Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 1
Beta-Beams Status and Challenges
Elena Wildner, CERN
12010-01-07
2010-01-07Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena
Wildner 2 2
Acknowledgements
Particular thanks to
M. Benedikt, FP6 Leader
M. Lindroos,
A Fabich,
S. Hancock
M. Mezetto
and all contributing institutes and collaborators
FP6 “Research Infrastructure Action - Structuring the European Research Area” EURISOL DS Project Contract no. 515768 RIDS) and
FP7 “Design Studies” (Research Infrastructures) EUROnu (Grant agreement no.: 212372)
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Outline Beta Beam Concepts A Beta Beam Scenario The challenges
Isotope production Intensities Radioactivity Backgrounds & accelerators
Other studies Conclusion
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Elena Wildner
Beta-beams, recall
E0
4
Aim: production of (anti-)neutrino beams from the beta decay of radio-active ions circulating in a storage ring with long straight sections. Similar concept to the neutrino factory, but parent particle is a beta-active
isotope instead of a muon.
Beta-decay at rest spectrum well known from the electron spectrum Reaction energy Q typically of a few MeV
Accelerate parent ion to relativistic max Boosted neutrino energy spectrum: E 2Q Forward focusing of neutrinos: 1/
Pure electron (anti-)neutrino beam! Depending on +- or - - decay we get a neutrino or anti-neutrino Two different parent ions for neutrino and anti-neutrino beams
Physics applications of a beta-beam Primarily neutrino oscillation physics and CP-violation (high energy) Cross-sections of neutrino-nucleus interaction (low energy)
2010-01-07 5Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams,
Elena Wildner European Strategy for Future
Neutrino Physics, Elena Wildner
Choice of radioactive ion species
Beta-active isotopes Production rates Life time Dangerous rest products Reactivity (Noble gases are good)
Reasonable lifetime at rest If too short: decay during acceleration If too long: low neutrino production Optimum life time given by acceleration scenario In the order of a second
Low Z preferred Minimize ratio of accelerated mass/charges per neutrino produced One ion produces one neutrino. Reduce space charge problems
NuBase
t1/2 at rest (ground state)
1 – 60 s1ms – 1s 6He and 18Ne
8Li and 8B
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Some scaling
Accelerators can accelerate ions up to Z/A × the proton energy.
L ~ <E > / m2 ~ Q , Flux ~ L−2 => Flux ~ Q −2
Cross section ~ <E > ~ Q
Merit factor for an experiment at the atmospheric oscillation maximum: M= Q
Decay ring length scales ~ (ion lifetime)
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Beta beam options High Energy beta beams
Available accelerators (or funding) Synergies with super-beams Available detectors Physics reach: choice of baseline
(distance to detector) Low energy beta beams
Off axis experiments Low energy storage rings Available detectors
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Beta beam to different baselines
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The EURISOL scenario boundaries Based on CERN boundaries
Ion choice: 6He and 18Ne Based on existing technology and machines
Ion production through ISOL technique Bunching and first acceleration: ECR, linac Rapid cycling synchrotron Use of existing machines: PS and SPS
Relativistic gamma=100 for both ions SPS allows maximum of 150 (6He) or 250 (18Ne) Gamma choice optimized for physics reach
Opportunity to share a Mton Water Cherenkov detector with a CERN super-beam, proton decay studies and a neutrino observatory
Achieve an annual neutrino rate of 2.9*1018 anti-neutrinos from 6He 1.1 1018 neutrinos from 18Ne
The EURISOL scenario will serve as reference for further studies and developments: Within Euro we will study 8Li and 8B
EURISOL scenario
top-down approach
02/10/09 9(*)
(*)
FP6 “Research Infrastructure Action - Structuring the European Research Area” EURISOL DS Project Contract no. 515768 RIDS
Crakow Epiphany Conference, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 10
The EURISOL scenario
0.4 GeV
1.7 GeV
8.7 GeV
93 GeV
Decay ring
B = 1500 Tm
B = ~6 T C = ~6900 m Lss= ~2500 m
6He: = 100 18Ne: = 100
Design report December 2009
Aimed:
He 2.9 1018 ( 2.0 1013/s after target)
Ne 1.1 1018 ( 2.0 1013/s after target)
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Intensity evolution during acceleration
Cycle optimized for neutrino rate towards the detector
30% of first 6He bunch injected are reaching decay ringOverall only 50% (6He) and 80% (18Ne) reach decay ring
NormalizationSingle bunch intensity to maximum/bunch
Total intensity to total number accumulated in RCS
Bunch20th
15th
10th
5th1st
total
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Radioprotection
12
Residual Ambient Dose Equivalent Rate at 1 m distance from the beam line (mSv h -1)
RCS (quad - 18Ne)
PS(dip - 6He)
SPS DR (arc - 18Ne)
1 hour 15 10 - 5.4
1 day 3 6 - 3.6
1 week 2 2 - 1.4
Annual Effective Dose to the Reference Population (Sv)
RCS PS SPS DR
0.67 0.64 - 5.6 (only decay losses)
Stefania Trovati, Matteo Magistris, CERNCERN-EN-Note-2009-007 STI EURISOL-DS/TASK2/TN-02-25-2009-0048
Yacin Kadi et al. , CERN
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Activation and coil damage in the PS
The coils could support 60 years operation with a EURISOL type beta-beam
M. Kirk et. al GSI
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Duty factor for bkg suppression
....
20 bunches, 5.2 ns long, distance 23*4 nanosseconds
filling 1/11 of the Decay Ring, repeated every 23
microseconds
1014 ions, 0.5% duty- (supression-) factor for atmospheric background suppression !!!
14
....
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Momentum collimation (study ongoing): ~5*1012 6He ions to be collimated per cycle Decay: ~5*1012 6Li ions to be removed per cycle per meter Dump at the end of the straight section will receive 30kW Dipoles in collimation section receive between 1 and 10 kW (masks).
p-collimation
me
rgin
g
decay losses
inje
ctio
n
Particle turnover in decay ring
Straight section
Straight section
Arc
Arc
Momentum
collimation
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Duty factor and RF Cavities
....
20 bunches, 5.2 ns long, distance 23*4 nanosseconds
filling 1/11 of the Decay Ring, repeated every 23
microseconds
1014 ions, 0.5% duty (supression) factor for background suppression !!!
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Erk Jensen, CERN
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Open Midplane Dipole (Decay Ring Arc)
17
Cos design open midplane magnet
Manageable (7 T operational) with Nb -Ti at 1.9 K
Aluminum spacers possible on midplane to retain forces: gives transparency to the decay products
Special cooling and radiation dumps may be needed inside yoke.
J. Bruer, E. Todesco, E. Wildner, CERN- 5 0
0
5 0
- 5 0 0 5 0
+
+-
-
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Open mid-plane Quadrupole
Mid-plane
Energy deposited
Open mid-plane
Acknowledgments (magnet design):
F Borgnolutti, E. Todesco (CERN)
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Open mid-plane Quadrupole
Opening angle
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
100 150 200 250Aperture diameter (mm)
No
min
al g
rad
ien
t (T
/m)
0º openning
2º openning
4º openning
6º openning
Acknowledgments (magnet design):
F Borgnolutti, E. Todesco (CERN)
Parametric Approach!!
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Options for production ISOL method at 1-2 GeV (200 kW)
>2 1013 6He per second <8 1011 18Ne per second (not an option, need to confirm new options!) Studied within EURISOL
Direct production >1 1013 (?) 6He per second 1 1013 18Ne per second Studied at LLN, Soreq, WI and GANIL
Production ring (higher neutrino energies) 1014 (?) 8Li >1013 (?) 8B Being studied Within EURO
Aimed:
He 2.9 1018 (2.0 1013/s)
Ne 1.1 1018 (2.0 1013/s)
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N.B. Nuclear Physics has limited interest in those elements => Production rates not pushed!
Try to get ressources to persue ideas how to produce Ne!
Difficult Chemistry
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Recent Results for Production of 6He
1.3 1013 6He/s 100kW, 40 MeV deuton beam 2 1013 6He/s 100kW, 1 GeV proton beam (ISOLDE 2008) 1 1014 6He/s 200kW, 2 GeV proton beam
M. Hass et al., J. Phys. G 35, 014042 (2008);T. Hirsh et al., PoS (Nufact08)090
N. Thiolliere et al., EURISOL-DS
T. Stora et al., EURISOL-DS, TN03-25-2006-0003
Aimed:
He 2.9 1018 (2.0 1013/s)
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BeO : A new target material
R. Hodak, H. Franberg, V. Kumar
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BeO : Release of 6He
6He release curve from BeO
0.E+00
2.E+05
4.E+05
6.E+05
8.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+06
0.01 0.1 1 10
tdelay+0.5tcoll (s)
bet
as/m
sco
ll/s
mea
s (s
-1)
Half life-time
Courtesy: T. Stora (2009)
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Recent Research: 19F(p, 2n) 18Ne
Thee beam needs production of 2.0 1013 18Ne/s
Theoretically possible with 10 mA 70 MeV protons on NaF
We need measurements of the crossection 19F(p, 2n)18Ne !
Ressouces need to be allocated
T. Stora, private communication
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Neutrino Physics, Elena Wildner
New approaches for ion production“Beam cooling with ionisation losses” – C. Rubbia, A Ferrari, Y. Kadi and V.
Vlachoudis in NIM A 568 (2006) 475–487
“Development of FFAG accelerators and their applications for intense secondary particle production”, Y. Mori, NIM A562(2006)591
Studied within Euro FP7 (*)
FP7 “Design Studies” (Research Infrastructures) EUROnu
(Grant agreement no.: 212372)
(*)
Supersonic gas jet target, stripper and absorber
7Li6Li
7Li(d,p)8Li6Li(3He,n)8B
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Beta Beam scenario EUROnu, FP7
.
Neutrino
Source
Decay Ring
ISOL target, Collection
Decay ring
B ~ 500 Tm
B = ~6 T C = ~6900 m Lss= ~2500 m
8Li: = 100 18B: = 100
SPS
RCS, 5 GeV
-beam to experiment
Linac, 0.4 GeV
60 GHz pulsed ECRExisting!!!
92 GeVPS2
31 GeV
Ion production PR
Detector Gran Sasso (~ 5 times higher Q)
Ion Linac 20 MeV
8B/8Li
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The beta-beam in EURONU DS (I)
The study will focus on production issues for 8Li and 8B 8B is highly reactive and has never been produced as an ISOL
beam Production ring: enhanced direct production
Ring lattice design (CERN) Cooling (CERN +) Collection of the produced ions, release efficiencies and cross
sections for the reactions (UCL, INFN) Sources ECR (LPSC, GHMFL) Supersonic Gas injector (PPPL + ?)
CERN Complex All machines to be simulated with B and Li (CERN, CEA) PS2 presently under design (requirements for beta beams) Multiple Charge State Linacs (P Ostroumov, ANL)
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3-Flavor Oscillation needs two significantly different baselines to disentangle CP and matter effects
Possible realization with one detector only (price)
-beam:
SPL: <E> = 260 MeV
Lopt = 134 km
CERN – Frejus: 130 km
e-beam:
= 150 Lopt = 130 km
= 500 Lopt = 1000 km
CERN – Frejus: 130 km
DESY – Frejus: 960 km
Associated partners in EURONU DS
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Associates
Weizmann Institue of Science, Revohot Michael Hass Partners: GANIL and Soreq Collaboration with Aachen (exchange of students)
Work Focus produce light radioactive isotopes also for beta beams secondary neutrons from an intense, 40 MeV d beam (6He and 8Li) and direct
production with 3He or 4He beams (18Ne). Use of superconducting LINACs such as SARAF at Soreq (Israel) and the driver for
SPIRAL-II (GANIL).
Added Value To produce strong beta beam ion candidates or production methods not in
EUROnuCourtesy Micha Hass
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Supersonic gas jet target, stripper and absorber
7Li6Li
7Li(d,p)8Li6Li(3He,n)8B
The production ring cooling
Low-energy Ionization cooling of ions for Beta Beam sources – D. Neuffer (FERMILAB-FN-0808-APC)
Mini-workshop on cooling at Fermilab summer 2009 (David Neuffer )
joining teams from CERN and Fermilab
Meeting at GSI internal targets and cooling Oct. 2009
(O. Boine-Frankenheim, C. Dimopoulou, E Benedetto)
joining teams from CERN and GSI
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PR: Gas Jet Targets and Cooling (GSI)
We need 10 19 cm-2 !!
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Challenge: collection device A large proportion of beam particles (6Li) will be scattered into the collection device.
Production of 8Li and 8B: 7Li(d,p) 8Li and 6Li(3He,n) 8B reactions using low energy and low intensity ~ 1nA beams of 7Li(10-25 MeV) and 6Li(4-15 MeV) hitting the deuteron or 3He target.
Off-line test: October ÷ November 09 First beam test (beam test in cabin): December 09
Background measurements: February 10
Full-time beam experiments: April 10
8Li stage progress report: July 10
End of the summer 2010 - hope to finish with 8Li. Research on B will follow.
Semen MitrofanovThierry DelbarMarc Loiselet
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7Li
First Experiment performed in July 2008
Inverse kinematic reaction:
7Li + CD2 target E=25 MeV
Data reduction in progress
Future: reduce contamination
Cross section measurements at Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro
M.Mezzetto (INFN-Pd)
on behalf of
INFN-LNL: M. Cinausero, G. De Angelis, G. Prete
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ECR 60 GHz Source
34 34
7 T 4.6 T 3.5 T
2.1 T ECR zone
7 T 4.6 T 3.5 T
2.1 T ECR zone
Valve
Flowmeter
Deionized water inlet
Flexible pipes
Deionized water outlet
Flexible power cables
Magnetic measurement systems
Flexible power cables
The SEISM Collaboration
Follow up of intense LPSC-LNCMI collaboration Magnet time request to EUROMAGNET2 : accepted July 2009 ISTC collaboration accepted July 2009 (IAP-LPSC-LNCMI-CERN-
Instituto di Fisica del plasma) Hydraulic test in December 2009 ANR funding request to fund permanent 60 GHz test stand at LNCMI
Magnetic tests scheduled for February 2010 Installation of a bench at 28 GHz during 2010 60 GHz for mid 2011
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Relaxed Duty Factors: more neutrinos
....
0.5% duty factor for background suppression could be relaxed for higher neutrino energies.
But not enough to profit of Barrier Buckets for B and Li!
We need in addition 10 times more flux for high-Q ions.
Christian Hansen
Enrique Fernandez-Martinez
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High and decay-ring size, 6HeGamma Rigidity
[Tm]Ring length T=5 Tf=0.36
Dipole Fieldrho=300 mLength=6885m
100 938 4916 3.1
150 1404 6421 4.7
200 1867 7917 6.2
350 3277 12474 10.9
500 4678 17000 15.6Magnet R&D
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Example : Neutrino oscillation physics with a higher -beam, arXiv:hep-ph/0312068J. Burguet-Castell, D. Casper, J.J. Gomez-Cadenas, P.Hernandez, F.Sanchez
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Beta Beams at Fermilab
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Combining CPT-conjugate channels at the same E/L: neutrino mass hierarchyA. Janson, O. Mena, S. Parke: hep-ph/0711107
P( -> e ) > P(e -> ) for normal hierarchy
P( -> e ) < P(e -> ) for inverted hierarchy
-> e : existing NuMi Beamlinee -> 6He or 8Li Beta Beams
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Beta Beam Concepts
Beta Beam Scenarios
Ion Production
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Courtesy: Sandhya Choubey
Optimized Two-Baseline Beta Beam
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Low energy Beta Beams
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Christina Volpe:A proposal to establish a facility for the production ofintense and pure low energy neutrino beams (100 MeV).
J Phys G 30 (2004) L1.
PS
SPSstorage
ring
BASELINE
n-nucleus cross sections(detector’s response,r-process, 2-decay)fundamental interactions studies (Weinberg angle,
CVC test, )
PHYSICS POTENTIAL
astrophysical applications close detector
PHYSICS STUDIED WITHIN THE EURISOL DS (FP6, 2005-2009)
To off axis far detector
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Combining energies from BB and EC
• Sensitivity to θ13 and δ (CERN to Gran Sasso or Canfranc )
J. Bernabeu, C. Espinosa, C. Orme, S. Palomares-Ruiz and S. Pascoli J. Bernabeu, C. Espinosa, C. Orme, S. Palomares-Ruiz and S. Pascoli based on JHEP 0906:040, 2009based on JHEP 0906:040, 2009
Yb15670
difficult to make, space charge ?difficult to make, space charge ?
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Summary (i) The EURISOL beta-beam conceptual design report is
available (6He and 18Ne , gamma 100)
First coherent study of a beta-beam facility Top down approach (production rates of ions assumed ) 18Ne shortfall as of today Duty Factors are challenging:
Collimation and RF in Decay Ring
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Summary (ii) A beta-beam facility using 8Li and 8B (EUROnu)
(gamma 100) Continuation of EURISOL (consolidation of He/Ne) Production of Ne needs extra ressources Production B and Li, X-sections, Source issues Optimize accelerator chain for new ions Revisit Duty Factors, RF and bunch structures Acceptance of PS2, SPS, High intensity beam stability (PS, SPS) Costing First results will come from Euronu DS (2008-2012)
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