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Universe Design XI
Module 1: Introduction to Designing Universes
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2 Business Object XI R3 Designer
What You Will Be Able To Do
Understand the role of a Designer
Know what is meant by the Semantic Layer
Know more about the way usiness!b"ects
generates S#L
e familiar with the different ty$es of database
schemas you can use
Discover the recommended universe develo$ment$rocess
Know what is meant by the %&'2& conce$t
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( Business Object XI R3 Designer
Extracting Information from a Database
Many different attem$ts have been made to resolve
issues surrounding re$orting: The Bureau Approach:
End Users
Developers
SQL
The SQL EducationApproach:
End Users
Developers
SQL
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) Business Object XI R3 Designer
Information accessed
via a semantic layer
Database and Security
Desin
!orporate Database
End"User #eeds
Ease of use $eliability Interated reportin and
analysis tools
IS #eeds
Security and control %aintainability !ost"effective set"up Enterprise"&ide
interoperability
Universe Desin
Stoc*
+inance
Sales
The BusinessObjects olution
Designer En! Users
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, Business Object XI R3 Designer
A!vantages of Using BusinessObjects
Users can access data in an easy&ay usin their o&n terminoloy
BusinessKnowledge
The orani'ation has a sharedbusiness content
Users can analy'e data locally
Users can ma(e )ueries &ithout(no&in SQL
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- Business Object XI R3 Designer
Specific OLTPData Mart/Warehouse
PersonalOLAPServers
A!vantages of Using BusinessObjects
usiness!b"ects allows the user to access data fromdifferent sources using a single tool
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% Business Object XI R3 Designer
$enerating %" using Des&to'Intelligence
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Business Object XI R3 Designer
$enerating %" Using Des&to'Intelligence
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1& Business Object XI R3 Designer
$enerating %" Using Des&to'Intelligence
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11 Business Object XI R3 Designer
/ables to be included in the +rom clause and 3oins to be included in
the 4here clause of a Select statement are inferred via56
$enerating %" Using Des&to'Intelligence
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12 Business Object XI R3 Designer
$enerating %" Using Des&to'Intelligence
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1( Business Object XI R3 Designer
$enerating %" using Des&to'Intelligence
7ormali8ed 9ggregate
/ablesStar
SchemaMulti$le
Stars
Snowfla*e
Data
4arehouses
roduction
Schema
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1) Business Object XI R3 Designer
Using the Designer (o!ule
;ra$hic
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1, Business Object XI R3 Designer
The Universe Develo'ment )rocess *+,
re$areKnow the datasource
=> onSybase
+inancialson !racle
lanDesign theuniverse(s)
9naly8eIdentify the needsof the end userpopulation
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1- Business Object XI R3 Designer
The Universe Develo'ment )rocess *-,
/est
Using a test team (including
end users)
Im$lementCreate the universe(s)
0volve
Adapt and extend
universe over time
De$loy
Distribute the universe toend users
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1. Business Object XI R3 Designer
01
21
Universe Develo'ment )rocess
Involve users in all the
ste$s of the $ro"ect
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1% Business Object XI R3 Designer
The Universe Develo'ment )rocess Im$lementation Sub rocess:
!reate Universe file 3 set parameters
!reate Structure
Add tables 4 create 5oins 4 chec( interity 4sort loops and other problems as re)uired
!reate and cateori'e ob5ects,
Test Sort default * create custom hierarchies
!reate !ondition /b5ects 6, 72898;
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1 Business Object XI R3 Designer
What You .ave "earne!
/he advantages of using usiness!b"ects
/he role of a universe Designer
=ow usiness!b"ects generates S#L
/he ty$es of data source which usiness!b"ects caninterrogate
/he recommended design $rocess
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Universe Design XI
Module 2: /he Designer Module
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21 Business Object XI R3 Designer
What You Will Be Able To Do
Log in to the Designer module
e familiar with the Designer module and its
commands
e able to mani$ulate the Universe Structure
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Business Objects Designer
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"ogging in to BusinessObjects Designer
pens D!"I#$!%with the speci&caccess rights of theuser'
2(
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Designer (o!ule
bects
andClasses
ormula *ar
"tandard +oolbar
!diting+oolba
r
"tructure
2)
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2, Business Object XI R3 Designer
What You .ave "earne!
=ow to log in to the Designer module
4hat the Designer windows loo* li*e
=ow to mani$ulate the universe structure
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Universe Design XI
Module (: Setting arameters
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2. Business Object XI R3 Designer
What You Will Be Able To Do
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2% Business Object XI R3 Designer
/reating a Universe
De0ne the )arameters
Insert Tables
(a&e the 1oins
2esolve the "oo's
/reate /lasses an! Objects
et u' .ierarchies
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2 Business Object XI R3 Designer
Select +ile arameters
/o begin creating a new universe: Select +ile 7ew
/o access the Universe arameters dialog bo? for an
e?isting universe:
or
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(& Business Object XI R3 Designer
9 universe is identified with a user name and aconnection to the database
9 detailed descri$tion can also be added
etting u' )arameters 3 De0nition Tab
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(1 Business Object XI R3 Designer
What Is a /onnection4
Definition: 9 connection is a lin* from the universe to the
target database
/he lin* is achieved using middleware @for e?am$le!D
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(2 Business Object XI R3 Designer
Di5erent T#'es of /onnection
ersonal
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(( Business Object XI R3 Designer
(6 Identify the driver to beused to access thetarget database
/reating a 6e7 /onnection
26
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() Business Object XI R3 Designer
/hese o$tions allow you to set u$ the session
$arameters and the connection mode 666
A!vance! /onnection )ro'erties
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(, Business Object XI R3 Designer
Summary of all connection $arameters
/ustom /onnection )ro'erties
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(- Business Object XI R3 Designer
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(. Business Object XI R3 Designer
Universe Default ave ettings
ou can change the default folder where universesare saved
ou can also set u$ Designer to automatically save at
s$ecified intervals
/hoose +ools, ptions3
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(% Business Object XI R3 Designer
9ccess the
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( Business Object XI R3 Designer
etting u' Universe )arameters
Definition /ab: name, description
and connection to the database
Summary /ab: author and
statistics about the universe
Strategies /ab: internal or
personal wizards to mae creating a
universe easier
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)& Business Object XI R3 Designer
/he Summary tab dis$lays general information about
the universe
etting u' )arameters 3 ummar# Tab
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)1 Business Object XI R3 Designer
rovides automatedstrategies for:
etting u' )arameters 3 trategies Tab
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)2 Business Object XI R3 Designer
/hese allow you to limitthe si8e of results and
restrict the time allowed
for e?ecuting Bueries
etting u' )arameters 3 /ontrols Tab
/he Su$ervisor
can change these
$arameters for
s$ecific grou$s orusers
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)( Business Object XI R3 Designer
S#L $arametersare used to define
the limits of the
S#L that may be
generated by theuniverse
/he Su$ervisor
can change these
$arameters fors$ecific grou$s
and users
etting u' )arameters 3 %" Tab
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)) Business Object XI R3 Designer
0nablesdynamic lin*s
with other
universes
etting u' )arameters 3 "in&s Tab
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), Business Object XI R3 Designer
What You .ave "earne!
/he two com$ulsory $arameters to begin creating a
universe are : 9 user name
9 connection to the database 9 universe is connected to a single database
/here are many $arameters that you will learn more
about later in the course
/he Su$ervisor can modify some $arameters fors$ecific grou$s and users
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Universe Design XI
Module ): o$ulating the Structure with /ables
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). Business Object XI R3 Designer
What You Will Be Able To Do
9dd tables to the Structure
Move tables
Know about different ways of viewing tables
e aware of how to o$timi8e tables
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)% Business Object XI R3 Designer
A!!ing Tables
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) Business Object XI R3 Designer
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,& Business Object XI R3 Designer
/ustomi8ing Table Insertion
Select /ools !$tions then clic* on the Database tab
+rom here you can select and
deselect o$tions related to
table insertion
ou can set internal
strategiesto: automatically e?tract "oins
detect cardinalities
create ob"ects when
inserting tables
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Universe Design XI
Module ,: 3oins
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,2 Business Object XI R3 Designer
What You Will Be Able To Do
Set eBuiE"oins manually
Delete and modify "oins
Fiew "oins in List Mode
Set cardinalities
e able to set outer theta and selfErestricting "oins
Set strategies for automated "oins
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,( Business Object XI R3 Designer
What !o 1oins Achieve in %"4
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,) Business Object XI R3 Designer
1oins
9 "oin is a condition that restricts the result set of amultiErelational Buery
0BuiE"oin @otherwise *nown as a standard or inner
"oinA
/here are several different *inds of "oin:
/heta "oin
Self restricting "oin
!uter "oin
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,, Business Object XI R3 Designer
E9ui:1oins
/ ti ! D l ti I 1 i
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9 "oin can be entered manually using two methods:
/reating an! Deleting Inner 1oins(anuall#
4ith the menu o$tionInsert 3oins and the 0dit
3oin bo?
;ra$hically
/o delete a "oin clic* on the "oin line and $ress
Delete
,- Business Object XI R3 Designer
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,. Business Object XI R3 Designer
Automatic 1oin Detection
/he Strategy for automatic detection of "oins is based
on common column names between tables
Smart Matching
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,% Business Object XI R3 Designer
Outer 1oins
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, Business Object XI R3 Designer
/reating Outer 1oins
9n outer "oin is created by converting an e?isting eBuiE"oin
-arning. uter oins
should ideally only bespeci&ed at the end of atable path' If speci&edin the middle of a tablepath all subse/uent oins
in the path will also haveto be speci&ed as outer;
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-& Business Object XI R3 Designer
Theta 1oin 9 theta "oin contains an e?$ression that is based on
something other than eBuality:
Theta
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-1 Business Object XI R3 Designer
/reating Theta 1oins
9 theta "oin is created by converting an e?isting eBuiE"oin
/T2":/"I/
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-2 Business Object XI R3 Designer
elf 2estricting 1oin /his is not really a "oin at all6 It is a method used to set a
restriction on a table in the universe Structure6
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-( Business Object XI R3 Designer
/reating elf 2estricting 1oin
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List Mode dis$lays tables "oins and conte?ts
Using "ist (o!e
-) Business Object XI R3 Designer
It is $ossible to identify "oins related to a s$ecific table
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Shows the relationshi$ between tables on the basis of
the "oin
1oin /ar!inalities
-, Business Object XI R3 Designer
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9utomatically using @but can ta*e a long timeA
A!!ing /ar!inalities
-- Business Object XI R3 Designer
Manually using the 0dit 3oin dialog bo?
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-. Business Object XI R3 Designer
9lways chec* integrity after defining "oins
/hec&ing Integrit#
Be7are=
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-% Business Object XI R3 Designer
Testing
>0M0M0>: !nce you have created the ob"ects for
your universe you must ma*e e?tensive multiE
relational Bueries to chec* that the "oins are
$roducing the S#L out$ut intended
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- Business Object XI R3 Designer
What You .ave "earne!
=ow to set different ty$es of "oins ta*ing into accountusersG needs and technical constraints
=ow to set cardinalities
/o always chec* integrity after defining "oins and
cardinalities
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Universe Design XI
Module -:
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.1 Business Object XI R3 Designer
What You Will Be Able To Do
!rgani8e the universe into classes and subEclasses
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9n ob"ect is the most refined com$onent in a
universe6 It ma$s to data or a derivation of data in thedatabase6
.2 Business Object XI R3 Designer
Objects
Dimensions
0roects columns from the database which
are 1eyto a /uery
Details
0roects columns from the database thatprovide detailed information related to a
dimensionMeasuresContains aggregates to proect statistics
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/lasses
.( Business Object XI R3 Designer
'A class is a logical grou'ing ofobjects 7ithin a universe; Ingeneral> the name of a classre?ects a business conce't thatconve#s the categor# or t#'e of
objects;
A class can be further !ivi!e! intosubclasses;As !esigner> #ou are free to !e0nehierarchies of classes an!
subclasses into a mo!el that bestre?ects the business conce'ts of#our com'an#;
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The /lasses an! Objects Win!o7
.) Business Object XI R3 Designer
!rder of dimensions
in a class
hierarchically
Details are attached
to dimensions
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The /lasses an! Objects Win!o7
., Business Object XI R3 Designer
Measures are grou$ed ina se$arate class
0?ce$t where they canonly be used with ob"ectsfrom a given class
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Use tocreate a class
Use theDescri$tion fieldto $rovideinformation forusers
/reating an! E!iting /lasses
.- Business Object XI R3 Designer
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SubEclasses allow a better
organi8ation of ob"ects
9void too many levels of
subEclasses
Use the S$eedmenu on a
class to create a subEclass
/reating a ub:/lass
.. Business Object XI R3 Designer
i l f bl
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/reating a /lass from a Table
Use Drag and Dro$
.% Business Object XI R3 Designer
/his wi8ard will create one ob"ect for each field
/ i Obj
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Different 4ays: Manually with
. Business Object XI R3 Designer
Drag and dro$ from a database column into a class
Insert ob"ects from another universe @co$y and $asteA
/reating an Object
Obj ) i Th D 0 i i T b
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Object )ro'erties 3 The De0nitions Tab
%& Business Object XI R3 Designer
y default thety$e is the same
ty$e as used by
the database
9dd a descri$tion
to the ob"ect
Inferred S#L for
Select statement
Th l t ! Wh E!it Wi !
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The elect an! Where E!it Win!o7s
%1Business Object XI R3 Designer
Inferred S#L
ic* Lists
Obj t ) ti Th ) ti T b
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Object )ro'erties 3 The )ro'erties Tab
Define the ty$e of
ob"ect
%2Business Object XI R3 Designer
9ssociate a List of
Falues for end usersG
conditions if
a$$ro$riate
Obj t ) ti Th A! ! T b
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Object )ro'erties 3 The A!vance! Tab
Unchec* the Sort o$tion
%(Business Object XI R3 Designer
/ i ! ) ti Obj t
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%) Business Object XI R3 Designer
ou canco$y ob"ectsfrom oneuniverse toanother
/o'#ing an! )asting Objects
@i ! ! 2 l
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%, Business Object XI R3 Designer
ou can use the +indfunction to locatecharacter strings inob"ects and theredefinitions
@in! an! 2e'lace
ou can also use the+ind function in
con"unction with the>e$lace function toedit strings
/h &i I t it
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>emember to chec* integrity after creating ob"ects
/hec&ing Integrit#
%- Business Object XI R3 Designer
T ti Obj t
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%. Business Object XI R3 Designer
Testing Objects
4hile develo$ing a universe observe the
following $roduction cycle
Save UniverseTest Universe
%odify Universe
Testing Objects in 2E)O2TE2
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erform as many tests as $ossible in >0!>/0>:un Bueries and chec* the results
Testing Objects in 2E)O2TE2
%% Business Object XI R3 Designer
What You .ave "earne!
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% Business Object XI R3 Designer
What You .ave "earne!
!rgani8ing the universe into classes and subEclasses
to reflect the business usage
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Universe Design XI
Module .:
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1 Business Object XI R3 Designer
What You Will Be Able To Do
Understand what a measure ob"ect is
Know how to test measure ob"ects
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2 Business Object XI R3 Designer
What is a (easure Object4
9 measure ob"ect returns numeric information
9 measure ob"ect is created by using aggregate
functions
/he five basic aggregate functions are:
"um
Count
2aximum
Average
2inimum
A (easure is D#namic
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( Business Object XI R3 Designer
A (easure is D#namic
Measure ob"ects are semantically dynamic
.o7 a (easure Wor&s at elect "evel
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) Business Object XI R3 Designer
*+,
.o7 a (easure Wor&s at elect "evel
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, Business Object XI R3 Designer
*-,
"evels of Aggregation in Business
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- Business Object XI R3 Designer
Objects
#elect
database
(roject
$uer& Results
)ggregation
)ggregation
Aggregation at )rojection "evel
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. Business Object XI R3 Designer
Aggregation at )rojection "evel
4hen $ro"ecting all variables in the microcube no
aggregation ta*es $lace
4hen $ro"ecting only some variables from the
microcube aggregation occurs
etting elect )rojection Aggregates
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% Business Object XI R3 Designer
etting elect )rojection Aggregates
Statistically only certain select ' $ro"ect aggregates
are com$atible6
"elect Aggregate %ecommended0roect Aggregate
"um "um
Count "um
Average $one or Average (notrecommended)
2aximum 2aximum
2inimum 2inimum
(easure Object )ro'erties 3 De0nitions
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Business Object XI R3 Designer
(easure Object )ro'erties 3 De0nitions
Data /y$e must be a
number
Select must be anaggregate
(easure Object )ro'erties 3 )ro'erties
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1&& Business Object XI R3 Designer
(easure Object )ro'erties 3 )ro'erties
!b"ect /y$e mustbe a measure
9ggregate +unction
must be
a$$ro$riate for the
Select aggregate
Measures should
not have an9ssociated List of
Falues
ie7ing Object )arent Table*s,
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1&1 Business Object XI R3 Designer
ie7ing Object )arent Table*s,
ou can view the $arent tables of an ob"ect by rightE
clic*ing on an ob"ect and selecting the Fiew 9ssociated/able o$tion
Testing (easure Objects
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1&2 Business Object XI R3 Designer
/here are three elements to testing a dimension or detail ob"ect :
Testing (easure Objects
Measure ob"ects need more thorough testing :
3 Chec1 obects exist'
4 Chec1 inferred "56'
7 Chec1 /uery results'
3 Chec1 obectsexist'
4 Chec1 inferred"56'
7' Chec1 /ueryresults'
8' %epeat withotherdimensions'
9 2a1e a /uerywith aminimum oftwo dimensionsand a measure'
:' Chec1proection with"lice ; Dice'
Testing (easure Objects at elect "evel
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1&( Business Object XI R3 Designer
=$/U. B> !ountry,country
=$/U. B> !ountry,country8
$eion,$eion?#ame
Testing (easure Objects at elect "evel
Testing (easure Objects at )roject
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1&) Business Object XI R3 Designer
"evel
An Aggregation )roblem
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1&, Business Object XI R3 Designer
An Aggregation )roblem
/he ;rou$ y clause grou$s each distinct dimension attribute and
$roduces a single measure value for that grou$6 If you are not carefulwhen creating a Buery with dimensions and measures this can result
in misleading information6
What You .ave "earne!
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1&- Business Object XI R3 Designer
What You .ave "earne!
9 measure always has an S#L aggregate function in
the Select statement
9 $ro"ection function can be associated with ameasure to ensure local aggregation in the microcube
0?tensive testing of measure ob"ects is reBuired
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Universe Design XI
Module %: >esolving Loo$s in a Universe
What You Will Be Able To Do
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1&% Business Object XI R3 Designer
What You Will Be Able To Do
Define what a Loo$ is
*e able to resolve recursive table structure loops
*e able to use "hortcut oins and 1now when to use
them as an alternative for resolving loops
Identify when in the design process you resolve loops
Use Designer tools to resolve loops using Aliases andContexts
Detect and recogni
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1& Business Object XI R3 Designer
What is a loo'4
9 loo$ e?ists when the "oins between tables form a continuous $ath
.o7 to !eal 7ith loo's
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11& Business Object XI R3 Designer
.o7 to !eal 7ith loo's
ne of two routines can be used to resolve most loop
situations in the universe structure window'
Alias Detection%outine
ContextDetection
%outine
'''and'''
2ust be done prior tousing detection
routines and donecorrectly' therwise,routines mayrecommend incorrectsolution'
"et Cardinality2anually for All =oins
/ar!inalit# Detection
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111 Business Object XI R3 Designer
/ar!inalit# Detection
Cardinality not set. "et Cardinalities.
Do this manually.
What is an Alias 4
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112 Business Object XI R3 Designer
What is an Alias 4
9n 9lias is an e?act du$licate of the original table
with a new name6 /he data in the table is e?actly thesame6
/he 9lias is used only to resolve the loo$ in the
structure of the universe6 /here is no im$act on theschema of the database 0asy to define
0asy to maintain
0asy to use
When to Alias
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11( Business Object XI R3 Designer
When to Alias
9 loo$ with a single
loo*u$ table shouldbe resolved by an
alias
A loo1up table can be
identi&ed by itscardinality
6 6
6
6
6
+ +
+
+
+
A loo1up table onlyhas the >one? end of
oins attached to itAlias needed here
.o7 to Alias
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11) Business Object XI R3 Designer
o o as
Designer routines
detect loops andcandidates foraliases
*rea1 the loop by
creating an alias ofthe loo1up table foreach side of the loop
"ome designers li1e
to create an aliasfor both sides of theloop'
Do not remove theoriginal table
Detecting an! /reating Aliases
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11, Business Object XI R3 Designer
g g
Use the Alias Detection routine
2anually insert an alias
Use the 6oop Detection routine
+o create an alias table to brea1 a loop, you can.
Using automatic loo' !etection
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11- Business Object XI R3 Designer
g '
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11. Business Object XI R3 Designer
g
Clic1 the Detect Aliases button
+he routine lists
candidate Aliastables
@ou can rename
the Alias tables ifre/uired
Inserting an Alias (anuall#
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11% Business Object XI R3 Designer
g #
"elect the table and clic1 the Insert Alias button
$ame the Alias table and clic1 K
+hen reset the oins manually
/hoosing 7hich Alias (etho! to Use
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11 Business Object XI R3 Designer
g
Method 9dvantages Disadvantages
Detect Loo$s
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12& Business Object XI R3 Designer
g g
@ou can list all aliases in a universe via the +ools
6ist of AliasesB' Drop down menu option'
@ou can also rename an alias via this panel'
Aliases 3 Ti!#ing U' "oose En!s
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121 Business Object XI R3 Designer
# g '
A single obect /uery specifying either the Country of
Client, "howroom or 2a1er will include all countries(Client, "howroom and Car 2a1er countries)'
+o avoid this you can force a oin to the subse/uenttable (client, showroom or ma1er) and thereby forcethe /uery to restrict it ?s output to the relevantcountries for that obect'
@orcing A!!itional 1oins
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122 Business Object XI R3 Designer
g 1
@ou can restrict the data that is returned for an obect
by specifying additional tables in the obect properties'
@ou do this in the+ables box
+he restriction is createdfrom the oins between
the tables
"elect the relevanttable.
Only when this is done for each object relating to a multi-lookup table will they return the correct results if used in asingle object query
Using Aliases in a (ulti tar situation4
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12( Business Object XI R3 Designer
g
$ormali
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12) Business Object XI R3 Designer
If you try to resolve the loop using Aliases.
there is still a loopAll candidates for
Aliases
Using Aliases in a (ulti tar situation4
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12, Business Object XI R3 Designer
and you get duplication of obects
Using Aliases in a (ulti tar situation4
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12- Business Object XI R3 Designer
+he eEective result is two universes.
"alesUniverse
%entalsUniverse
2esolving "oo's using /ontexts
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12. Business Object XI R3 Designer
Customers
"ales "al6ines
6oans 6oans6ines
Country
+here are two possible routesthrough the structure.
"aleF2odel context
%entalF2odel context
A context is merely a collection of A66 the oins on asingle route'Context name G table name on a route with only Hmanycardinality'
2esolving "oo's using /ontexts
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12% Business Object XI R3 Designer
Rental_Model context
Sale_Model context
!ach contextrepresents what may
be inferred in asingle "!6!C+statement'Any /uery whichinfers some "56code exclusive to
one context andsome exclusive tothe other will infertwo separate"!6!C+ statements
A context is
detected for eachroute on which thereis a table with ustHmany cardinality'
Detecting an! /reating /ontexts
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12 Business Object XI R3 Designer
HDetect Contexts detects andproposes a list of contexts to create
6oop Detection routine. suggestscandidates for both aliases and contexts
HInsert Contexts inserts a contextmanually
Dis'la# the contexts 3 ie7 "ist (o!e
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1(& Business Object XI R3 Designer
E!iting /ontexts
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1(1 Business Object XI R3 Designer
Double clic1 the context in the 6ist 2ode window
+he context name
+he highlighted oinsare included in thecontext
+he descriptionappears in the Usermodule Jelp panel
"oo' Detection routine : the !ra7bac&
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1(2 Business Object XI R3 Designer
-hen you use 6oop Detection and detect a number of
loops.
+he routine does not oEer the Alias candidates &rst,
so you may have to update the Contexts after youhave added the Alias tables
6oop 3 of 3
e9uence for resolving loo's
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1(( Business Object XI R3 Designer
3' "et cardinality on all oins (best to do this manually)
4' Use Detect Aliasesto detect candidates for aliases
7' Insert all re/uired alias tables and oins
8' Use Detect Contextsto detect candidates for contexts
9' Create the re/uired contexts
:' +est in the User module
hortcut 1oins
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1() Business Object XI R3 Designer
If a /uery includes
Client and Country but$+ %egion, the%egion oins are stillneeded in the "56'
*ut oining Country toClient directly createsa loop
IneEecientL
hortcut 1oins : the solution
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1(, Business Object XI R3 Designer
!dit the oin to create a "hortcut oin.
+his is not a 6oopL
*e aware of existing Contexts when you add the oin."hortcut oins are not automatically added
2ecursive table structures
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1(- Business Object XI R3 Designer
+hese occur when a table acts as a loo1up for itself
!ach !mployee has a 2anager, who is also an !mployee
*ut adding a "elf =oincreates a single table
loop where thecardinality is un1nown
+hese loops must beresolved manually
2ecursive table structures : thesolution
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1(. Business Object XI R3 Designer
solution Create an Alias of the loo1up table
2anually set the cardinality
+est the results in the user module
Test the structure of a universe
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1(% Business Object XI R3 Designer
Chec1 the syntax
+est in the User 2odule
What You .ave "earne!
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1( Business Object XI R3 Designer
4hat a Loo$ is
Jow and when to resolve a loop using aliases andcontexts
+he se/uence for resolving loops
Jow to apply shortcut oins
Jow to resolve a selfoin
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Universe Design XI
Module :
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1)1 Business Object XI R3 Designer
Understand the $ur$ose of using conte?ts in auniverse
>ecogni8e and be able to resolve ecogni8e and be able to resolve +an /ra$s
What are /ontexts
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1)2 Business Object XI R3 Designer
9 conte?t is sim$ly a list of "oins denoting a $ath
between tables6
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1)( Business Object XI R3 Designer
9lternative routes do 7!/ only e?ist in loo$ scenarios6
Loo$* Routes + * onte-ts
onte-t .
onte-t *
+or*
onte-t .
onte-t *
* Routes + * onte-ts
.o7 /ontexts are Detecte!
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1)) Business Object XI R3 Designer
9 se$arate conte?t is identified for each table with
only the manyG end of "oins attached:
/he "oins in a conte?t are identified by wor*ing bac*
from the table with only the manyG end of "oins
attached E manyEone manyEone6
I!entif#ing ho7 man# /ontexts arere9uire!
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1), Business Object XI R3 Designer
9 ou can arrange your universe structure so that all "oins are flowing
from the manyG ends at the left to the oneG ends at the right6
6umber ofcontexts
re9uire! -
I!entif#ing the joins that ma&e u' a/ontext
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1)- Business Object XI R3 Designer
/he forward flowing "oins form the Sale conte?t 7o "oins flowing
bac* from one tomany are included
Wh# A''l# /ontexts
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1). Business Object XI R3 Designer
/o resolve +an /ra$s
/o avoid
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1)% Business Object XI R3 Designer
+or a
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1) Business Object XI R3 Designer
Multi$le instances of a single dimension in results
a Buery
with
ob"ects
from each
of the
manyGtables
te' - te' +
Deny Multi$le S#L Statements for each measure
te'
many
to one
to
manyG
/hasm Tra' )roof 3 E5ect
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1,& Business Object XI R3 Designer
Test +
Test -
Test
/hasm Tra' )roof 3 %"
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1,1 Business Object XI R3 Designer
Test +
Test -
Test
The problem on test 9 arises because the processin of a sinle
SELE!T statement produces a sinle virtual loical table toapply areation,
/hasm Tra' )roof 3 %" "ogical Table
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1,2 Business Object XI R3 Designer
Test Test +
@here you have a many-one-manyrelationship for tables in the $/% clause
the resultin loical table produces somethin a(in to a !artesian .roduct,
/nly then is areation applied, This is the reason for the chasm effect,
/hasm Tra' 3 olution
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1,( Business Object XI R3 Designer
=ow can we avoid the chasm tra$
y inferring two se$arate S0L0
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1,) Business Object XI R3 Designer
1 9lter the S#L $arameters for the Universe
2 Use
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1,, Business Object XI R3 Designer
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1,- Business Object XI R3 Designer
1A I7E9
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1,. Business Object XI R3 Designer
9$$ly a conte?t to each leg of the
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1,% Business Object XI R3 Designer
4ith the conte?ts in $lace both measure ob"ect
Bueries and dimension ob"ect Bueries dis$laycorrectly:
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1, Business Object XI R3 Designer
+or a +an /ra$ to occur there must be:
J
/hen a "uer& is run which uses objectsand
the in!erred #$% includes tables and
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1-& Business Object XI R3 Designer
+or a +an /ra$ to occur there must be:
te' +
one to
many tomanyG
a Buery
with a
measure
ob"ect from
the Sale Hanother
from the
SaleNModel
table
te' -
Multi$le SaleNModel rows related to a single Sale row
/lassic @an Tra' )roof 3 E5ect
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1-1 Business Object XI R3 Designer
Test +
Test -
/lassic @an Tra' )roof 3 %"
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1-2 Business Object XI R3 Designer
Test +
Test -
The problem on test 2 arises because theprocessin of a sinle SELE!T statement
produces a sinle virtual loical table to
apply areation,
/lassic @an Tra' )roof 3 %" "ogicalTable
Test + Test -
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1-( Business Object XI R3 Designer
@here you have a one-many-manyrelationship for tables in the $/% clausethe resultin loical table produces somethin a(in to a !artesian .roduct,
/nly then is areation applied, This is the reason for the fan effect,
Test + Test -
/lassic @an Tra' 3 olution
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1-) Business Object XI R3 Designer
=ow can we avoid the fan tra$
y inferring two se$arate S0L0
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1-, Business Object XI R3 Designer
1 9lter the S#L $arameters for the Universe
2 Use a combination of 9liases and
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1-- Business Object XI R3 Designer
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1-. Business Object XI R3 Designer
1A I7E9
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1-% Business Object XI R3 Designer
(A Set
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1- Business Object XI R3 Designer
9lias H
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1.& Business Object XI R3 Designer
7ow a Buery involving a measure and
another ob"ect from a subseBuent table inthe table $ath of a universe structure56
556results in 2 S0L0
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1.1 Business Object XI R3 Designer
J
9
estrictions
What You Will Be Able To Do
e able to a$$ly restrictions to ob"ects
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1., Business Object XI R3 Designer
Know when it is a$$ro$riate to use each of these
techniBues
e able to a$$ly restrictions to ob"ects
e able to create condition ob"ects
e able to a$$ly restrictions to tables
e able to restrict ob"ects using additional "oins
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Universe Design XI
Module 11: Using O +unctions
.o7 The /ourse is Organi8e!3 Da# -
% > l i L i U i
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1.. Business Object XI R3 Designer
%6 >esolving Loo$s in a Universe
6 >estrictions
1&6 Using O +unctions
116 Lists of Falues
126 =ierarchies
What You Will Be Able To Do
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1.% Business Object XI R3 Designer
Know what O +unctions are available
7ote: O9ggregate9ware is covered later in the course
e able to a$$ly them
Know what O +unctions do
The F @unctions
/he O +unctions available are:
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1. Business Object XI R3 Designer
/he O +unctions available are:
/hese +unctions are a$$lied
in the Select and 4here bo?es
of ob"ects
/hey are used to $rovide
fle?ible methods of s$ecifying
S#L
F)rom't Orom$t is $laced in an ob"ect as $art of the Select or 4here
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1%& Business Object XI R3 Designer
$ro$erties
4hen a Buery is run that includes the ob"ect the O$rom$t of the ob"ect
forces a $rom$t bo? to a$$ear
F)rom't #ntax
SHOWROOM SHOWROOM NAME = @PROMPT
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1%1 Business Object XI R3 Designer
SHOWROOM.SHOWROOM_NAME = @PROMPT
Free or constrained (to value in o!".. #onstrained
$Enter S%o&roo' Na'e)T%e *ro'*t++++++++++++.
$A),ata T-*e (A) N or ,"..+++++++.
$S%o&roo'S%o&roo')o! Pointer..+++++++++++..
Or %ardcoded list / 0$A)$1)$#2
Mono)Mono or 'ulti (o! selection"+++..
(
"
O*erator de*endent on o*erand
Felect OSelect function acts as a $ointer to the Select bo? of another ob"ect:
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1%2 Business Object XI R3 Designer
OSelect @
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1%( Business Object XI R3 Designer
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1%) Business Object XI R3 Designer
the
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1%, Business Object XI R3 Designer
a te?t file to define UserEs$ecific conditions in an ob"ect:
#/1usinessO34ects1uso34.e5e 6vars 1ovars.t5t
#O7NTR8 = 9APAN
Fariable : 7ith )ersonal @iles3Dra7bac&s >eBuires locali8ed administration of the te?t file by the
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1%- Business Object XI R3 Designer
eBu es oca ed ad st at o o t e te t e by t e
Designer ' Su$ervisor
/he command string must be changed on every
User Gs < to include the Evars Pte?tfile6t?tQ argument
Security can be a $roblem as a te?t file on a < is
o$en to local amendment
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1%. Business Object XI R3 Designer
usiness!b"ects variables to define UserEs$ecific
conditions in an ob"ect:
1O7SER
1OPASS
W%ere clause/E'*lo-ees.E'*lo-ee_Na'e = @!aria3le($1O7SER"
Restricts data returned to t%at relatin: to t%e 7sers lo:in na'e
Fcri't
9llows use of a variable declared in a F9 scri$t
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1%% Business Object XI R3 Designer
$
/he scri$t smotors G runs the country selection $rocess
What You .ave "earne!
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1% Business Object XI R3 Designer
4hat O functions are available
4hat each O functions does
=ow to a$$ly O functions to enhance the fle?ibility of
a universe
.o7 Data is 2estricte!
/he 4here clause in an S#L statement restricts the
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1& Business Object XI R3 Designer
/he 4here clause in an S#L statement restricts the
number of rows returned in the result set:
W.E2E;;; join !e0nitions ;;;
W.E2E;;; join !e0nitions ;;;A6D /ountr#GUnite!
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11 Business Object XI R3 Designer
4here clause in different ways:Designers: Users:
/here clause in objects9reating a
condition object9
=sing a condition
object9
#el!>Restricting ?oins9
)dditional ?oin
In!ormation9
De!ining a condition9
@iltering a report9
2estricting Objects
9dding a restriction to an ob"ect allows you to give a
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12 Business Object XI R3 Designer
9dding a restriction to an ob"ect allows you to give a
more $recise definition:
2estricting Objects3 the Dra7bac&s
ou have to add a new ob"ect for each se$arate
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1( Business Object XI R3 Designer
Multi$le ob"ects $revent you from building logical
default hierarchies6
" $
restriction6
/he restrictions are not obvious to the end user6
If a combination of similarly restricted ob"ects isincluded in a Buery no results are $roduced because
the conditions conflict:
The User ex'ects !ata for both @rench an!$erman clients> but gets no results> becauseno client is both @rench an! $erman
@orexam'le3
2estricting Objects3 A!vantages
/he one advantage of a$$lying restrictions to ob"ects
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1) Business Object XI R3 Designer
g $$ y g "
is that the User is automatically forced to a$$ly therestriction E no choice6
!n balance it is better to avoid a$$lying restrictions to
an ob"ect unless this is absolutely necessary6
/his assists with ease of use6
2estricting Objects : a Wor&aroun! If you a$$ly restrictions to ob"ects for Sales >evenue
1% d 1
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1, Business Object XI R3 Designer
1% and 1:
/hese drawbac*s a$$ly: multi$le ob"ects conflicting
restrictions6
2estricting Objects : a Wor&aroun! Use conditional Select clauses rather than restrictions
b" t
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1- Business Object XI R3 Designer
on ob"ects:
Multi$le ob"ects but no conflicting restrictions
/on!ition Objects
Useful for com$le? conditions and for freBuently used
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1. Business Object XI R3 Designer
Useful for com$le? conditions and for freBuently used
conditions
etter than a$$lying restrictions to !b"ects because
the User can choose to add the condition
7o multi$le ob"ects
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1% Business Object XI R3 Designer
"
Insert a
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1 Business Object XI R3 Designer
switch between 2 or more domains you can a$$ly a
restriction to the table using a Self >estricting 3oin
The A!vantage of using Table2estrictions /he restriction is a$$lied whenever the table is inferred
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2&& Business Object XI R3 Designer
in the S#L irres$ective of where in the S#L statementthe table is inferred6
+or e?am$le if the table only a$$ears in the +>!M
clause the restriction still a$$lies in the 4=0>0
clause6
(ulti )ur'ose "oo&u' Tables
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2&1 Business Object XI R3 Designer
9 Buery 4hich countries do our clients come fromG
may also include countries that are Showroom
countries or
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2&2 Business Object XI R3 Designer
by s$ecifying additional tables in the ob"ect $ro$erties6 ou do this in the
/ables bo?
/he restriction is created
from the "oins between
the tables
Select the relevant
table:
When to Use each 2estriction (etho!
9$$ly >estrictions to !b"ects when you need to force
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2&( Business Object XI R3 Designer
a restriction which is not automatically inferredwhenever the table is included in the S#L6
Use
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2&) Business Object XI R3 Designer
restrictions on ob"ects
=ow to use $redefined
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Universe Design XI
Module 12: List of Falues
What You Will Be Able To Do 9ssociate or remove a List of Falues @LoFA for an
b" t
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2&- Business Object XI R3 Designer
ase a LoF on a $ersonal file
ob"ect
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2&. Business Object XI R3 Designer
9 LoF is used on the o$erand side of a condition in
the Buery $anel of the User module
/his is only available if set by the designer
columns to which the ob"ect refers
.o7 !o "ists of alues 7or&4
9 designer can create a LoF which is based on:
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2&% Business Object XI R3 Designer
9 designer can create a LoF which is based on:
9 Buery of the target database
9 constant set of values held in a file
In both cases the result is stored locally in a file on
the User Gs
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2& Business Object XI R3 Designer
y default
9ssociate a List
and 9llow Users to
edit are chec*ed:
It is im$ortant to
unchec* this bo?
for ob"ects thatdonGt need a List
/ontrolling .o7 "ists are 2efreshe!
7ormally the first time a LoF is used in a User login
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21& Business Object XI R3 Designer
session the system fires a Buery at the targetdatabase6
/he results of this Buery are used to $o$ulate the list
and are stored in the 6lov file6
/hereafter the 6lov file from this Buery is used each
time the List is reBuired6
/ontrolling .o7 "ists are 2efreshe!
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211 Business Object XI R3 Designer
7ot normally used E
unchec* this bo?
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212 Business Object XI R3 Designer
condition to the LoF
ou can sim$lify the $rocess of choosing a value for
Users by creating a hierarchy for the LoF
ou can su$$ly a $ersonal data file containing the
values for the list instead of using the results of the
Buery
A''l#ing a /on!ition to a "ist of alues
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21( Business Object XI R3 Designer
9$$ly the condition in the #uery
anel:
/reating a .ierarch# for a "ist of alues
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21) Business Object XI R3 Designer
lace the hierarchy ob"ects @whichmust be sortedA to the right of the
LoF ob"ect in the #uery anel:
/reating a .ierarch# for a "ist of alues /he resulting =ierarchical Fiew of the LoF ma*es it
easier to select the reBuired value:
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21, Business Object XI R3 Designer
easier to select the reBuired value:
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21- Business Object XI R3 Designer
Select the ob"ect:
Select ersonal Data:
Basing a "o on a )ersonal @ile
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21. Business Object XI R3 Designer
S$ecify the file that contains the values for the list
and clic* !K
What You .ave "earne!
=ow to associate or remove a LoF for an ob"ect
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21% Business Object XI R3 Designer
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Universe Design XI
Module 1(: =ierarchies
What You Will Be Able To Do
!rgani8e Default =ierarchies for o$timum usability
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22& Business Object XI R3 Designer
/est =ierarchies in the User module
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221 Business Object XI R3 Designer
U,,
#orth South
Liverpool %anchester #e&castle London Southampton Bristol
Level in +ierarchy Data $eturned
9 Default =ierarchy is the hierarchy based on the
order of the !b"ects within the
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222 Business Object XI R3 Designer
"
Default +ierarchies arerepresented in the User
module by the order in &hichDimension /b5ects areorani'ed in the !lasses and/b5ects bo- of the Query.anel
The
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22( Business Object XI R3 Designer
Dimension !b"ects are organi8ed from the mostgeneral to the most s$ecific within the
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22) Business Object XI R3 Designer
Top Level
Level C
Level 2
Level 9
9 Measure can be analy8ed at each level
9
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22, Business Object XI R3 Designer
Default +ierarchies
!ustom +ierarchy
/reating /ustom .ierarchies
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22- Business Object XI R3 Designer
9dd !b"ects from Default =ierarchies to build a new
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22. Business Object XI R3 Designer
7o Default =ierarchies are shown
The E5ect of /ustom on Default.ierarchies Selected Default =ierarchies can be added to the
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22% Business Object XI R3 Designer
Wh# Is Time A 'ecial /ase4
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22 Business Object XI R3 Designer
Sale Date26*CC*1
%onth >ear
Quarter
Day
/reating Time .ierarchies
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2(& Business Object XI R3 Designer
9utomatic /ime =ierarchies
Using Database +unctions
/able ased /ime =ierarchies
What You .ave "earne!
=ow to organi8e Default =ierarchies for o$timum
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2(1 Business Object XI R3 Designer
=ow to organi8e Default =ierarchies for o$timum
usability
=ow to create
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Universe Design XI
Module 1): 9ggregate 9wareness
What You Will Be Able To Do
Understand the reasons for using 9ggregate
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2(( Business Object XI R3 Designer
9wareness
Know when to a$$ly 9ggregate 9wareness
e able to a$$ly 9ggregate 9wareness
What is Aggregate A7areness
Some databases have Summary /ableswhich contain
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2() Business Object XI R3 Designer
figures aggregated to a high level6
/hese are used to s$eed u$ Bueries which contain
statistics @for e?am$le >evenueA re$orted at for
instance year rather than event level6
9ggregate 9wareness is the usiness!b"ects
$rocess by which these higher level aggregates are
incor$orated into a universe6
ummar# Tables
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2(, Business Object XI R3 Designer
/he other columns relateto ob"ects that reBuire
O9ggregate9ware
definitions
+oreign Key columns
are used for the "oins
7ote that Summary /ables without +oreign Keys donot need "oins E they can be free floating tables6
.o7 ummar# Tables are use! in %" 9ggregates of a normali8ed database are based on event ' fact level
data6Sale SaleNModel Model
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2(- Business Object XI R3 Designer
22- rows 2(( rows (( rows
Sales >evenue R sum@S9L0NM!D0L6S9L0N#/ M!D0L6M!D0LN>I
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2(. Business Object XI R3 Designer
set "oins and cardinality
2 Set the conte?ts
( >edefine ob"ects using O9ggregate9ware
) Define incom$atible ob"ects using 9ggregate
7avigation
te' +3 Inserting a ummar# Table C etting1oins
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2(% Business Object XI R3 Designer
9dd the Summary /able to the structure
Set the "oins and the
cardinality
te' -3 Detecting /ontexts
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2( Business Object XI R3 Designer
Set the conte?ts /he 9nnualN+iguresconte?t
te' 3 2e!e0ning Objects
0dit the ob"ects affected by the Summary /able6
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2)& Business Object XI R3 Designer
O9ggregate9ware Synta?: O9ggregate9ware@Definition1Definition25Definition7A
+rom the most to the least 9ggregated
/he last definition must be valid for all the Bueries
te' 3 Incom'atible Objects
9ggregate aware ob"ects can only be com$atible with ob"ects derived
from tables in the same conte?t as the summary table
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2)1 Business Object XI R3 Designer
Incom$atible ob"ects are s$ecified using 9ggregate 7avigation
te' 3 Aggregate 6avigation
/he 9ggregate 7avigation bo? is o$ened from the
/ools menu
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2)2 Business Object XI R3 Designer
Select the Summary
/able:
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2)( Business Object XI R3 Designer
>un Bueries using the aggregated measures from the
Summary /able6
Use both com$atible ob"ects and incom$atibleob"ects in different Bueries to ma*e sure all levels of
9ggregate 9wareness are o$erating correctly6
Aggregate A7areness as )referential/o!ing /he aggregate awareness functionality in
usiness!b"ects can be viewed sim$ly as a method
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2)) Business Object XI R3 Designer
of s$ecifying $referential or conditional coding6
4hen viewed from this $ers$ective you can begin to
see the true $otential of aggregate awareness
functionality within the Designer module6
9ggregate awareness functionality can be used for
$ur$oses other than ta*ing into account summary
tables to im$rove the efficiency of a universe6
Using Agg; A7areness to resolve a @anTra'
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2), Business Object XI R3 Designer
+an tra$s are generally resolved using the alias and
conte?t method e?$lored in the
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2)- Business Object XI R3 Designer
/he 0fficiency Issue
/hilst this standard !an tarp
solution resolves the !an trapissue should objects A and are
used in the same "uer&, i! a "uer&
involves onl& objects Jandno
!an trap e-ists and &et table 9will
still be rocessed twice once as
=sing the standard method o!resolving a !an trap we would
have to alias table 9, create a
join !rom the alias 9nto table
9and set cardinalities, set
conte-ts and 9nC edit objectso that it re!ers to columns
in the alias 9nrather then
table 92J
9
9n
* An
J
9
structure onl& involves two tables,instead o! three2
2ecommen!e! olution
1A
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2). Business Object XI R3 Designer
J
9
9n2A
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2)% Business Object XI R3 Designer
9s the designer you must ma*e usiness!b"ects
aware of the correct level of aggregation to use6
It is im$ortant that you follow the $rocedure in the
correct seBuence:1 9dd the S/ set "oins and cardinalities62 Set the conte?ts6( 9$$ly O9ggregate9ware to affected ob"ects6) Set 9ggregate 7avigation6
9ggregate awareness functionality can also be usedto resolve issues other than that for which it was
originally intended6
U i D i XI
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Universe Design XI
Module 1,: Documenting Distributing H
Maintaining a Universe
What You Will Be Able To Do
i t i f ti b t th i
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rint information about the universe
Understand the Universe Distribution rocess
e able to e?$ort a universe to the >e$ository
Know how changes to the target database affect a
universe
Know how changes to ob"ects will affect e?isting end
user re$orts
Select the /ools !$tions menu then clic* on the rint
tab to select what to $rint
Documenting a Universe
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Select the +ile rint menu to $rint
.hase 9
Universe Design /#cle
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/there are two ty$es of distribution: small and large scale
.hase 6
.hase
.hase
.hase
.hase C"2
Small Scale Distribution
mall cale Universe Distribution
S d i 0 M il User E5or
t
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Send 6unv via 0EMail
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ile serverAccess controlledBy net&or( security
Business /b5ectsUniverse
%otors2(,unv7Shared !onnection;
S:FDesinerS:FTest
Business /b5ects
Universe
%otors2(,unv7.ersonal!onnection;
ave for All Users
-, /reate(i!!le7are Driver
/reate(i!!le7are
Driver
Enter'rise Distribution *ecure!,
Business /b5ects
U i
ull !lient
@ebi server
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Business/b5ectsrepositoryE-port
%otors2(,unv7Secured !onnection;
Business /b5ects
Universe
Supervisor in controlUser based security
allocated to user roups
las created *incremented
%otors2(,unv
Universe Domain #ame
%otors2(,unv
Universe Domain #ame
Universe
,unv flas
chec(ed&hen used
he Designer e-ports a universe to the universe domain and allocates
universe access to one o! the groups o! users he or she belongs to
Ex'orting a Universe
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he !lags attached to the universe are incremental2 his guarantees the user
will use the most recent version o! the universe
DesignerDesigner
RepositoryRepository $niverse Do&ain
Docu&ent Do&ain
Securit! Do&ain
@ull /lient %uer# )rocess
Universe Designer
C usiness!b"ectsCusiness!b"ects , &CLocData
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>e$ository
Database
6unv6unv
6unv
S#L
6re$
5Cusiness!b"ects Cusiness !b"ects ,6&CUniverse CPUniverseDomain 7ameQ
+ull
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>e$ository
Database
6unv6unv
=//
S#L
6html
6html
/hin
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/ables deleted changed or renamed in database Users reBuest new classes or ob"ects
+ip. Do not distribute new versions ofuniverses too fre/uentlyL
$ote. @our primary concern when you
introduce a new version of a universeshould be what eEect it will have onexisting end user reports
/hanges to the Target Database
/he im$lications of modifying the underlying
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Minimal Im$act:
)dding new columns )dding new tables
;reater Im$act:
RenamingLmoving database hanging e-isting column
and table names Deleting tables and columns
/he im$lications of modifying the underlyingdatabase for usiness!b"ects universes varies in
severity:
Detecting /hanges to the Universe
efresh Structure
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Minimal Im$act:
Rede!ining Object #$%' Renaming an Object' op&ing to di!!erent lass' ;oving in same lass or to a di!!erent lass' )dding new Objects
;reaterIm$act:
Deleting an e-istingObject
' Deleting and then recreating an object with e-actl& the same
de!inition
Universe:
/he wor*flow is:
A!!ing 6e7 Tables to an ExistingUniverse
A tables to the universe structure
* ) i i li i
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Delete e(isting conte(ts
Detect aliases
Detect conte(ts
"reate new ob)ects
Set up hierarchies
*nsert )oins an set carinalities
What You .ave "earne!
=ow to $rint information about a universe
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=ow to $rint information about a universe
Understand the Universe Distribution rocess
=ow to e?$ort a universe to the >e$ository
=ow changes to the target database affect a universe
=ow changes to ob"ects will affect e?isting end user
re$orts
Universe Design XI
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Universe Design XI
Module 1-: Lin*ing Universes
What You Will Be Able To Do
Know when it might be a$$ro$riate to consider lin*ing
one universe to another
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one universe to another e able to lin* universes
e able to include universes
"in&ing Universes
4ithin a universe @A it is $ossible to dynamically lin* to another
universe @9A6
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Universe A
Universe B
Universe
A
/his has the effect of ma*ing it a$$ear as though the classes
ob"ects and structure of universe 9 are $art of universe 6=owever they are "ust a loo*u$ @signified by the fact they are
greyed outA to universe 9 and can not be edited in universe 6
Wh# "in& Universes 3 The
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are effectively coding the same ob"ects several times over6 y
lin*ing you could avoid this6
ernel A
Derived B Derived !
Universe
A
Universe
A
.ol!s coreobjects
E!it objectsstructure in
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Lin*ing only lin*s in classes ob"ects and structure from one
universe to another6 It does not lin* conte?ts6 /he conte?ts of
the derived universe will have to be altered to accommodate thelin*ed tables "oins6
/he lin*ed structure will have to be "oined to the native structure
of the derived universe to avoid
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/he lin*ed universe structure and ob"ects cannot be edited in the
derived universe
/he lin*ed universe should be treated as though they were newtables inserted in the derived universe6 /he same $rocedure
should be a$$lied @i6e6insert new "oins and edit conte?tsA6
Wh# "in& Universes 3 Inclu!e */o'#, 9nother $ossible reason for lin*ing universes is that you wish to
co$y all the classes ob"ects and structure from one universe to
another6 ou could do this by first lin*ing from universe to 9
and then use the Include function to sever the lin* thus ma*ing
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and then use the Include function to sever the lin* thus ma*ing
the classes ob"ects and structure of universe 9 $art of universe
6 In effect this is a way of Buic*ly co$ying everything in one
universe to another
Universe B
Universe AUniverseA
"I6
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What You .ave "earne!
Designers must be aware of changes to the
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Designers must be aware of changes to theunderlying databases and the im$lications these have
for their universes
Lin*ing universes can ma*e maintenance easier
/here are several different a$$roaches to lin*inguniverses
ou can also include universes
% ti 4
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%uestions 4
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