BIO 244 GENERAL MICROBIOLOGYChapter 10
Identification and Classification of Microorganisms
_________________
The science of classifying organisms: Provides ________________ for
organisms Provides a ______________ for
identifying organisms
CLASSIFICATION of MICROORGANISMSSystematics or phylogeny:
The study of the _____________ history of organismsAll Species Inventory (2001-2025)To identify all species of life on Earth
Taxonomic scheme favored by most microbiologists: ____________ system
(before three domain system, five kingdom system used)
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia
Bacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia
The three-domain system
The six-kingdom system
The traditional five-kingdom system
THE THREE _________ SYSTEM
Figure 10.1
TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY
Figure 10.5
• Taxonomic hierarchies
• Classification categories arranged in hierarchical order
• Species – group of ___________ isolates or strains
• Most basic unit
• Genus – group of related species
• Family – collection of similar genera
• Order – collection of similar families
• Class – collection of similar orders
• Phylum – collection of similar classes
• Kingdom – collection of similar phyla
• Domain – collection of similar kingdoms
• Most ______________ unit
• New taxonomic category
PRINCIPLES of TAXONOMY
SPECIES DEFINITION
• ____________ SPECIES:
• A group of closely related organisms that _____ among themselves
• PROKARYOTIC SPECIES:
• A population of cells with similar characteristics
• ______: Population of cells derived from a single cell
• Strain: ______________________ within a clone
• VIRAL SPECIES:
• Population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ____________ niche
PROKARYOTE DOMAINS
Figure 10.6
• _____________:
• Multicellular; no cell walls; chemoheterotrophic
• PLANTAE:
• Multicellular; cellulose cell walls; usually photoautotrophic
• FUNGI:
• Chemoheterotrophic; unicellular or multicellular; cell walls of _______; may develop from spores or hyphal fragments
• PROTISTA:
• Unicellular, eukaryotic organisms; classification usually based on ____________
DOMAIN EUKARYAKINGDOMS
___________ NOMENCLATURENames Given According to International Code
for the Nomenclature of BacteriaScientific binomial Source of Genus name Source of
Specific epithet
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Honors _________ The disease
__________________ typhimurium
Honors Daniel Salmon
Stupor (typh-) in mice (muri-)
Streptococcus pyogenes
Chains of cells (strepto-)
Forms pus (pyo-)
Penicillium notatum Tuftlike (penicill-) Spores spread in wind (nota)
_________ ________ Corkscrew-like (trypano-, borer; soma-body)
Honors Oswaldo Cruz
__________________
•• Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology•Provides identification schemes for _____________ bacteria and archaea
•Morphology, differential staining, biochemical tests
•• Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology•Provides phylogenetic information (______________ history) on bacteria and archaea
•Based on ________ sequencing•rRNA genes in DNA are sequenced using PCR
•• Approved Lists of Bacterial Names•Lists species of known prokaryotes
•Based on published articles
BERGEY’S MANUAL- reference for identifying bacteria- reference for classifying bacteria
MAIN METHODS used in the IDENTIFICATION of _______________
PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERISTICS
CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
MICROSCOPIC MORPHOLOGY
___________ PROPERTIES
___________ PROPERTIES
FATTY ACID ANALYSIS
___________ CHARACTERISTICS
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES
rRNA SEQUENCES
MAIN METHODS used in BACTERIAL IDENTIFICATION
• _____________ MORPHOLOGY
• MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
• (Very useful for identifying eukaryotic microorganisms)
• ______________ STAINING:
• Gram staining, acid-fast staining
• BIOCHEMICAL TESTS:
• Determines presence of ________________
• ________________ TESTS:
• Based on presence of an organism or immune response to organisms
• Slide agglutination
• ______ (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay)Figure 10.8
IDENTIFICATION BASED ON ________________
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY
NEMATODE MORPHOLOGY
ADULT WORM
OVUM
BACTERIAL IDENTIFICATION______________ CHARACTERISTICS _____________ ASSAYS
COMMON ____________ ASSAYS
BIOCHEMICAL ASSAYS_________________
_________________ KEY
• Used for _____________ identification
• Based on series of _________ questions
• Each question has one of ______
possible answers
Figure 10.7
• Slide ___________________:
• Combine known antiserum + ________________
• Combine ____________________________________ in patient serum with known antigen
• Visualization of antigen antibody reactions antigen antibody reactions through the formation of clumps
____________ ASSAYS
Figure 10.10
ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY
• _____________• Antigen or antibody is tagged with an ___________
• Enzyme substrate is added and ______ is produced
• _____________ composition
• Guanine + cytosine moles% (GC)
• DNA _____________
• Electrophoresis of restriction enzyme digests
• rRNA sequencing
• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
_____________ ANALYSIS
Figure 10.14
NUCLEIC ACID _________________
Figure 10.15
IDENTIFICATION of BACTERIA using DNA PROBES
Figure 10.16
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