements
• Impact fees
• Adequate Public Facilities Ordinances (APFO’s)/ Concurrency
• Congestion Pricing• Neotraditional/TOD• TDM• Access management• TDR
Transportation
• Patterns• Corridors - linear land use patterns that form around
regional transportation connectors• Centers - the nuclei of the region, with a
concentration of the land use activity and transportation improvements; the commercial, residential, entertainment and employment hubs for a region
• Nodes - concentrations of land use activities that form at the intersection of corridors or other transportation routes
• Adequate public facilities based on established levels of service
Corridors, Nodes
and Centers Concept
Multiple Use
Conventional v. Traditional Neighborhood Development
Separation of uses Mixed uses Maximum densities Minimum densities Street standards designed for cars
Street standards designed for pedestrians
Curvilinear streets Interconnected streets Private open space Public open space Large lots Small lots Wide setbacks Build-to lines Private orientation Orientation to public
realm Minimum parking Government as Regulator
Maximum parking Public – Private Partnerships
Blueprint for Good Growth & Communities in Motion
Blueprint for Good GrowthProcess
Demographics
• Population – to increase by 220,000 by 2030 or 8,200 people per year in Ada County
• Housing – nearly 3,800 new housing units needed each year in Ada County
Population Projections
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
1980 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Canyon County
Ada County
Source: COMPASS Demographics Advisory Committee
Ada Co. Population Projections
City/County Name
Population Percent Increase
Percent of Total
Growth
2003 2030Change
Rural County 9,800 22,830 13,030 132.96% 5.86%
Boise 222,740 324,330 101,590 45.61% 45.69%
Eagle 17,090 30,040 12,950 75.78% 5.82%
Garden City 11,570 14,870 3,300 28.52% 1.48%
Kuna 9,380 28,180 18,800 200.43% 8.45%
Meridian 52,900 116,820 63,920 120.83% 28.74%
Star 2,360 11,140 8,780 372.03% 3.95%
Total Population 325,840 548,210 222,370 168.25% 100.00%
Source: COMPASS Demographics Advisory Committee
Anticipated Growth Means
• Increased traffic• Increased demands for utilities and
services leading to:• Major deficiencies• Fiscal impacts
• Need for new schools and other public facilities
• Increasing land use conflicts
Protect Taxpayers from Costs of
Growth
Link development and facility availability
Provide flexible tools to achieve
goals
Strengthen neighborhoods &
downtowns
Protect natural resources
Encourage public and private
investment that achieves goals
Preserve quality of life
Manage traffic congestion and air
pollution
Link public investment to
community goals
Contact Information
• Karen Doherty• [email protected]• 208-336-0420
• Blueprintforgoodgrowth.com• Communitiesinmotion.org
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