Crops for the Future (BiomassPLUS)
Small Scale Power Production for Rural Communities
Presented by: Chai Shuea Li
Table of Contents Content Page
Energy Poverty 3
Malaysian’s Rural Communities 4-5
Malaysia’s Biomass Power Potential 6
Biomass Conversion Technology 7-9
Biomass Crop Selection and Analysis 10-16
Pre-treatment 17
Gasification 18-22
Benefits 23
Q&A 24
2
Energy Poverty
� Lack of access to modern energy services
� Affects 1.3 billion people in the world
� Poor economic development
3
Malaysia’s Rural Communities
89%
4% 4% 3% H/hold Electrical Access
24 hours
< 24 hours
Self-owned Generator
No access
Adapted from: Department of Statistics, 2010
4
Why? � Low population density � Remote locations with unkind terrain
� Far from national electrical grids � Expensive and difficult to manage
5
Malaysia’s Biomass Power Potential
� Hot and humid throughout the year � Annual rainfall levels- ~2000mm � Ideal for dense tropical growth and
agricultural vegetation � Palm oil industry generates 81.2Mt in 2012 � Biomass power potential -1300MW/year
6
Biomass Gasification
� Converts carbonaceous material (i.e. biomass) into useful gaseous products (syngas)
� Partial oxidation at high temperature (700-1000 °C)
� Gases produced : CH4 , CO2 , N2 , syngas � Syngas : CO + H2
8
Why Gasification?
� Basic technology is proven � Flexibility in installation and operation
� Social and environmental benefits
9
Biomass Crop Selection
� Wide range of sources � General criteria:
1. Abundance (pre-existing) or high dry matter yielding capability (dedicated crop)
2. High calorific value 3. Low moisture affinity 4. Low ash content 5. High volatile matter and fixed carbon
content
10
Project’s Biomass Crop
Napier Grass
Oil Palm Fronds
11
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Oil Palm Fronds
12
Proximate Analysis (% by weight basis)
Moisture Ash Volatile matter Fixed Carbon HHV (MJ/kg)
9.82 4.84 83.28 11.88 16.9989
6.30* 16.90* 49.70* 27.10* 21.5076*
10.4~ 1.3~ 70.4~ 17.9~ 11.29
Ultimate Analysis (% by weight basis)
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulphur
45.05 5.86 48.82 0.23 0.04
71.70* 5.70* 13.10* 1.8* 7.70*
48.52~ 6.39~ 44.78~ 0.25~ 0.26~
Coal
Coal
Sawdust
Adapted from: (1) * Scala,2014 and (2) ~ Kiu, 2013
Sawdust
Napier Grass
15
Proximate Analysis (% by weight basis)
Moisture Ash Volatile matter Fixed Carbon HHV (MJ/kg)
30.07 6.31 85.52 8.17 16.7284
7.72±0.14^ 8.34±0.17^ 74.78±0.98^ 9.15±0.93^ 18.31^
6.30* 16.90* 49.70* 27.10* 21.5076*
10.4~ 1.3~ 70.4~ 17.9~ 11.29
Ultimate Analysis (% by weight basis)
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulphur
45.096 5.94 48.52 0.45 0.00
38.94^ 4.80^ 47.75^ 0.73^ 0.08^
71.70* 5.70* 13.10* 1.8* 7.70*
48.52~ 6.39~ 44.78~ 0.25~ 0.26~
Coal
Coal
Sawdust
Sawdust
Adapted from: (1) Chuchottaworn & Aggarangsi, n.d. (2) * Scala,2014 and (3) ~ Kiu, 2013
Napier
Napier
What do we do with it?
17
Harvesting and Transportation
Chipping/chopping
Drying
(Grinding and Pelletising)
Storage
Biomass Gasifier (Fluidized Bed)
18
Key Advantages ü Uniform product gas
and temperature distribution
ü Accepts a wide range particle sizes
ü HIGH rates of heat transfer between inert material, fuel, and gas
ü HIGH conversion with low amounts of tar and unconverted carbon
ü LOW maintenance
Syngas
Gen-set
Biomass
Steps Involved in Gasification
20
1 • Heating and Pyrolysis (devolatilisation)
2 • Secondary Reaction of Volatile Matter
3 • Char Gasification
Char gasification reactions
Water-gas reaction: C+ H2O + heat CO + H2
Boudouard reaction: C+ CO2 + heat 2CO
Methanation: C+ 2H2 CH4
Water-gas shift reaction: CO+ H2O CO + 3H2
21
Power Generation
� Available biomass – Oil Palm Fronds (OPF) ◦ Total availability 200 dry tonne/year ◦ Operational hours 2400 hours / year (8 hours/day, 300 days)
� Theoretical power generation for OPF ◦ Gasifier output 30kWh ◦ Higher heating value 16.9989 MJ/kg ◦ Required dried OPF per hour 6.35kg ◦ Power generated per day 240kW
22
Benefits • Rural electrification • Clean, renewable energy source • Improved environment, economy, social security • Sustainable future
23
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