8/12/2019 Boardman, J. - Greek Archaeology on the Shores of the Black Sea
1/19
Greek Archaeology on the Shores of the Black SeaAuthor(s): John BoardmanSource: Archaeological Reports, No. 9 (1962 - 1963), pp. 34-51Published by: The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/580967.
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2/19
GREEK ARCHAEOLOGY
ON THE
SHORES OF THE BLACK
SEA
The
Black Sea was one
of
the richest
colonising
areas
exploited
by
the Greeks
from
the later
seventh
century
on.
Their cities
have
been well
explored,
and
many
of
them
quite
well
published,
but
the
last detailed survey of the archaeological and other
evidence
which
they
offer
was
Minns's
great
Scythians
and
Greeks
published
in
I913.
Since the Revolution
Russian
archaeologists
have
paid
more attention
to
the
archaeology
of other
periods
and areas of
their
country,
but
the
Greek
cities
have not been
neglected,
and,
particularly
since
the Second World
War,
major
BULGARIA
The Greek
colony
ofApollonia
Pontica
lay
on the
island
of
St
Kiriak,
near modern
Sozopol,
but there
have
been
finds
also
on the
nearby peninsula
(Attia)
and
from Sozopol Bay itself. They include East Greek
pottery
of the
early
sixth
century,2
which lends
credi-
bility
to the foundation date
suggested by
ps.-
Skymnos,
c. 610. There
is
also
a
late archaic male
statue,
found
in
the thirties but
only
published
in
I952.3
It is
very
like the
draped
male
statue from
Tigani
in
Samos,
but headless.
The site
had
already
T Y R A 5
?
o r o m
H E R A W - E A
?r
cP?IIS
FIG.
I
excavations
have been carried on
in
many
sites,
both
old
and new. Their
work,
and
that of their
Rumanian
and
Bulgarian colleagues,
is still not
readily
accessible
to most western scholars
who are as reluctant to
learn
Eastern
European
languages
as
the easterners
have
been
to
give
detailed summaries
of their work
in
any
other
language.
The
work
of Turkish
archaeologists
on the south coast
sites is more
widely
known. This
article
attempts
to summarise
some of the more
im-
portant results of excavations and publications of
recent
years,
which
may
interest
the
Hellenist. We
proceed
clockwise,
starting
at the
Hellespont.1
yielded
the
famous
Anaxandros
stele
which,
as
Dimitrov
observed
in
1942,
is
in
fact an
amphiglyph.4
Calamis is
known to have
worked later at
Apollonia,
which
may
well have
been one of the
richest Black Sea
towns
in
its
early years.
The
pottery
from
excava-
tions on St
Kiriak
early
in
the
century
was well
distributed,
and some has
now been
published
for the
first time.5
Mesembria,
the isthmus
site at modern
Nesebur,
offers very little of its early years.6 Its cemetery has
yielded
fourth-third
century graves
but
only
since
the last war has
the
peninsula
itself been
explored
in
any
detail. Traces of
houses of the fifth
century
to
1
For
information,
offprints,
books and
photographs
I
am
indebted
to Dr A.
Peredolskaya,
Dr
V.
Skydnova,
Dr I.
Antonova,
Dr
N.
Britova,
Dr N.
Sidorova;
Prof. E.
Condurachi,
Miss
S.
Dimitriu,
Miss M.
Coja,
P. Alexandrescu
(and
it
gives
me
pleasure
to record the
gratitude
of a
party
from
Oxford,
of
which
I
was
one,
to
the Rumanian
Academy
for their
hospitality
in
1959);
Miss N. K.
Sandars,
Mrs A.
D.
Ure,
Prof.
J.
M.
Cook,
Prof. E.
Akurgal.
2
Bull.
Inst.
Arch.
Bulg.
xviii
(1952)
102
ff.
3
Ibid.
93
ft.
P
Cf. Frel
in
Studia
Antiqua
Sala-
163
f.
6
As
that in
Paris,
by
Frel,
Bull.
Inst.
Arch.
Bulg.
xxiii
(i960)
239
ff.;
including
a
double
eye-cup (240
fig. 1.3)
like
Rhoikos'
dedication at Naucratis
(Naucratis
i
pl.
7.I)
and a
Chian
stamnos
(I I2
fig.
83).
6
A
good
survey
by
Ognenova
in
BCH
lxxxiv
(1960)
221 ff.
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3/19
GREEK
ARCHAEOLOGY
ON
THE
SHORES OF
THE BLACK
SEA
35
Hellenistic
period
have
come
to
light
and
a
bothros
with
votive
pottery
and
inscribed dedications
to Zeus
and Hera.
The
greater
part
of a
Hellenistic
house,
with
one of
its
cellars,
and
a
small furnace
for
metal-
working
has
been
excavated.
RUMANIA
Rumanian
archaeologists
have been
exceptionally
active
in
the last
ten
years
and
they
have devoted
much
of their
time to
the
Greek colonial sites on their
sea-
board.
Reports
and
studies of
finds
appear quickly
and are of
a
very
high
standard.
Detailed annual
clay
berries attached
to it.
Traces
of
cloth were
noted
and,
over the
right
hand,
scraps
of inscribed
papyrus
which are
still
being
treated
but
may
remain
illegible.
Tomi too
is
largely
hidden
by
modern
Costanza.
Its
history
is
still best
studied
in its
inscriptions8
and
the
literary
sources,
and
the
predominant
finds
in
and
near the
city
are
from tombs of the Roman and
later
periods.
Sporadic
finds
in recent
years
include
Chian
amphorae
of
the
first
half
of
the
fifth
century
B.C.
and there remains
hope
of further
finds
from the
early
Greek
city.
Attention has
naturally
been
concentrated
on
the
0)
0
IT
ol9
THmEL
us
Rou
FIG.
2
reports
can
be found
in Materiale
si
Cercetdri
arheologice
(with
summaries
in
French)
and
various studies
in
Dacia as
well
as
other
periodicals
and
monographs
like Histria
i
(1954).
Callatis
is
effectively
hidden
by
modern
Mangalia
and
hitherto
only
the
cemetery
area
north
and north-
west
of
the
town
had
been
explored
and fourth-
century
and
Hellenistic
graves
excavated.
Rebuilding
within
the town
in
1959-6o0
gave
the
opportunity
for
more
detailed
study
of the
ancient
city.
A
cemetery
area
immediately
north
of
the
ancient
city
wall
yielded
several
tombs,
of
considerably
differing types,
including
contracted burials in pit-graves, child
burial
in
amphorae,
stone-built
and
tile
graves,
and
cremation
pits.
The
finds
are
largely
of
the fourth
to
second
centuries
B.C.
and
include
Attic
red-figure
pottery,
alabastra,
gilt
clay
reliefs
and
figurines.
One
remarkable
tomb
complex
(Fig.
2),
of
which
the
principal
burials
are
fourth-century
in
date,
comprises
a
rectangular
stone
monument
(12
X
6
m.)
enclosing
three cremation
pits,
and
a stone-lined
cist within
an
oval
tumulus
(I3"5
x
14-2
m.)
outlined
with
stone slabs
(Fig.
3).
The
body
wore
what
is
de-
scribed
as a bone
coronet
with
bronze
leaves
and
gilt
FIG.
3.
most
important
and
accessible
of
the
Greek
towns,
Istros
(Roman
Histria).
Excavations
since
1914
had
uncovered
much of
its later
architecture
and
history
but
the
layout
and
buildings
of
the Greek
colony
remained
obscure.
The
very appearance
of
Istros
7
Dacia
v
(1961)
275
ff.
8
Ibid.
233
ff.
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4/19
36
J.
BOARDMAN
in
the
early
days
of
the
colony
is still
not clear.
The site
is now
virtually
cut
off
from the
sea
by
a series
of mudbanks
and
lagoons.
Originally
it
may
have
been
a
peninsula
site of
the
type
favoured
by
the
Greeks,
or
perhaps
no
more
than a low
hill
in
the
coastal
plain
(Fig.
4).
Beneath
the Roman-
Byzantine
citadel
occupying
the
low
hill
which
must
always
have
been
the
heart
of the
city,
the excavators
have
come
upon
the foundations
of
a
small
temple
(Fig. 5),
dated
by
finds of Chian
amphorae
of the
early
fifth
century
which
were buried
complete
and
in-
verted
beneath
its floor.
There
are
Ionic architectural
pieces
of
the first
half
of the
fifth
century
from
the
general
area.
Fig.
6
shows
part
of an Ionic
anta
capital.
The
temple
is
thought
to
be
of
Aphrodite.
From
it
(or possibly
its predecessor, for there are also sixth-
century
votives
of
pottery
and
figurines)
< I
.-CroR
z
LAKE
SINOE
TUMeULUS
O----.
._.
~:?f O
2~0 Ito r
FIG.
4
FIG.
5
is
a
fragmentary
Gorgoneion
antefix
in
clay.
The
classical temple was overlaid by a Doric one of the
Hellenistic
period,
dedicated
(Fig.
7)
to the
Thracian
Megas
Theos
by
a Thasian
resident
in
Istros.Y
Clearer
evidence
for
occupation
of
the Greek
period
is
found
at a
point
(Sector
X)
nearly
I
km.
west of
the
temple
site,
near
a
probable
ancient
anchorage
where
at least three
levels of
occupation
are
distinguished,
the last
bearing
signs
of
a
violent
destruction
by
fire,
associated
by
the excavators
with
the
ravages
of
the
Scythians
after
the Persians
had
retired. The
houses
were
of the
simplest,
with
wattle and
daub
walls,
and
they lay
outside
the sixth-
FIG. 6
9
Cf.
BCH
lxxxiii
(1959)
455
ff-
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5/19
GREEK
ARCHAEOLOGY ON THE SHORES OF
THE
BLACK
SEA
37
FIG.
7
century circuit wall. Across Sector X ran a Hellen-
istic
ditch
and traces
of the defence wall which ac-
companied
it. Of the same
period
are
deep
founda-
tions,
cut
for houses
and
filled
with neat
alternating
layers
of
clay
and
crushed
rubble. These
would
have
stabilised
the construction
in
a
low-lying,
perhaps
marshy
area,
and
similar measures have
been
observed
at
Olbia,
in
S. Russia.
Between Sector
X and
the
'acropolis',
in
Sector
Z,
traces
have
been
found of
the archaic and
fifth-century
circuit
walls.
Hellenistic floors
paved
with
amphora
feet
(Fig.
8)
are an unusual feature here.
From
the
later Hellenistic
period
on this area
lay
outside
the
circuit
and
was used
as a
cemetery.
The
city
area
was
to
shrink
yet
farther,
and the
shortest,
best
preserved
circuit is Roman, of the fourth
century
A.D.
and
later.
North
of
the
site,
beyond
the
present-day
Lake
Sino6,
lies a
large cemetery
of tumuli.
One
of
the
largest (xvi,
'Belvedere')1o
was
40
m.
across
and of
the
Roman
period,
but
it
lay
over
five
other small
tumuli
of
the
sixth to fourth centuries B.c.
The funeral
pyres,
collective
tombs,
the interment
of
horses
and,
FIG. 8
apparently, human sacrifices, shows that these are
'Thracian'
burials,
but the burial
goods
include
many
Attic and East Greek
vases,
purchased
by
the
local
notables from the Greek
colony.
The earliest
pottery
does not
carry
the
history
of
Istros
appreciably
earlier than
6oo
B.c."
The sixth-
century
vases are rich in
quality
and
variety, including
good
Attic of the middle of the
century
on
(Fig.
9),
Rhodian Wild Goat
vases,
unidentified
black-figure
(Fig.
xo),
Chian
(including
the base
of an
early
chalice
of
seventh-century type)
and Fikellura.
Notable
among
the
Fikellura vases
is
one
with a
satyr
and maenad on
either
side,
drawn
with some
incised detail
(Fig.
ii),
and
fragments
with
centaurs.'2
There
are
many
archaic Chian
wine
amphorae; very
little
Corinthian;
and there seems to have been local
production
of a
bucchero-type pottery
in
Ionian
shapes.
An
archaic
pithos
from Sector
X has relief
decoration of
stamped
(or
rolled)
guilloche
on raised
bands,
of
a
type
met
in
the
Cyclades.I3
Part of the
torso of a
mid-sixth
century
kouros
(Fig.
12)
can
be
added to the few
pieces
of archaic
sculpture
from
the
Black
Sea
cities.14
Other
sculpture
from Istros
is
largely
votive
statuettes
and reliefs of later date.
A
small
number
of
good
late Hellenistic
terracottas
(as Fig.
13),
and a
kiln,
found
in
Sector
X,
offer evidence
for local
workshops
10
Dacia
iii
(1959) 143
ff.
11
A
useful
survey
of the
early
levels
by
Condurachi
in
Griechische tddte
(ed.
Irmscher
and
Schelov,
1961) I
ff.;
and
cf.
Pippidi,
BCH
lxxxii
(1958)
335
ff.
Alexandrescu has
published
fragments (Studii
Classice v
(1962)
49 ff.)
from
earlier
excavations
which he describes as late or sub-geometric, but they seem not
unlike
the linear-decorated
parts
of
fourth-century
or
even later
vases.
An East
Greek
vase-painter
was called
Istrokles
in
the
mid-
seventh
century.
This
argues familiarity
with
the Danube
(Istros)
by
this
date
(J.
M.
Cook,
BSA
53-54 (1958-59)
I6;
Greeks
n
Ionia
and
the East
53
fig. 12).
R.
M.
Cook,
ap.
Roebuck,
Ionic
Trade
and Colonisation
18
n.
113, points
out that
there was
an Istros
in
East
Greece.
But the name is
Thracian not
Greek
(according
to
Detschev,
Die thrak.
Sprachreste),
o this too
should
derive
from some
knowledge
of
the Black
Sea;
and
cf.
Hesiod,
Th.
339-
12
Valuable studies
of the
pottery by
Dimitriu and
Coja
in
Dacia
ii
(1958)
69
ff.;
and cf.
Histria
i
363
ff.
13
Mat. Cerc. vi
(i959)
283, fig.7,
and
Stud.
si
Cerc.de
Ist.
veche
ix
(1958)
275
ff.
figs.
I,
2.
14
Dacia v
(1961)
185
ff.
for
sculpture
from
Istros.
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6/19
38 J.
BOARDMAN
.......I
.........:
.. .......
..
i:::;
): :-i
:
i:
S.?
:i? iii
::;2:
i:::i:;:::
FIG. 9
i
F
.
.
1
"
.T:
W
F~c.
FI
.XI
I
.
I
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7/19
GREEK
ARCHAEOLOGY
ON THE
SHORES OF THE BLACK
SEA
39
and
perhaps
the artisans'
quarter
of the
period.15
Fig.
x4
shows
an unusual
lead
weight
of
the
city,
Hellenistic
in
date.'16
Istros
lies
just
south
of the modern delta of
the
Danube,
at a
point
whence the main stream
of
the
FIG.
13
great
river
can
be
easily
reached
where it is
running
north.
On
the
inland
route,
some
20o
km. west
of
Istros,
a native
village
excavated at Tariverde17
has
yielded
clear
signs
of
very
close contacts with
the
Greeks
of Istros
in
the
early years
of the
colony.
The
-- T
y .,.I ~
1~
I\
1,\1
/
I O
C
B
\1
-i~\\
t
..~
~1?I
Ui~n~
~U~z?'
'
1.1li11
? \L'I
1;1'
FIG.
14
East Greek
and Attic
pottery
carry
this back to
at
least the second
quarter
of the sixth
century.
Fig. 15
shows
part
of the interior
of a
cup, probably
not
Attic.18
Much farther
off,
at
Barbosi,
near
where
the
Danube turns
east to the
sea,
late
sixth-century
FIG.
15
Greek
pottery
had
been
reported.
Just
north
of
Istros,
at
Zmeica,
there
seems
to
have
been a
similar
emporium
of
the
Hellenistic
period.
RUSSIA
Most
of the
important
Greek
sites
have
been
the
scene
of
renewed
excavations
by
Soviet
archaeolo-
gists,
and no
little
work had
to
be done
to
repair
the
ravages
of
war at
many places.
Excavations
have
been
carefully
planned,
conducted
and
published.
One feature of the
publication
is the
attention
paid
to earlier
work on
the
sites,
and the
attempt
to
cor-
relate all the available
archaeological
evidence.
This
has
involved
much
publication
and
some re-
publication
of
important
earlier
finds.
(Repetitive
reports,
and
essays
barely
rewritten
for
another
publication,
are
unhappy
characteristics
of western
archaeology
also.)
Another
feature
is the time
devoted
to the
domestic
architecture
and
settlements
in
the
Greek
cities,
not
simply
their
temples,
agora
and
walls. And
finally,
good
reconnaissance
and
excavation
have
identified
a
number
of
minor
sites
and
yielded
some
evidence
about
the
relationship
of
Greeks with
the native
population.
All
this constitutes
what
is
perhaps
the
most
important
concerted
operation
of
recent
years
in
the
archaeology
of
the
Greek world.
Excavations on
Greek
colonial
sites are
reported
in
various
Russian
periodicals.
Materiali
i
issle-
dovaniya
po archeologii
SSSR
(Materials
and
Researches;
abbrev.
Mat. Res.
here),
published
by
the
Moscow
Academy
of
Sciences,
appears
irregularly
but
often,
and
sometimes
part
or all
of one
volume is
devoted
to a
single
site. The
most
important
other
periodicals
are
the
Moscow and
Kiev
Short
Communications
(Kratkie
soobscheniya;
two
series),
Review
of
Ancient
History
(Vestnik
drevny
storii)
and
Sovetskayaarchaeologiya.
Other
monographs
appear
regularly,
and a
valuable
15
Dacia
v
(I961) 213
ff.
16
Dacia ii
(1958) 453
fig.
2.
1
Mat.
Cerc.
v
(1957)
77 ff-;
v
(1958)
318
if.;
vii
(1960)
273
ff-
18
BCHlxxxii
(1958) 349 fig.
20
(reversed).
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8/19
40
J.
BOARDMAN
rYAA
r n y L m C - K I
XALOS Lt
POR F
P C u
P d A V A
VY
C f t ? o V A
r t ~ c O P O
HIGMSONESO
FIG. I6
survey, by
subjects,
not
sites,
was edited
by
Gaidu-
kevich and
Maximova
in
Antichnie
goroda
Severnogo
Prichernomoriya
(I955).
Antichnie Gorod
(ed.
Boltun-
ova,
1963)
has
essays
on
different
sites.19
These are
all
in
Russian and
summaries
in
any
other
languages
are
exceptional.
The westerner with
little
or no
Russian
may
turn to Belin
de Ballu's
L'Histoire
des
colonies
grecques
du
littoral nord de
la
Mer
noire
(Paris,
I960),
which is a
bibliography
of
works
published
from
1940
to
1957,
but its
summaries
of
archaeological
matters
are often
very
vague.
Of
greater
service is
Bibliotheca
Classica
Orientalis,
published
in
Berlin
every
two
months,
with
long
summaries
in
German
of
Russian
and other East
European
books
and
periodicals
on
all
classical
subjects.
Here summaries
are sometimes
slow to
appear,
and the
coverage
of
archaeological
periodicals
is not
complete.
Some briefer
reports
FIG.
17
19
On
Beresan,
Tyras,
Olbia,
Kalos
Limen, Chersonesos,
Phanagoria, Kepoi
and Tanais. This book
appeared
after this
article
was
written.
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GREEK ARCHAEOLOGY
ON
THE
SHORES OF THE BLACK SEA
41
FIG.
18
appear
in
Historia
and
works on
inscriptions
are
reviewed
by
the Roberts
in REG.
For works
in western
languages
there
is
Mongait's
Archaeology
n
the U.S.S.R.
of which an
English
edition
was
published
in
Moscow
in
1959.
The
new transla-
tion
published
by Penguin
Books
in
196I
is revised
but
abridged
and lacks
the fuller
indexes and
maps.
Finally,
Danoff's contributions to
Pauly-Wissowa,
RE
suppl.
vol.
ix.
(1962)
866-1175
on
'Pontos
Euxeinos'
should be
mentioned.
Finds
of
early
Greek
objects
in
places
outside the
Greek cities have
been charted
by
Onajko
in
Sov.
Arch.
1960.
2
25
ff. He lists six sites
with seventh-
century
Greek
pottery
near
the
Middle
Dniepr
and
Don,
but none
of it is
appreciably
earlier than the
earliest from
Olbia
or
Berezan.
From
Nemirov,
some
150
miles
from
Kiev and
over
300
miles from the
mouth
of the
Bug,
is
a vase of local
manufacture
inscribed
in Greek
adZE
~te.20
The
grave
group
found
many years
ago
at
Krivoroshie,
250
miles from
the sea between
the
Donetz
and
the
Don,
has been
republished by Mantsevich in Bull. Inst. Arch. Bulg.
xxii
(1959)
57
iff
In includes the
upper
part
of
a
Wild
Goat
style
oenochoe,
in
the
shape
of a ram's
head
(Fig. 17).
A vase of
this
type,
with a
bull's
head,
was
found
recently
at
Emporio
in Chios in a
late
seventh-century
context
(Arch.
Reports
1955 36
fig.
2).
Part
of another Chian bull's head vase
(Fig.
I8)
is
from
Choperskie,
over
Ioo
miles farther
inland
than Krivoroshie.21
20
Soy.
Arch.
1959.
I
259-61;
for other finds there cf. AA
19i
I
230,
235
f.;
1912 378.
21
IGAIMK
1935
94
fig-.
25.
In the
Museum
of Novocherkassk.
FIG.
19
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10/19
42
J.
BOARDMAN
.,.?..
..
~?.:?.:
''
'
-s'?
- .r ?I r-
.r.
I
?(.(?
'
?. I?
?'. ?~
.,:
; r'
'''
'\ f?
'r rL
?.?. i' -.?
''
\\ ?\='
r~ ..
.. .??
hZ -- .?
"- 3~4A.
?~ ? I
?r?
r
r.
r
I )
C
?:I F
LL?~ZIY YJC~
cL~Li.
crC
I
'?. \i
ccci~
r
r*ll
=:
?? ?.?.~ ~=2121' C
re
r
. 1
? ,Z r
??r?~G'~ :r ...
i
?? 's
~31 /rr
'I
,? .I'.
' ?"
II '?
I?'?
~J 'I
?.
s
II i. '"
rl,; ~:::
I
?? '? ' rrr c
\
'. r
? c j
. r ?~'
t .r
,I(rle
r
( ( )(I((~( r7.
I
((1
' '
;????
I r
II 1'((~ 1~11
''
It
.?,i;c"
~?
-:3.'???'
-? ?-
FIG. 20
General accounts of
Greco-Scythian
art
cannot be
mentioned
here,
but Maximova's
study22
of
a silver
rhyton
(Fig. 19)
from
the
early
find
at
Kelermes,
of
the
same school as
the
famous
Kelermes
mirror23
(first
half of the sixth
century)
should be noted.
They
carry
scenes of a
winged goddess
with
griffins (Fig. 2o),
a
centaur,
a hero
fighting
a
lion,
a
mounted
Scythian
and
geese.24
Tyras
stands at the mouth of
the river of the same
name
(now
Dniestr).25
The ancient
city
is concealed
beneath the remblai
formed at the
time of the con-
struction of the Akerman
fortress,
and excavations
have yielded remains largely of its later history,
although something
of
the
layout
of the Hellenistic
town can
be
made
out. The
published
finds are
no
earlier than the fourth
century
but
sixth-century
pottery
has
been
reported.
The
Odessos
which stood
to the west
of the
estuary
of the
Borysthenes (Dniepr)
has
long
been
thought
to
lie near the mouth of
the
Tiligoul
(cf.
RE,
s.v.)
and
excavations have
now uncovered
part
of a
major
site
on
the
left bank
of that river.
The island
(?
once a
peninsula)
Berezan
in
the
Bug/
Dniepr
estuary
has
generally
been
regarded
as
the
site of the first Greek settlement
in this
area,
before
the
foundation at Olbia.
It has
yet
to
yield anything
appreciably earlier than the earliest finds at Olbia
and seems
to have been abandoned
by
the Greeks
early
in the fifth
century.
Post-war
excavations
have revealed
more
of the
sixth-century
town,
including
a
pit-dwelling
of a
type
met on native
sites
of this
period.
The site is
the source
for much of
the
earliest
Greek
pottery
from South
Russia.
Skydnova
has
studied
the
Chian
and Rhodian
vases,26
none
of
them
obviously
earlier than
the end of
the seventh
century.
There is
good
Attic
black-figure
of
the
first
half of
the
sixth
century,
and a
surprising
import
is
an Eretrian
black-figure
vase
(Fig.
21)
of
the
mid-
century.27
Other
important
recent
publications
of
its
early pottery
are in Mat.
Res.
50
and
Fabricius,
Arch. Karta i.
Olbia.
Sir Ellis Minns reviewed
the work
done
at
Olbia since the
appearance
of
his
Scythians
and Greeks
(1913)
in
JHS
lxv
(1945)
109-12,
with a
plan
of
the
site and references to
publications.
Recent work has
been devoted
to the
Upper
Town,
its
Agora
and
houses,
most of which are
Hellenistic
or of
the Christ-
ian
era,
and
to the
repair
of
war-damage,
since
the
site had been robbed
for defence
works and
the
local
museum ransacked. Articles
in
Mat.
Res.
50
discuss
various
aspects
of
the site
and
its
history.
In the
Agora
monumental altars of
the
fifth and
third
centuries have been
uncovered,
as
well as
the founda-
tions of a
large
peripteral temple
and
a
large public
building.
An
early fifth-century
dedication
(on
a
late
black-figure
palmette
cup)
names
Apollo
Delphinios
(AdAptvto)
and
a
votive
deposit
of his
sanctuary
was
found
in
1955.
In the
town
basement-storerooms
of classical date were identified and a start has been
made on
the detailed
study
of
the architecture
of
the
houses.
A
regular grid-plan
of roads
seems
to
have
been established
in
part
of
the
town,
north
of
the
Agora, by
about
500.
Some
of
the finer
town
houses
have
good
ashlar
walls,
others
are
of
mudbrick.
An
interesting
feature
is the
damp-course
foundations
of
ashes and
clay
which recalls
the measures
for
land
reclamation
or consolidation at
Istros
(see
above).
The traces of
a
fortification
wall on
the
west are
now
22
In
Gr.
Stddte
(above,
n.
i1)
60
ff.,
pls.
23, 24, 27-29,
and
Sovy.
Arch.
1956
215
ff.
23
Gr. Stddte
35
ff., pl.
20o;
Rostovtseff,
Iranians
and Greeks
pl.
6.
24
Some
scenes
copied
in
Cook,
Greeks
n lonia
and the East
53
fig. 13;
and cf.
Radet,
Cybdbde'
9 fig.
25.
25
Athenian Tribute
Lists
(ATL)
i
557
f.
places
Tyras
farther
upstream
but
the Akerman
site
has
yielded
plenty
of
Tyras
coins.
The
equation
of
Tyras
with
Ophioussa,
made
by
Pliny
and
Stephanus,
is contested
(Soy.
Arch.
1959.
2
6o
ff.).
26
Soy.
Arch.
I957-4
I28 ff.;
I960.2
153
ff.
(fig.
I3.3--?
early
Attic
black-figure; fig.
14
is a Chian
storage
jar).
27
Soobsch.
Erm.
xvi
(I959)
48
f.
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11/19
GREEK
ARCHAEOLOGY
ON THE
SHORES OF THE
BLACK
SEA
43
thought
to
be of the fifth
century
(cf.
Hdt. iv
78.4).
There
are said
to be
signs
of an extensive disaster in
the
city
followed
by
rebuilding,
in the late fourth
century.
Contracted burials
of the sixth-fourth
centuries
found in the cemeteries
of Olbia
(and
Chersonesos)
are identified as of
Scythians living
in
the Greek
towns
(cf.
Hdt. iv
78.5-79.2); grave goods,
like
vases,
are
Greek,
but
weapons
are
of
Scythian
sought
out,
and
in
Mat.
Res.
50
154
ff. a
useful
conspectus
is
given
of finds
there
in
the
Scythian
animal
style.
In
Soobsch.
Erm.
xii
(1957)
48
ff.
important
earlier
finds
of Attic
pottery
are
published,
including
some
Sophilean fragments.
An
unusual
bone
ring,
with a female
portrait
head as
device,
was
found
in
1948
and dated
to
the
third
century by
Maximova
(Sov.
Arch.
28
(1958) 248-55).
The
FIG. 21
types.
These
finds
are
largely
from a
cemetery
in
the
north-east
quarter
of the later
town.
Architectural
and
sculpture
finds
published
in
Sov.
Arch.
29/30 248
ff.
include
a late archaic
volute
fragment
which is
thought
to
be the acroterion
of an
altar,
the
shoulder of
an archaic kore and
archaic
terracottas. Studies of the
fourth-century
and Hellen-
istic
terracottas
have
suggested
that most were
im-
ported
from
Asia
Minor and that
the
only
local school
was
influenced
by Scythian
motifs. The
native
element
in
Olbia
has
naturally
been
particularly
development
and
dating
of the cast bronze
coins of
Olbia have
been
discussed
by Furmanskaj
(Kratkie
Kiev
1954.
3
6o
ff.)
in
the
light
of new
finds. Since
some
were
found at
Berezan,
which seems
to have been
abandoned
in
the
early
fifth
century,
the
issue
may
begin
as
early
as
500.
Attention has been
paid
to
sites near Olbia where
the
population
seems
to
have
been
at
least
in
part
Greek,
from as
early
as
the end of the
sixth
century.
One of
these,
at
Sirokaya
balka,
just
south of
Olbia,
yields
evidence for close relations with the
Greek
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44
J.
BOARDMAN
colony
from
its earliest
years.
These
settlements
include native
pit-houses
as
well as
mudbrick
and
stone structures of Greek
type.
Kerkinitis
(Eupatoria)
was the most
noteworthy
Greek
city
in
the
West
Crimea.28
Excavations there
have shown that the
native site which
preceded
the
Greek foundation was
in
close touch with
the Greek
colonies,
to
judge
from the
pottery,
which
goes
back
to the later sixth
century.
Some
have
suggested
that
Kerkinitis was
in
fact founded as a
Greek
colony
before
its resettlement from
Chersonesos
in
the fourth
century.
Its fortification wall
was built
in
the Hellenistic
period; part
of a
round tower
has been excavated.
There have been several
excavations of
Scythian
sites
and burials
in
this
area,
and much of
the Hellenistic
art
of the
Greek
cities on this
coast is
seen to be semi-
barbaric.
Kalos
Limen,
named
in
three Chersonesos
inscrip-
tions,
is located
by
Russian
archaeologists 65
km.
north of Kerkinitis.
It
is a
smaller,
later
site,
but a
nearby Scythian
tumulus has
produced,
it is
said,
sixth-
century Greek pottery. The town itself was founded
around
3oo-one
of
several
settled from
Chersonesos.
Chersonesos,
near
Sevastopol,
is
the
subject
of
studies
published
in
Mat.
Res.
34.
Excavations
continue on the
site,
which is another of those
at
which
the
relationship
with the local
population-Taurians
and
Scythians-can
be studied
in
some detail.
The
colony
seems to
have taken the
place
of a
Taurian
settlement,
and a fifth-fourth
century
cemetery
includes
40 (out
of
150)
contracted
burials,
which are
thought
to
be
of
native
Taurians
living
beside the
Greeks. The
cemetery
area was later
incorporated
within the town.
The
earliest
Greek finds are of the
end of the sixth
century.
These
suggest
that the
site
was
a Milesian
settlement before its new
foundation
from Herakleia Pontika
towards
the
end
of
the fifth
century.
A late
classical fortress wall has been
dated
by
finds of
red-figure,
and a
theatre,
whose
earliest
period
seems to
be of the third
century
B.C.
has been
excavated-the
first
to be found
in
any
of the
Black
Sea cities.
In the Hellenistic
town one house was found to
cover
an
area of some
150
sq.
m.,
including
apebble-
paved
court. It
had
a
cellar
cut
in
the rock while
one of the
larger
rooms had
a
central stone altar and a
hearth in the corner. Its storeroom was well stocked
with
amphorae
and
fishing gear.
Another house was
supplied
with
oval
vats
which
contained
traces of
colouring
matter and
may
have been
a
dyeing
establishment. The
pre-war
find of
a
Hellenistic
pebble
mosaic
showing
two women
bathing
is
now
published,
in
Mat.
Res.
34 (Fig.
22).
It is
in
a
residential
area,
mainly
of
two-house
insulae
(Fig.
23),
in
the north of
the town.
Early
Hellenistic
farm
28
On the
problems
of the location of
Kerkinitis
at
Eupatoria
see A TL
i
496
f.
Burn,
The
Lyric
Age
of
Greece
15,
suggests
that
Herodotus'
Kerkinitis was
Berezan,
but
the
Greek settlement
at
Berezan
seems not to
have
survived the
early
fifth
century,
while
Kerkinitis,
from its
coins,
did.
FIG. 22
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GREEK
ARCHAEOLOGY ON THE
SHORES OF THE
BLACK SEA
45
houses
on the
peninsula
site
have been
discovered
and
the
property
of one
kleros
estimated at
over
700
acres;
its
produce-wheat,
wine
and
timber.
A
whole wine
installation which was
excavated,
with its
presses,
vats and
cellars,
is
of
the
early
Roman
period.
There
was a local
pottery producing
wine
amphorae
in
the
Hellenistic
period.
The
amphora stamps
of the
astynomoi
have
been
studied as well as the
local
tile
stamps
of the
same date. The
pottery
industry
at
Chersonesos
seems to
have
been
particularly
active
in
the
third
century
B.C.
Other
studies of finds at
Chersonesos
draw
attention to the
jewellery
finds in
tombs there and the
evidence for the cult of
Herakles.
In the East Crimea and
the Taman
peninsula
work
has
proceeded apace
on the
already
partly explored
colonial
sites,
as
Panticapaeum
and
Phanagoria,
but
the
identity
and
early
importance
of other
subsidiary
foundations
has
now been
established.
Excavations
on
nearly
all
the
Greek
sites have shown that
they
were
CELLAR
COURT
cour
,N
A
SM.
FIG.
23
founded
on
pre-existing
native
settlements. Gener-
ally
the finds of
the first
centuries of the Greek
towns
have been
slight,
except
for
pottery,
but the
prosperity
of the
Bosporan Kingdom
in the
Hellenistic
period
has been well
demonstrated
by
the
well-appointed
houses
and factories which have
been
uncovered.
These,
and their successors
of
the
Roman
period,
offer a vivid
picture
of the
vigorous
commercial life
fostered
by
the Greeks in
the
Black
Sea. The vine
was
cultured to
good
effect,
wineries have been
found
and
whole series of
locally-made
wine
amphorae
recog-
nised.29 Tanning and dyeing are attested and
especially
the
fisheries which
are
represented
by
the
pickling
vats
in
which
the Kerch
herring
and
tunny
were
prepared
for
export
to the
Aegean.
Panticapaeum
(Kerch)
on
the
western shore of
the
Cimmerian
Bosporus
had
been the
scene of
early
excavations,
and the
Greek and
native
cemetery
sites had been
well
explored.
The same
areas
have
been studied further in
recent
years
and
attention
has
been
paid
also
to
the
subsidiary
foundations
at
Myrmekion,
Tiritaka,
etc.
In
Panticapaeum
excavations have
been
conducted
mainly
on
the north and
seaward sides
of
Mt Mithra-
dates,
the town
acropolis.
The
site
had
suffered from
wartime
trenching,
and in works of
reconstruction
the
opportunity
was taken to
explore
more of the
town
area.
The most
important
reports
of the work
done
0
/Octf
FIG. 24
appear
in
Mat.
Res.
56
and
103.
The earliest
pottery
from
the site now
published
includes East
Greek
fragments
of the earlier
part
of the sixth
century,30
Rhodian and Chian.
Much more of the monumental architecture of
the
town has been uncovered.
This includes
mouldings
from various
Ionic
buildings, ranging
from the
late
sixth
century
to
Roman in date. An archaic
base31
with fluted torus and
triple
scotia in the
spira (Fig. 24)
most resembles a
type
found in
Chios,32
and
other
architectural
styles
of that island are reflected
in
a
late classical ovolo
fragment (Fig.
25)
carved
with
elaborated lotus and palmette.33 In the Hellenistic
period
the
slopes
of the town were terraced
for
larger
FIG. 25
houses.
To
the
north-east
of Mt
Mithradates a
pre-
Greek,
'Cimmerian'
settlement has
been
identified,
and is
thought
to
have served as an
emporium
for
the
Greeks before
the
colony
was
founded.
The
nearby
cemetery
contains
elaborate
tumulus
burials,
richly
29
A valuable
conspectus
of
imported
and
local
wine
amphorae
from the area is to
be
found in
Mat.
Res.
83.
30
A
fragment
with
a
dog,
first
published
as late
seventh-
century,
is
recognised
by
Sidorova
as
later, Fikellura,
Mat. Res.
103
125
fig. 9.I.
31
Mat. Res.
56
30
fig.
16"
I.
32
Cf.
Antiquaries
Journal
xxxix
(1959) 174-
33
Mat.
Res.
103
22
fig. 13.
Cf.
AntJ (last
note)
189
ff.,
and
note that another
moulding
of
this
style
has been found
at
Olbia.
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46
J.
BOARDMAN
FIG.
26
FIG.
27
furnished,
especially
in the fourth-third
centuries
B.C.
The stone-built
burial chambers seem to
copy
native
constructions,
more often of
wood,
such as are
found
in
the Kuban tumuli.
Of the
rich finds of
pottery published
in Mat.
Res.
56
and
103
we
may pick
out the
early
sixth-century
East Greek
jug (Fig. 26)
with a wine
jar
drawn
uponits shoulder
(56
183,
fig.
1.1;
103
1o9,
fig.
2),
and
the
fragment
of an
East
Greek
black-figure
vase
(56
188
fig.
3.14;
our
Fig. 27)
with a
vintage
scene,
from
a
FIG.
28
school
(or
artist)
whose
work is
found also in
Etruria
and
Egypt,34
as well as
other fine
black-figure
(Clazomenian). The plainer pottery which was
made
in
Panticapaeum
and
Phanagoria
from
their
earliest
days
has
been
carefully
studied
by
Kruglikova.
The limestone
head of a
warrior,
found in
1946,
is
attributed
to
a
local
workshop;
it
is
apparently
fifth-
century.
Other
sculptures
from the
Bosporan
area
are also
now taken to
be from local
schools
working
in
a
style
which
is
seen to
reflect
something
of the
native
tradition,
but since there
was no real
native tradition
for this
type
of work it
should
perhaps
rather be
34
On
the Ricci
hydria
and the
Oxford Karnak
vase
(JHS
lxxviii
(1958)
pls.
I, 2a;
and cf. now AA
1962
759
ff.,
figs.
11,
12).
Note the
characteristic
way
of
showing
the
vine.
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15/19
GREEK
ARCHAEOLOGY ON THE
SHORES OF THE
BLACK SEA
47
regarded
as
unusual,
provincial
Greek.
Especial
attention has been
paid
to the
certainly
local
vogue
for
anthropomorphic
stelae
in the
Hellenistic
period,
and to the local
production
of bone
plaques
and
statuettes.
A fine
head
of
a woman
(Fig.
28),
in
island
marble,
was
found
in
1949,
and
part
of
a
large
relief
showing
a
griffin (1954)
is dated to
the
fourth
century.
The
terracottas
of
Panticapaeum
and
Phanagoria
are
discussed
by Kobylina
in
a mono-
graph
of
1961.
An
unusual bronze
fragment (Fig.
LO
?Ilz
Ar
FIG.
29
29)
from a
stand or
handle bears a late sixth century
dedication to
Ephesian
Artemis
,2XNAPTEMIE1EX2
(Vestnik
I960.3
i30). S6n
is taken to
be a
name.
Myrmekion
ies
to the
east of
Panticapaeum,
looking
south
along
the
straits.
It has
been the
scene
of
joint
Polish-Russian
excavations which are described
by
Michalowski
in
Myrmeki
i, ii,
and earlier finds are
reviewed in
Mat. Res.
25.
A
fifth-century
fortification
wall has
been
traced,
covering part
of the earlier
cemetery.
The earliest finds are
of
the
end of
the
sixth
century.
Hellenistic
wineries
and
fish-salting
stations
have been identified. A
nearby
vineyard
estate,
with its
workshops
and
installations,
has been
thoroughly investigated.
It is of the
second-first
centuries B.C.
FIG.
30
FIG.
31
Tiritaka,
some
io
km.
south of
Panticapaeum,
appears
to have been
an
important
fishing
centre in
its later
Greek
and Roman
periods.
Sixth-century
houses are
reported
and
fifth-century
and
Hellenistic
fortifications. The earliest
finds,
now
published,
suggest
that Tikritaka was
founded
well before
550.
Mat. Res.
25
includes
various
essays
on
the site and
publishes
the
pre-war
finds.
These include some
fine
East
Greek
pottery,
as well as some
most unusual
fragments
which
appear
to
be
orientalising
(227
fig.
1.2-8)
and a
fragment
with an
inscription.
The
for-
mer
(from
a
dinos)
may
be related
to Aeolic versions
of
the
canonic East Greek Wild Goat
style
vases,
and
seem to have
something
in
common
with
Phyrgian
painted
wares
of the sixth
century.
Work
at
Nymphaeum
is
described in Mat. Res.
69
and
there is an
important
monograph by
Chydyak,
Is
Istorii
Nympheya
(I962).
The most
important
recent finds have been in the sanctuary areas on the
acropolis (Aphrodite
and
Kabeiroi)
and the
lower
terrace
of the town in
the southern
quarter
near the
ancient harbour
(Demeter).
The shrines
of Demeter
and
Aphrodite
were founded
in the
early years
of the
colony,
in
the sixth
century
to
judge
from
the
votives.
The
Aphrodite
sanctuary
was of unusual
plan.
Four-roomed
in
the first
phase,
then three-roomed
with
hearth-altars.
The
distinctive
offerings identify
the
deity
as well
as an
assemblage
of cult
objects.
The
finds
in
the Demeter
sanctuary
include
good
East Greek and Attic
pottery.
For the
Kabeiroi
a
small
apsidal temple (5
X
14'3 m.)
of
fifth-century
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48
J.
BOARDMAN
FIG.
32
date
(Fig. 30)
succeeded an archaic
temple,
and
near
by
were
large
votive
deposits
of the
early
sixth
to fourth centuries.
The architectural
terracottas
of
the
Kabeiroi and Demeter
temples
seem
to
have
been
imported
from
Sinope
in
the
fifth
century.35
They
are
in
the form
of double
rosettes,
with
blossoms
(Fig.
31)
or female
heads
at
the
centre. All
the
sanctuaries
were
destroyed
in the fourth
century,
possibly
on the
occasion
of
Leukon's
expedition against
Theodosia.
Later,
the
city
wall ran
over the
sanctuary
area.
In
the town
the stone-built houses of the
Greeks
overlie the
foundation
pits
of the huts
occupied by
the
natives
immediately
(it
is
assumed)
before
their
arrival. Fifth-fourth
century
houses were
cleared on
the
acropolis (Fig. 32,
with a
cistern).
Skydnova
has
distinguished
a
group
of archaic
vases,
found
only
in the Demeter
sanctuary
at
Nymphaeum,36
which
may
be of local manufacture
(fragments
in
Fig.
33).
The
shapes
are East
Greek,
and the
linear
decoration is
derived
from
that of the
simpler
East
Greek
vases,
with floral elaboration of the
common
'moustaches' motif and a fondness for groups of tear-
shaped
blobs.
The
style
is
close
to that of vases
from
Olynthus,
of
Robinson's
pre-Persian
Group
III,37
and
there
may
be some connexion
between these
provincial
wares.
The earliest
pottery
from the
site
now includes
mid-sixth-century
Attic
black-figure.38
Theodosia. A
little
more
has been done
in
the
fifth-
century
levels
of the
town,
which
appears
to
have been
founded on a native site.
Sixth-century
finds include
some
Attic
black-figure
of
the
second
quarter
of
the
century
(ABV
81
no.
7)
and
suggest
either settlement
35
On
the
importance
of the short route across
from
Sinope
see
Maximova
in
Klio
xxxvii
(1959)
IOI
ff.
36
Kratkie
Ukrain.
(I957)
73-75;
Archeologiya
(1958)100
ff.
37
Olynthus
v
pls. 25-41, 45.22;
xiii
pls.
1-3,
6-Io;
and
a
column crater from Phanai in Chios, ADelt ii (i916)
204
fig. 23.
38
Soobsch. rm.
1956
45
f.
FIG.
33
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17/19
GREEK
ARCHAEOLOGY ON
THE SHORES
OF
THE
BLACK SEA
49
FIG.
36
Fia.
34
F13
.
35
Fie.
37
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18/19
50
J.
BOARDMAN
by
other Greeks
(Milesians
from
Panticapaeum)
before
the
Megarian
settlement
from
Herakleia,
or
(just
as
probable)
close
relations
between
the
natives
and
the Milesian
cities
in the
straits.
Phanagoria
was
the
principal
Greek
city
on the
east
side
of
the straits. Excavations
there
have
been
summarised
in Mat. Res.
19
and
57.
Recent
work
FIG.
38
has been
devoted
to
the
Hellenistic
cemetery
and
to
parts
of the
town,
from
which
pottery
of
the
later
sixth
century
has been
recovered.
The
literary
date
for
the foundation
(by
Teians
fleeing
before
the
Persians)
is
c.
540.
Vase
fragments
published
as
'Chalcidian'
(which
would
be
unique
in this
area)
seem
more
probably
Ionian
in
origin (Mat.
Res.
19
196
fig.
6.2,
3;
57
164-67;
103
95).
Local
produc-
tion
of
architectural
terracottas
brought
an
end
to the
import
of
these
fittings
from
Sinope.
Trade
with
the
native
population
is attested
by
the rich
finds
of wine
amphorae,
the
earliest
being
Chian
and
Thasian
of
the
fifth
century,
which
have
been
made
in
a number
of
the native
fortified
towns
some
distance
off
inland,
to the south east.
Other
finds
include
(from
near
Phanagoria)
a
magnificent
marble
acroterion
(Fig.
34),
dated
to
the
fourth
century, part
of an
archaic
grave
relief
(Fig.
35),
Hellenistic
terracottas
of the
highest
quality
(the
head of
a
young
satyr,
Fig. 36)
and
the
fragment
of
a vase
stamped
with
the
device
of
a
satyr's
head
(Fig.
37),
which
recalls
the
coins
of
Pantica-
paeum,
and
the
initials
of
the
city's
name,
(DA.
Early
Hellenistic
houses
have
been
discovered
at
Patraea,
a
small
site on
the
north
side
of
the
bay
facing
Phanagoria,
and
there
is
now
sixth-century pottery
from
Kepoi,
at
the
eastern
recess
of
the
bay.
At
Hermonassa,
modern
Taman,
the
first
serious
excava-
tions have reached the sixth-century level at a depth
of over
9
m.
and
mudbrick
houses
of
the
late
sixth
century
have
been
identified.
In
Gorgippia,
modern
Anapa,
a
reconnaissance
established
the
area
of
the
city
and
position
of
its
cemetery.
There
are
superficial
indications
that it
could
have
been
an
early
settlement,
of
the
end
of
the
sixth
century.
Nearby
Sindian
towns,
which
were
absorbed
in the
Bosporan
Kingdom,
have
also
been
explored.
Many
of
the
villages
in the
Taman
peninsula
have
been
investigated.
Some
are
fortified.
There
is
imported
Greek
pottery
in several
of
them,
and
their
way
of
life seems
to
have
been
considerably
condi-
tioned
by
the
proximity
of
the Greek
colonies
although
their
simple
architecture and elaborate burial customs
remained
unaffected.
Tanais.
Knipovich
has
given
a
full account
of
the
site
on
the
Don
and
its
history
in
Tanais
(Moscow,
1944).
An
earlier
settlement,
near
Elisavetovskaya,
may
have
been
called
Tanais,
before
the
foundation
of
the
better
known
town
near
Nedvigovski.
In
the
Taganrog
Straits
underwater
exploration
has
yielded
late
seventh-century
Greek
pottery,
perhaps
from
a
pre-colonial
trading
post
(cf.
the
early
finds
up
the
Don,
above).38sa
Colchis.
The
eastern
coast
of
the
Black
Sea
has
hitherto
been
somewhat
neglected,
but
the
topography
of
the
Greek
settlements
is now
better
understood
and
the early importance of the Greek settlement at
Phasis
appreciated.
Early
coins
of
Colchis,
with
a
woman's
head
(obv.)
and
bull's
head
(rev.)
have
generally
been
put c.4oo
despite
their
obvious
archaic
appearance.
The
discovery
of
examples
with
later
sixth-century
pottery
at
Nymphaeum,
and
the
pub-
lication
of
coins
with
other
late
archaic
devices
reinforces
the
argument
from
style,39
but
it
is clear
38sa
Archaeology
vi.
93
f.
39 Vestnik
1952 238-42;
Kapanadze,
Grusinskaya
umismatika;
Lang,
Num.
Notes
and
Mon.
no.
130,
7,
doubted
the
early
date,
but
later
admitted
one
of the
other
types
(lion-minotaur),
Num.
Chron.
1957
138
f.
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GREEK
ARCHAEOLOGY
ON
THE
SHORES OF
THE BLACK
SEA
51
also
that the
simpler
archaic
type,
with the woman's
and bull's heads, had a long life.40 This may have
been
the
earliest
mint for silver
coins in
the Black
Sea
area,
perhaps using
local
mineral
resources.
TURKEY
Of the
Greek sites on the south shores of
the Black
Sea
comparatively
little
is
known.
Trapezous
re-
mains to be
found beneath Trebizond. Excavations
at
Sinope
have met with
some success both
in the
peninsula
town and
in
the
cemetery
on the mainland.
The
evidence
bearing
on
the
date of the foundation
still
hardly brings
it
earlier
than
6oo.41
Pre-war
finds in
the
area are
now
published.
One is
a
superb
bronze
hydria,
with a woman's bust
at
the
upper
handle
junction, inscribed nap
hEpas
ApyEtaaEyt ov haFEO6Aov,
a
twin of the
Argive prize
hydria
in
New
York.42
Two
grave
stelae
with
two
and three
(Fig.
38)
figures
are
early
classical
in
date-early
examples
of
the
naiskos-stelae.43
In the town the
foundations of
a
Hellenistic
temple
and
altar
were
found,
together
with architectural revetments
and
mouldings
from
archaic
to
Roman
in
date,
and votives-terracottas
and
vases,
including
some
Phrygian.
For Greek
finds
in
the
Propontis
and
the
rest of
North
Turkey
the reader is referred to the article
by
J.
M. Cook
in
Arch.
Reports
or
1959-60.
40
Cf.
the
fourth-century
hoard
from
Kobyleti
with
coins
of
Sinope and Colchis, Vestnik1961.1
42
if.
41
See
Arch.
Reports or 1959-60 34,
and
Boysal
in AA
i959
8-20.
On
Greek
penetration
of the Black
Sea,
Graham
in
Bull.
Inst. Class.Stud.London
(1958) 25
ff.
42
Akurgal
and
Budde,
Vorliiuf.
Ber.
Sinope
(1956)
12
ff.;
Jeffery,
Local
Scripts
I64-
43
Akurgal
and
Budde,
pls.
6,
7; Akurgal, Zwei
Grabstelen
(Berlin
Winckelmannsprogramm
II I);
Jeffery, op.
cit.,
369.
Oxford JOHN
BOARDMAN
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