BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM

CHERRY (Prunus cerasus L.)

KERNEL OIL

Olivera Stamenković, Milan Kostić, Vlada Veljković

University of Niš, Faculty of Technology, Leskovac, Serbia

BIODIESEL?

TAG Transesterification (alcoholysis)

Fatty acid methyl esters mixture - satisfied the biodiesel quality

standard (EN 14214 ili ASTM D6751)

R -C-OH + CH3OH R-C-O-CH3 + H2O

FFA

FFA Esterification

O

Oily feedstock

(TAG)

CH2-O-C-R1

CH -O-C-R2 + 3 CH3OH

O

CH2-O-C-R3

O

catalyst

CH3-O-C-R1

CH3-O-C-R2 + CH-OH

CH3-O-C-R3

CH2-OH

CH2-OH

Fatty acid methyl esters

(biodiesel)Glycerol

O

O

O

catalystOO

Actuality of biodiesel

BIODIESEL

Vegetable

oils

(crude, refined,

used)

Animal fats

Waste oils

Alcoholysis

Higher cetane number

Biodegradable

Less toxic

Less smoke and dust

Less GHG emission

vs fossil diesel

Oily feedstocks

1st generation 2nd generation 3rd generation

Edible crops oil,

animal fats Non–edible crops oils,

waste fats and oils

Algal biomass

novel feedstocks from cheap and waste sources not competing with food

➢ Winter cover crops

Oily feedstocks - Perspectives

➢ Waste oily by-products from food processing

Goal:The biodiesel production from cherry kernel oil (CKO) with high free fatty acid

(FFA) content by methanolysis over CaO in a batch stirred reactor

➢ Oil extraction: Soxhlet method by using n-hexane

➢ Two step process for biodiesel production:

• FFA esterification: methanol/oil molar ratio: 8.5/1; H2SO4 amount: 2 wt%

(to the oil), temperature: 45 oC

• TAG methanolysis: methanol/oil molar ratio: 9:1, the CaO loading: 5 wt%

(to the oil), temperature: 50 oC

EXPERIMENTAL:

➢ Analytical method: HPLC

RESULTS

Property

Density (20 oC), g/ml 916.1

Viscosity (20 oC), mPas 93.3

Acid value, mg KOH/g oil 29.3

FFA, % 14.6

Iodine value, g I2/100 g ulja 141.7

Water content, % 0.21

Fatty acid compositions, %

C16:0 6.6

C18:0 2.1

C18:1 41.25

C18:2 48.93

C20:0 1.12Extraction conditions: n-hexane,

solvent/kernel ratio: 6/1, 3 h

Oil content: 28%

Physico-chemical properties of CKO

Oil extraction from cherry kernels

FFA esterification

The FFA content variation with time (45 oC, methanol/oil molar ratio :

8.5/1, H2SO4 amount 2 %)

1%

TAG methanolysis

The variation of reaction mixture composition with time (50 oC,

methanol/oil molar ratio 9/1, CaO amount 5 %

Scheme of experimental

procedure

Biodiesel properties

Property Biodiesel CKO EN 14214

Density (15 °C), kg/m3 862 860-900

Viscosity (40 °C), mm2/s 4.24 3.5-5.0

Acid value, mg KOH/g 0.42 0.50 max

Iodine value, g I2/100 g 137 120 max

Water content, mg/kg 260 500 max

FAME, % 99.1 96.5 min

MAG, % 0.7 0.8 % max

DAG, % 0.1 0.2 % max

TAG, % 0.1 0.2 % max

Flash point, °C 146 101 min

Cetane number 52 51 min

CONCLUSIONS

➢The low-cost cherry kernels are promising feedstock for

biodiesel production because of significant oil content

➢The two step process (acid-catalyzed esterification of FFAs

followed by the base-catalyzed methanolysis of the esterified

oil) was applied due to high acid value of crude CKO

➢The properties of obtained FAME are within the

specifications of EN14214 biodiesel standards, except theiodine value which is above the standard limitation