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An Examination of the Factor Structureof the Emotional Skills AssessmentProcess (ESAP-CV) Instrument UsingConfirmatory Factor Analysis
William C. Bailey, Ph.D.Associate Professor
Christina Chi, Ph.D.Assistant Professor
School of Human Environmental Sciences
Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and LifeSciences
University of Arkansas
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Emotional SkillsAssessment Process (ESAP) Nelson and Low (1999, 2004) created the
ESAP scale in order to assist students inacademic achievement, career success,personal health, and leadership.
ESAP was revised from a 213 item self-
assessment instrument evaluating 10strengths and 3 problem areas
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ESAP-CV This study used a revised form of the ESAP
with 104 items.
Evaluates five emotional skills
Assertion Stress Management
Drive Strength
Time Management Commitment Ethic
One Problem Area-- Change Orientation
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Data Collection
Data were collected using a questionnaireplaced on www.surveymonkey.com
Students were sent an email and asked to
respond from a variety of University coreclasses to ensure diversity
In addition to the ESAP-CV, there were
demographic items such as gender, age,ethnicity, and college classification
A total of 458 usable responses were collected
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Sample Split In Halves
The sample was randomly assigned to 2groupsboth groups were a little more than
250 each. Because the largest subscale was 25 items,
there was sufficient power for this analysis (1item with at least 10 respondents).
One group was analyized by exploratory factoranalysis (EFA) and the other by confirmatoryfactory analysis (CFA).
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Exploratory Factor
Analysis (EFA) In order to evaluate the initial structure of
each of the subscales, EFA was
performed using SPSS 13.0. The Extraction Method was Principal
Axis Factoring in order to maximize
loadings and eliminate double loadings Loading factor of .40 was selected as
item criteria.
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Results of EFA was Followed byConfirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)
CFA gives the researcher completecontrol of the specifications of each
of the subscale constructs.
CFA also allows for a statistical testof the goodness-of-fit for the
proposed solution.
AMOS 5.0 was used for analysis
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Goodness-of-Fit
Analysis Statistics #1
Overall Chi-square statisticprovidesa test of whether the sample covariance
matrix is equivalent to the model-impliedcovariance matrix within sample error.
Rule of thumbpvalues larger than .05or .10.
However, this is effected by sample sizeand should be interpreted with caution.
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Goodness-of-Fit
Analysis Statistics #2
The CFI was created to compare the fit ofthe proposed model to the worst case
alternative. This is a null baseline model where every
measure is modeled as being uncorrelated with
every other measure. CFI ranges between 0 and 1.
Rule: CFI values .90 are above are adequate ofthe model.
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Commitment Ethic EFA Factor
This 12 item scale measured oneconstruct according to EFA.
However, only 10 items loaded at betterthan .40
Item 5I have a solid feeling of
confidence in my ability to create a goodlife for myself.
Item 7I do not procrastinate.
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Commitment Ethics ItemLoadings
Item # Factor Loading
6 .72
11 .68
2 .67
10 .67
4 .62
1 .61
8 599 .57
5 .50
12 .43
3 .40
Due to EFA
resulting in asingle factor,
CFA was not
conduced.
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EFA of Assertion The Assertion portion of the ESAP has a total
of 18 items.
It has a unique design.
The word Situation is used prior to threesimilar statements creating 6 items clusters.
The EFA indicated there were only 5 itemsclusters of varying from 2 to 3 items.
Items 1, 6, 16, 17, and 18 failed to load at .40or better.
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CFAModel ofAssertion
Chi square 73.132*
CFI 0.975
RMSEA 0.038
*p. = .000
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Five Suggested Factor Namesfor Assertion
Items 10, 11, & 12 Response to
Requests
Items 5 & 6 Aware of Anothers Anger Items 7, 8, & 9 Communication with
Authority
Items 13, 14, & 15 Making Demands ofOthers
Items 2 & 3 Anger Directed at Another
Person
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EFA Analysis Drive Strength
Drive Strength has 25 items
EFA generated Five Factors Five items failed to load .40 or
better
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Chi square 246.169*
CFI 0.934RMSEA 0.048
CFA Modelof Drive
Strength
*p. = .000
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Five Suggested Factor Namesfor Drive Strengths
Factor 1 Self Starter
Factor 2 Self Challenger
Factor 3 Project Focus
Factor 4 Planning for the Future
Factor 5 Personal SuccessStrategies
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Time Management EFA
12 items
Resulted in 2 Factors All 12 items loaded at
better than .40
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CFA of TimeManagement
Chi square 85.445*
CFI 0.967
RMSEA 0.051
*p. = .000
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Suggested Names for TimeManagement Factors
Factor 1Effective TimeManagement Skills
Factor 2Punctuality
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EFA of Stress Management
25 items
EFA generated 4 Factors Five items failed to load at
.40 or better
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Unable to Show CFA Model
Chi square 301.39*
CFI 0.904
RMSEA 0.06
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Suggested Names for 4 StressFactors
Factor 1- Stress ObstructingSense of
Well-Being
Factor 2Coping by Relaxing
Factor 3Stress andImpatience
Factor 4Unable to Cope
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EFA Analysis for ProblemArea Change Orientation
12 items
2 Factors Generated 2 items failed to load at better
than .40
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Chi square 114.359*
CFI 0.906
RMSEA 0.101
Unable to Name Factors
CFA forChange
Orientation
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Modest Suggestions andConclusions
Several of the ESAP-CV scalesmeasure more than one concept
Reduction of items on some scalesmay be appropriate
Some of the CFA models arestatistically more powerful than others
Small number of items subscales willbe difficult to norm and title
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Future Directions for Research
Does the ESAP-CV really havepredictive validity? What can it predict?
Developing norms based on gender,ethnicity, or age?
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