Chapter 3

Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations

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Development of African Agriculture

n Sahara desert originally highly fertile regionn Western Sudan region nomadic herders, ca. 9000

B.C.E.q Domestication of cattle ca. 7500 B.C.E.q Later, cultivation of sorghum, yams, increasingly

diverse

n Widespread desiccation of the Sahara ca. 5000 B.C.E.

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Bantu Migrations, 2000 B.C.E.-1000 C.E.

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Bantu Religions

n Evidence of early monotheismn Deistic views as well

q Prayers to intercessors, e.g. ancestor spirits

n Great variations among populations

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Chapter 4

Early Societies in South Asia

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Harappan Society and Its Neighbors, ca. 2000 B.C.E.

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Foundations of Harappan Society

n The Indus Riverq Silt-enriched water from mountain ranges

n Major society built by Dravidian peoples, 3000-2500 B.C.E.q Cultivation of cotton before 5000 B.C.E., early

cultivation of poultryq Decline after 1900 B.C.E.

n Major cities: Harappa (Punjab region) and Mohenjo-daro (mouth of Indus River)q 70 smaller sites excavated (total 1500)

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Mohenjo-Daro Ruins

n Population about 40,000n Regional center

q Layout, architecture suggests public purposeq Broad streets, citadel, pool, sewage

n Standardized weights evident throughout regionn Specialized laborn Trade

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Harappan Society and Culture

n Evidence of social stratificationq Dwelling size, decoration

n Harappan civilization: influence on later Indian culture

n Statues, figurines, and illustrations reflect a tradition of art and metallurgy

n Venerated goddesses of fertility

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Varna: The Caste System

n Origins in Aryan domination of Dravidiansq Brahmin, priestq Kshatriya, warriorq Vaishya, merchantq Shudra, serfq “Untouchables”

n Jati system of subcastesq Related to urbanization, increasing social and

economic complexity

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Patriarchy in Ancient Indian Society

n “Rule of the father”n A social order that stood alongside the caste

system, and varna hierarchyn Enforced in the Lawbook of Manu

q Women to be subject to fathers, husbands, sonsq Women’s most important duties to bear children and

maintain wholesome homes

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Chapter 5

Early Society in East Asia

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The Earliest Dynasties

n Xiaq ca. 2200 B.C.E.q Organized through

village networkq Hereditary monarchyq Flood control

n Shangq 1766-1122 B.C.E.

n Zhouq 1122-256 B.C.E.

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Social Order

n Ruling classes great advantageq Palatial compounds, luxurious lifestyleq Supported by agricultural surplus, tax revenuesq Defended by monopoly on bronze weaponryq Hereditary privilege

n Support class of artisans, craftsmenn Evidence of long-distance trade, merchant classn Large class of semi-servile peasantsn Slave class

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Family and Patriarchy

n Devotion to family, ancestor venerationn Connection of spirit world to physical world

q Ritual sacrificesn Father ritual head of family ritesn Earlier prominence of individual female leaders

fades in later Shang, Zhou dynasties

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Chapter 9

State, Society, and the Quest for Salvation in India

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Long-Distance Trade

n Persian connection since Cyrus, Dariusn Massive road-building projects under Persian rulen Alexander extends trade west to Macedonn Trade routes through Kush mountains, the silk

roads

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Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin

n Seasonal sea trade expandsq Spring/winter winds blow from southwest, fall/winter

winds blow from northwestn Trade from Asia to Persian Gulf and Red Sea,

Mediterranean

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Society: Gender Relations

n Patriarchy entrenchedn Child marriage common (eight-year-old girls

married to men in twenties)n Women encouraged to remain in private sphere

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Chapter 10

Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase

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The Polis

n City-staten Urban center, dominating surrounding rural areasn Highly independent character

q Monarchiesq “Tyrannies,” not necessarily oppressiveq Early democracies

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Greek Colonization

n Population expansion drives colonizationq Coastal Mediterranean, Black Sea

n Sicily (Naples: “Neapolis,” new city)n Southern France (Massalia: Marseilles)n Anatolian Southern Ukraine

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Classical Greece and the Mediterranean Basin, 800-500 B.C.E.

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Effects of Greek Colonization

n Trade throughout regionn Communication of ideas

q Language, culture

n Political and social effectsn Later with Alexander the Great East and West are

”unified” in a series of trade networksq Economic integration, intellectual cross-fertilization è

spread of Hellenism

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Science and Mathematics

n Use of observable evidence, rational thoughtn Thales predicts eclipse, 28 May 585 B.C.E.n Democritus, atomsn Pythagoras, systematic approach to mathematicsn Hippocrates, human anatomy and physiologyn Later we have Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and other

Hellenistic philosophies

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Hellenistic Philosophies

n Epicureansq Pleasure, distinct from Hedonists

n Skepticsq Doubted possibility of certainty in anything

n Stoicsq Duty, virtueq Emphasis on inner peace

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Chapter 11

Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

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Expansion and Integration of Empire

n Roman occupation of increasingly remote areasq Gaul, Germany, Britain, Spain

n Coordination of crop production, transport of natural resources

n Developed infrastructure, cities emerge

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The Roman Empire, ca. 117 C.E.

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Pax Romana: �Roman Peace�

n 27-250 C.E.n Facilitated trade, communicationn Roadwork

q Curbs q Drainageq Flat paving stonesq Milestonesq Postal service

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Commercial Agriculture and Trade

n Latifundia: production for exportn Regional specialization increasesn Integration of empire-wide economyn �Sailing itinerary of the Red Sea�

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Family and Society

n Paterfamilias: �father of the family�q Right to arrange marriages, sell children into slavery

n Women not allowed to inherit propertyq Enforcement inconsistent

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Growth of Early Christianity

n Roman persecutionn Yet dramatic expansion of Christianity

q Especially with dispossessed, disenfranchised classesn Urban poorn Women

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Chapter 12

Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads

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Trade Networks Develop

n Dramatic increase in trade due to Greek colonization

n Maintenance of roads, bridgesn Discovery of monsoon wind patternsn Increased tariff revenues used to maintain open

routes

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Trade in the Hellenistic World

n Bactria/Indiaq Spices, pepper, cosmetics, gems, pearls

n Persia, Egyptq Grain

n Mediterraneanq Wine, oil, jewelry, art

n Development of professional merchant class

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The Silk Roadsn Named for principal commodity from Chinan Dependent on imperial stabilityn Overland trade routes from China to Roman

empiren Sea lanes and maritime trade as welln Divided into small segments

q Trade done in stagesn Sea trade

q Malay and Indian marinersq Persian, Egyptian, Greek

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The Silk Roads, 200 B.C.E.-300 C.E.

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Cultural Trade: Buddhism and Hinduism

n Merchants carry religious ideas along silk routesn India through central Asia to east Asian Cosmopolitan centers promote development of

monasteries to shelter traveling merchantsn Buddhism becomes dominant faith of silk roads,

200 B.C.E.-1000 C.E.

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The Spread of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Christianity, 200 B.C.E.-400 C.E.

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The Spread of Epidemic Disease

n Role of trade routes in spread of pathogensn Limited data, but trends in demographics

reasonably clearn Smallpox, measles, bubonic plaguen Effect: economic slowdown, move to regional

self-sufficiency

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Epidemics in the Han and Roman Empires

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Chapter 13

The Expansive Realm of Islam

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The Expansion of Islam

n Highly successful attacks on Byzantine, Sasanid territories

n Difficulties governing rapidly expanding territory

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The Expansion of Islam, 632-733 C.E.

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Policy toward Conquered Peoples

n Favoritism of Arab military rulers causes discontent

n Limited social mobility for non-Arab Muslimsn Head tax (jizya) on non-Muslimsn Umayyad luxurious living causes further decline

in moral authority

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Economy of the Early Islamic World

n Spread of food and industrial cropsq Trade routes from India to Spain

n Western diet adapts to wide varietyn New crops adapted to different growing seasons

q Agricultural sciences developq Cotton, paper industries develop

n Major cities emerge

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Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone

n Historical precedent of Arabic traden Dar al-Islam encompasses silk routes

q Ice exported from Syria to Egypt in summer, tenth century

n Camel caravansn Maritime trade

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Banking and Trade

n Scale of trade causes banks to developq Sakk (“check”)

n Uniformity of Islamic law throughout dar al-Islam promotes trade

n Joint ventures common

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Changing Status of Women

n Quran improves status of womenq Outlawed female infanticideq Brides, not husbands, claim dowries

n Yet male dominance preservedq Patrilineal descentq Polygamy permitted, polyandry forbiddenq Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice

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Cultural Influences on Islam

n Persiaq Administration and governanceq literature

n Indiaq Mathematics, science, medicine

n “Hindi” numbers

n Greeceq Philosophy, especially Aristotleq Ibn Rushd/Averroes (1126-1198)

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Chapter 15

India and the Indian Ocean Basin

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Introduction of Islam to Northern India

n Arabs conquer Sind (northwest India), 711 C.E.n Sind stood at the fringe of the Islamic worldn Heterodox population, but held by Abbasid

dynasty to 1258 C.E.

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Merchants and Islam

n Arabic trade with India predates Islamn Dominated trade between India and the west to

fifteenth centuryn Established local communities in India

q Port city of Cambay

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The Trading World of the Indian Ocean Basin, 600-1600 C.E.

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Trade and Economic Development in Southern India

n Indian regional economies largely self-sufficientn Certain products traded throughout subcontinent

q Iron, copper, salt, pepper

n Southern India profits from political instability in north

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Cross-Cultural Trade in the Indian Ocean Basinn Trade increases in postclassical periodn Larger ships

q Dhows, junksn Improved organization of agricultural effortsn Establishment of emporia

q Cosmopolitan port cities serve as warehouses for trade

n Specialized products developed (cotton, high-carbon steel)

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Sufis

n A form of Islamic mysticismn The first stage of Sufism appeared in pious circles

as a reaction against the worldliness of the early Umayyad period (661–749).

n Personal, emotional, devotional approaches to Islam

n Important missionaries of Islam to Indian Some flexibility regarding local customs

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Islam in Southeast Asia

n Early populations of Muslim tradersn Increasing popularity with Sufi activityn Many convert, retain some Hindu or Buddhist

traditions

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Chapter 16

The Two Worlds of Christendom

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Medieval Christendom

n Two halvesq Byzantine empire q Germanic states

n Inherited Christianity from Roman empiren After eighth century, tensions between two halves

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Successor States to the Roman Empire, ca. 600 C.E.

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The Early Byzantine Empire

n Capital: Byzantiumn On the Bosporus

q Golden Hornn Commercial, strategic value of locationn Constantine names capital after himself

(Constantinople), moves capital there after 330 C.E.

n 1453, falls to Turks, renamed Istanbul

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Caesaropapism

n Power centralized in figure of emperor n Christian leader cannot claim divinity, rather

divine authorityn Political rulen Involved in religious rule as welln Authority absolute

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Theme System

n Themes (provinces) under control of generalsn Military administrationn Control from central imperial governmentn Soldiers from peasant class, rewarded with land

grants

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The West and the Germanic Successor Statesn Last Roman emperor deposed by Germanic

Odoacer, 476 C.E.n Administrative apparatus still in place, but cities

lose populationn Germanic successor states:

q Visigothsq Ostrogothsq Lombardsq Franks

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The Franks

n Heavy influence on European development, fifth to ninth centuries

n Conversion to Christianity gains popular supportn Firm alliance with western Christian church

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The Carolingians

n Charles “the Hammer” Martel begins Carolingian dynasty

n Defeats Spanish Muslims at Battle of Tours (732)q Halts Islamic advance into western Europe

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Charlemagne (r. 768-814)

n Grandson of Charles Marteln Centralized imperial rulen Functional illiterate, but sponsored extensive

scholarshipn Major military achievements

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Charlemagne as Emperor

n Hesitated to challenge Byzantines by taking title “emperor”q Yet ruled in fact

n Pope Leo III crowns him as emperor in 800q Planned in advance?q Challenge to Byzantium

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The Carolingian Empire, 814 C.E.

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Invasions

n South: Muslimsn East: Magyarsn North: Vikings

q Norse expansion driven by population pressure, quest for wealth

q Superior seafaring technology

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Economy in Medieval Christendom

n Byzantium – economic powerhousen Agricultural surplusn Long-distance trade

n Western Christendomq Repeated invasions contribute to agricultural declineq Tenth century, increased political stability leads to

economic recovery

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Manufacturing and Trade in Byzantium

n Trade routes bring key technologies, e.g. silk industry

n Advantage of location causes crafts and industry to expand after sixth century

n Bezant becomes standard currencyn Tax revenues from silk route

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Manufacturing and Trade in Western Europe

n Invasions and political turmoil disrupt commercial activities

n Agricultural innovationsq Heavy plow; water mills; special horse collar

n Small scale exchange; maritime trade in Mediterranean

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Byzantium: Urban Society

n Aristocrats: palacesn Artisans: apartmentsn Working poor: communal living spacesn Hippodrome

q Chariot races, “greens vs. blues”q Politically inspired rioting

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Western Europe: Rural Society

n Concept of feudalismq Lords and vassalsq Increasingly inadequate model for describing complex

society

n Ad hoc arrangements in absence of strong central authorities

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Organizing in a Decentralized Society

n Local nobles take over administration from weak central government

n Nominal allegiances, especially to Carolingian kings

n But increasing independence

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Lords and Retainers

n Formation of small private armiesn Incentives: land grants, income from mills, cash

paymentsn Formation of hereditary class of military retainersn Development of other functions

q Justice, social welfare

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Population Growth in Christendom

n During fifth and sixth century, population fluctuations

n By eighth century, demographic recoveryq Political stabilityq Productive agriculture

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Population Growth of Europe, 200-1000 C.E.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

200 400 600 800 900 1000

Millions

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The Byzantine Church

n Church and state closely alignedn Byzantine emperors appoint patriarchs

q Treated as a department of staten Caesaropapism creates dissent in church

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Monasticism and Society

n Social welfare projectsq Inns, orphanages, hospitals

n Agents in spread of Christianityq Missionaries – Christian cultural zone in western part

of Eurasian continentq Englandq Northern Germany; Scandinavia

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Tensions between Eastern and Western Christianity

n Ritual disputesq Beards on clergyq Leavened bread for Mass

n Theological disputesq Iconoclasmq Nature of the Trinity

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Schism

n Arguments over hierarchy, jurisdictionn Autonomy of patriarchs, or primacy of Rome?n 1054, patriarch of Constantinople and pope of

Rome excommunicate each otherq East: Orthodox churchq West: Roman Catholic

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