Biology 2
Exam 4 Lecture Packet
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Vertebrate Adaptations
Chordate Evolution:
Key Fish Characteristics
All:
Most:
Classification:
Modes of Reproduction:
Ovuliparous:
Oviparous:
Ovoviviparous:
Viviparous:
Fish Classification:
Superclass: Agnatha
Hagfish:
Lamprey:
Superclass: Gnathostomata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Sharks:
Order: Lamniformes (16 species)
Order: Carcharhiniformes (210 species)
Order: Orectolobiniformes (44 species)
Order Rajiformes (Skates)
Order Myliobatiformes (Rays)
Subclass: Holocephali
Osteichthyes
Class: Sarcopterygii
Class: Actinopterygii
Basic anatomy
Fish Classification
Class: Sarcopterygii
Coelocanths
Lungfish
Class: Actinopterygii
Infraclass: Holostei
Infraclass: Teleostei
Superorder: Osteoglossomorpha
Superorder: Elopomorpha
Superorder: Clupeiformorpha
Superorder: Ostariphysi
Superorder: Protacanthopterygii
Superorder: Stomiatii
Superorder: Scopelomorpha
Superorder: Acanthopterygii
Origin of Tetrapods
Advantages of Terrestriality
Lungs and Double Circulatory System
Nasal Openings
Body Density
Girdles
Pectoral
Pelvic
Vertebrae
Ribs
Skull and Neck
Cervical vertebrae
Second vertebrae
“Fishapod” – Tiktaalik
Fish Features:
Tetrapod Features:
Class: Amphibia
Order: Urodela
Order: Anurans
Order: Apodans
Evolution of the Amniotic Egg
Amnion:
Yolk Sac
Albumin:
Allantois:
Chorion:
How Reptiles Differ from Amphibians
Reptile Classes:
Anapsids:
Synapsids:
Diapsids:
Class: Testidunes (Chelonia)
Class: Sphenodontia
Class: Squamata
Lizards:
Snakes:
Feeding Adaptations
Class: Crocodilia
Dinosaurs and Pterosaurs
Animal Circulation and Gas Exchange
Circulation in Animals
Gastrovascular Cavity
Open Circulatory Systems
Closed Circulatory Systems
Cardiovascular Systems
Heart:
Arteries:
Arterioles:
Capillaries:
Venules:
Veins:
Circulation in Invertebrates:
Clam:
Worm:
Crayfish
Circulation Patterns
Evolution of the Vertebrate Heart
Two Chambers:
Two Chambers plus Septa:
Three Chambers:
Four Chambers:
Human Heart
Anterior and Posterior Vena Cava
Right Atria
Atrioventricular (AV) Valve (tricuspid)
Right Ventricle
Semilunar Valve
Pulmonary Arteries
Lungs
Pulmonary Veins
Left Atria
Atrioventricular (AV) Valve (bicuspid)
Left Ventricle
Semilunar Valve
Aorta
Body
Circulatory Schemes
Cardiac Cycle:
Diastole Atrial Systole Ventricular Systole
Contract
Valves
Time
Function
Cardiac Output:
Two Factors:
Average Human:
Cardiac Control:
Annelids and Mollusks:
Arthropods:
Vertebrates:
Control of Heart Rhythm:
Sinoatrial node:
Atrioventricular node:
Blood Vessels:
Vessels:
Arteries:
Veins:
Capillaries:
Lymphatic System:
Interchange of Fluids
Hydrostatic Pressure:
Osmotic Pressure:
Mammalian Blood Composition:
Plasma Cellular Elements:
Erythrocytes:
Leukocytes:
Platelets:
Blood Clotting:
Blood Pressure:
Systolic:
Diastolic:
Cardiovascular Disease:
Hypertension:
Heart Attack:
Stroke:
Atherosclerosis:
Arteriosclerosis:
LDL’s
HDL’s
Cardiovascular “Surgeries”
Angiogram:
Angioplasty
Stents:
Bypass Surgery:
Gas Exchange
Conditions for Respiratory Surfaces:
Aquatic vs. Terrestrial Habitats
Respiratory Surfaces
Cutaneous Respiration:
Gills:
Countercurrent Gas Exchange:
Tracheal Systems:
Tracheae:
Spiracles:
Tracheoles:
Muscle:
Lungs:
Diffusion:
Ventilation Lungs:
Diffusion Lungs:
Ventilation Lungs:
Ventilating the Lung
Avian Respiration:
Breathing Control
Oxygen Transportation:
Carbon Dioxide Transportation:
Deep Diving Mammals
The Body Defenses
Innate Immunity:
Acquired Immunity
Innate Immunity
In Invertebrates:
In Vertebrates:
Barrier Defenses:
Internal Defenses:
Phagocytic White Blood Cells
Neutrophils:
Monocytes:
Eosinophils:
The Inflammatory Response
Antimicrobial Proteins
Compliment System:
Interferon:
Natural Killer Cells:
Acquired Immunity - Lymphocytes
B Cells:
T Cells:
Epitopes:
Antigen Recognition by Lymphocytes
B Cells:
T Cells:
Major Histocompatibility Complex
Class I MHC
Class IIMHC
Immune Response
Primary Immune Response:
Secondary Immune Response:
Immune Responses:
Humoral Immunity:
Cell-Mediated Immunity:
Responses to Nearly all Antigens
Helper T Cells:
Cell-mediated Responses
Cytotoxic T Cells:
A Response to Extracellular Pathogens
B Cells:
Plasma B Cells:
Memory B Cells:
Antibodies
Immunity in Health and Disease
Acquired Immunity:
Passive Immunity:
Abnormal Immune Function:
HIV Infection – an example
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