Food safety
Better Training for Safer FoodInitiative
Sofia, Bulgaria 6th -8th June 2018
Introduction Talk
- Update on the global situation
-
Geneviève LIBEAU
Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) BTSFThis presentation is delivered under contract with theConsumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency(http://ec.europa.eu/chafea). The content of this presentation isthe sole responsibility of Opera S.u.r.l., the IstitutoZooprofilattico Sperimentale Lombardia e Emilia Romagna andthe State Food and Veterinary Service of Latvia and it can in noway be taken to reflect the views of the Consumers, Health,Agriculture and Food Executive Agency or any other body of theEuropean Union. The Consumers, Health, Agriculture and FoodExecutive Agency or any other body of the European Union willnot be responsible under any circumstances for the contents ofcommunication items prepared by the contractors.
Food safety
Training Workshop “Peste des Petits
Ruminants” Title: Peste des petits ruminants introduction talk
- Update on the global situation
Name: Geneviève LIBEAUCIRAD Astre Unit, Montpellier FRANCE
FAO, OIE and EU reference laboratory
6th-8th June 2018 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Food safety
Primarily infects small ruminants
Maintained by enzootic transmission across large
belts of countries in Africa, Middle East and Asia
One billion small ruminants are at risk annually
Increasing spread to new areas in the last 20 years
Main hosts of the disease, are widely distributed
Play a major role in rural economics
Managed under many production systems
Principal source of income and play a major role in
the survival during drought and famines
• Sheep and goats
PPR, an increasingly important viral disease oflivestock
Introduction
Food safety
A highly contagious disease of domestic and wild
small ruminants caused by a Morbillivirus (family
Paramyxoviridae)
First reported in 1942 in Cote d’Ivoire
PPR causes annual economic losses of up to more
than USD 2 billion, but the costs extend beyond
monetary considerations
A PPR outbreak in a naïve population creates an
emergency situation due to its rapid spread and high
animal mortality rate
PPR and its impacts…
Introduction
Food safety
Adopted during the FAO/OIE
International Conference, Abidjan,
April 2015
Specific Objectives:
▪ The eradication of PPR by 2030
▪ Reinforcing Veterinary Services
▪ Improving animal health globally by
reducing the impact of other
major infectious diseases of small
ruminants
The PPR Global Control and EradicationStrategy (GCES)
Introduction
Food safety
Step-wise approach of GCES to eradicationat national level
The Stages correspond to a combination of decreasing levels of epidemiological
risk and increasing levels of prevention and control
Introduction
7
Technical issues that support a progressive
PPR control and eradication strategy
• Effective long-term vaccines (1 serotype)
• Cheap to produce
• DIVA vaccines and diagnostic approaches soon available
• Multivalent vaccines (PPR, Pox, etc.)
• Diagnostic tools that are fit for purpose
• No carrier, no known reservoir
• Role of other species (dromedary, pig and wildlife) in the
epidemiology of the disease; Vaccines / tools not adapted
• Increased SR population and mobility, difficulty to reach
• In poor countries, cold chain or storage infrastructure limited
Strengths
Weaknesses
Introduction
8
Technical issues that support a progressive PPRcontrol and eradication strategy
• Growing technical and political support for progressive control
and eradication
• Experience of rinderpest eradication
• Prevention and control of PPR in combination with other major
SR diseases → cost reduction
Opportunities
Introduction
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• Sheep and goats
The disease is highly contagious and easily
transmitted by direct contact to nearby healthy
animals by secretions and/or excretions of
infected animals
Symptoms are often confused with, and
exacerbated by, secondary infections making
PPR a difficult disease to characterise, and
diagnose
Febrile illness, mucopurulent ocular and nasal
discharges, erosion of the mucosa.
Bronchopneumonia and severe dehydration
due to the acute diarrhoea leading to death.
PPR in small ruminants
Introduction
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10
• Sheep and goats
Goats may be more severely affected than
sheep by PPRV infection
This aspect highlights the genetic variation in
host susceptibility to disease and identifies
variations in disease severity (Hammouchi et
al., 2012; Fakri et al., 2017)
But some reports have highlighted cases of
high mortality in sheep within small ruminants
mixed flocks (Shaila et al., 1989; Yesilbag et al.
2005)
PPR in small ruminants
Introduction
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Food safety
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• Cattle (Gargadennec et Lalanne ,1942; Mornet 1956)
Sub-clinical infection in calf (differential diagnosis)SeroconversionRP-like disease in buffaloes (Govindarajan et al., 1997)
• Dromaderies (Roger et al., 2001, Khalafalla et al., 2005-10)
Respiratory syndrome,Cachexia & Death
• Pigs & Wild artiodactyls
PPRV may cause disease in other species
• Sheep and goats
Death caused by bronchopneumonia or severe dehydration
Ability of PPRV to cross species barrier
Introduction
Food safety
12
Bharal, in Tibet (Bao et al., 2011
& 2012),
Ibex in Pakistan (Abubakar et al.,
2011& 2012)
Wild goats in Kurdistan (Hoffmann et al., 2012)
and Iran (Marashi et al., 2017)Saiga antelopes, Mongolia
(mass die-off, Jan 2017)
Introduction
• Wild artiodactyls (Historical publication, Furley et al 1987).
Food safety
13
SUDAN
1983-1993
BF
CINIGERIA
SENEGAL
1942-1970 1970-1972
INDE
GABONCONGO
SOMALIA
REP.
DEMOCRATIQUE
du CONGOKENYA
TANZANIE
UGANDA
2000
2008-2015
Angola2004-2012
The disease expands in Africa, recently introduced in Maghreb and in the European part of Turkey ➔ rest of Europe at risk. Expands also in Asia
2016
Process of expansion
Food safety
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Since 2000: genotype distribution undergoes
profound changes: PPR emergences = incursions
of foreign genotypes in the historically defined
areas; inform on the related animals movements
IV
I
II
III
PPR distribution and expansion can be followed by identified genotypes
Process of expansion
Food safety
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15
2008 First Incursion in Morocco
Outbreaks in Morocco (June – August 2008)
Vaccine used
Regional situation
Food safety
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Epidemiologic situation in Morocco (July – Nov 2008)
Mass vaccination with
the attenuated PPR vaccine
22 September 2008
23 outbreaks /week
3 outbreaks / week
Mean
additional
outbreaks
and
number of
outbreaks
Regional situation
Food safety
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PPR can be controlled in areas through mass vaccination campaigns implemented at the
national level, providing that adequate means for vaccine delivery are available and
correctly implemented.
However vigilance is needed when the country is surrounded by endemic areas from
which illegal cross-border movements of livestock is continuous
Preparedness relying on active surveillance measures
Lessons learned from the PPR epidemic in Morocco
Regional situation
Food safety
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Data source Tatar et al., 2002. In brackets the number of
provinces in each region
Prevalence study conducted
between 1999-2000 on nearly 13000
animals reported to be 29% in sheep
and 24% in goats (Tatar et al, 2002).
PPR is endemic in Turkey and became a compulsory notifiable
disease in 1997
Officially declared in 1999 to OIE
But first detection in 1992 (south-east
Anatolia) and confirmed by serology
Mid nineties, the virus was isolated and
identified phylogenetically as PPRV
belonging to Lineage IV.
Initial occurrence coincided with eradication
of rinderpest (declared free 2003)
Alçigir et al., (1996), Tatar (1998),
Tatar et al, (2002)
Guler et al., 2014,
Regional situation
Food safety
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Locations of PPR outbreaks 2002-2016
PPR reached Western Anatolia (Marmara
region) in early 2000s.
First case of PPR in the European Turkey:
- 2004 Turkish Thrace, Edirne
province (on the border with Greece)
- 2006, Kırklareli province (on the
border with Bulgaria)
Since then, the number of outbreaks varied In
the whole territory as recorded in the OIE
WAHIS portal
Still outbreaks recorded in Thrace region that
pose big threats to Europe
78 94
36
24
63
218
59
19
43 65
50
100
JAN
JUL
JAN
JUL
JAN
JUL
JAN
JUL
JAN
JUL
JAN
JUL
JAN
JUL
JAN
JUL
JAN
JUL
JAN
JUL
JAN
JUL
JAN
JUL
JAN
JUL
JAN
JUL
2 0 0 5 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Monthly Cumulative
Regional situation
Food safety
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PPR Vaccination in Turkey 1999-2000
Rinderpest vaccine initially used to control the
disease
Homologous PPRV Nigeria 75-1 attenuated
strain for perifocal vaccination from 1999,
Avoid dependence towards other producers
CVI, Etlik Institute, Ankara decided to produce its’
own vaccine through a technology transfer made
by CIRAD from 2001, .
In the following year PPR control was included in
the scope of diseases control activities
Regional situation
Food safety
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PPR Vaccination in Turkey 2010-2012
EU-supported project between 2010 and 2012
throughout the country (3 year program)
Principle: “Ear-Tagging and Vaccination of
sheep and goats Project” (30 million heads).
Two rounds established per year (Spring and
Fall) with Nig 75-1 produced locally
Vaccination coverage of young animals :
- 65% in 2010 (22 922 758 animals),
- 76% in 2011, and
- 68,5% in 2012.
Next aims: according to regions: eradication in
Thrace and decrease incidence in Anatolia
Year
Number of
vaccinated
animals
Age
2010 15.652.775 adults
2010 7.693.639 young
2011 13.836.089 young
2012 13.676.297 young
2013 8.597.245 young
2014 11.365.611 young
2015 10.805.978 young
2016 11.566.280 young
2017 first
semester4.849.730 young
Regional situation
Food safety
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First notification January 2016, Tbilisi, Georgia
Three outbreaks reported on sheep, 600
lambs out of 2200
“Unknown” disease accrued in lambs which
clinical signs started in December
Flock moved from Samtskhe-Javakheti region
Immediate implementation of a large
vaccination campaign on nearly a million sheep
and goats (in 4 weeks).
PPR is present in other countries close to
Turkey, but Russia, Azerbaijan and Armenia
have never reported it (OIE WAHID, 2016)..
PPR in Georgia, a first declaration for Eastern Europe
Regional situation
Food safety
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Immediate response
Outbreak investigation, sample collection
suspicion for FMD, GP, Orf, BT, PPR
local laboratory BTV+
shipped to Pirbright, PPR+, BTV-
Control measures
surveillance, restricted movements
communication etc..
Quick support from FAO-CMC-AH (within the
week of request)
outbreak investigation, market inspection
farmers interview, laboratory training
Prevaccination /postvaccination serosurvey
Vaccination 1.700.000 doses purchased (Russia)
PPR in Georgia, a first declaration for Eastern Europe
Regional situation
Food safety
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Situation for other diseases
- Modality of transmission of disease is important to consider
- PPR is a direct transmitted disease
- Comparable to sheep and goat pox, CaPox and FMD non vector-
born diseases both present in Turkey but with no impact in Greece
- Oppositely to LSD, vector borne (Since January 2016 the dispersion
speed of the virus in the Balkans is about 75 km per week)
Outbreaks of LSDV in Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria and
Former Republic of Macedonia (between August
2015 and May 2016). http://www.plateforme-esa.fr/article/dermatose-
nodulaire-contagieuse-bovine-en-europe-point-de-situation-2016-03-du-17052016
Regional situation
Food safety
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Geographical distribution of PPR-infected countries and number of cases in different provinces,
autonomous regions or municipalities (P/A/Ms) of China in 2007 and during 2013-2014. Liu et
al.,Transbound Emerg Dis. 2018 Jun;65(3):638-648.
PPR in China, still regarded as an exotic disease
Cases of PPR, in sheep, goats
and bharals, the Himalayan blue
sheep, found in the Tibetan
Plateau
Immediate control by stamping-
out and implementation of a
surveillance strategy in the whole
country
Reoccurrence detected end 2013,
32 P/A/Ms affected due to animal
movements
First occurrence, in July 2007, in the Ngari
region of western Tibet
More likely existed for several years without
being recognized in Tibet
Regional situation
Food safety
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Ma et al. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 147 (2017) 194-198
PPR in China, still regarded as an exotic disease
Regional situation
Food safety
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PPR in Mongolia
Shatar et al., Arch of Virol. Map of Mongolia and neighboring countries. High
similarity (99.0-99.5%) with PPR viruses currently circulating in China (2013-
2015) indicating a common origin.Robinson
Food safety
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Out of the global 208 countries and territories to be accredited by the OIE
54 are
accredited OIE PPR
free status 63report
presence of PPR
13 are
with unknown
status
76 countries for major programme focus
79 never
reported PPR and could
move toward free status
133
28
PPR global situation
Global situation
Food safety
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Global situation
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Food safety
Team involved
CIRAD (ASTRE, UMR117)
Arnaud Bataille
PPR expertise, evolutionist, reverse genetics methodology
Olivier KwiatekPPR expertise, Lab
techniques
Emmanuel AlbinaVirology expertise
Tetiana Kwan TatIntellectual Property
Renata Servan de AlmeidasiRNA methodology, animal challenges
Geneviève Libeau PPR expertise, ELISA and
vaccine development
Thank you
Food safety
Better Training for Safer Food
BTSF
OPERA
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Tel +39 06 96042652- / +39 06 8080111
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[email protected]; www.btsftraining.com; www.opera-italy.it
This presentation is delivered under contract with the Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency (http://ec.europa.eu/chafea). Thecontent of this presentation is the sole responsibility of Opera S.u.r.l., the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lombardia e Emilia Romagna and theState Food and Veterinary Service of Latvia and it can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the Consumers, Health, Agriculture and FoodExecutive Agency or any other body of the European Union. The Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency or any other body of theEuropean Union will not be responsible under any circumstances for the contents of communication items prepared by the contractors.
• European CommissionConsumers, Health and Food Executive Agency
DRB A3/042L-2920 Luxembourg
Thank you!